Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Indian Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state and the second largest subnational entity in the world. It has 2.2 million inhabitants (10% of the national total), 85% of whom live in the south-west corner of the state.

The state's capital city is Perth. The people of Western Australia are sometimes referred to as sandgropers, the common name of an insect found on sand dunes around Perth.

The first European to visit Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog, who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616. The British established a military outpost at King George Sound, near present-day Albany, in 1826, which was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the townsite of the present-day capital, Perth. Western Australia achieved self-government in 1890, and later federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today Western Australia's economy mainly relies on mining, agriculture and tourism. WA supplies 36% of Australia's overseas exports and is the third largest iron-ore producer in the world.

Geography

Western Australia is bounded by South Australia and the Northern Territory to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the west and north. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) designates the body of water south of the continent as part of the Indian Ocean, although they are officially gazetted as the Southern Ocean in Australia.

The total distance of the state's eastern borders is , and there is of coastline. The total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km².

Natural history

Geology

The bulk of Western Australia consists of the extremely old Yilgarn craton and Pilbara craton which merged with the Deccan Plateau of India, Madagascar and the Karoo and Zimbabwe cratons of Southern Africa, in the Archean Eon to form Ur, one of the oldest supercontinents on Earth (3 – 3.2  billion years ago).

Because the only mountain-building since then has been of the Stirling Range with the rifting from Antarctica, the land is extremely eroded and ancient, with no part of the state above 1,245 metres (4,085 ft) AHD (at Mount Meharry in the Hamersley Range of the Pilbara region). Most parts of the state form a low plateau with an average elevation of about 400 metres (1,200 ft), very low relief, and no surface runoff. This descends relatively sharply to the coastal plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment (as with the Darling Range/Darling Scarp near Perth).

The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile and frequently laterised. Even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, being even more devoid of soluble phosphate and also deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum and sometimes potassium and calcium.

[[Image:WAHighways.png|thumb|left|240px|Western Australian cities, towns, settlements and

road network]] The infertility of most of the soils has required heavy inputs of chemical fertilisers, particularly superphosphate, insecticides and herbicides, which—with the ensuing damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations, and compaction of soils through heavy machinery and hoofed mammals—has done great damage to the fragile soils.

Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora and fauna. As a result, the South West region of the state has a higher concentration of rare, threatened or endangered flora and fauna than many areas of Australia, making it one of the world's biodiversity "hot spots". Large areas of the state's wheatbelt region have problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water.

Climate

The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate and was originally heavily forested, including large stands of the karri, one of the tallest trees in the world. This agricultural region of Western Australia is in the top nine terrestrial habitats for terrestrial biodiversity, with a higher proportion of endemic species than most other equivalent regions. Thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current the area numbers in the top six regions for marine biodiversity, containing the most southerly coral reefs in the world.

Average annual rainfall varies from 300 millimetres (12 in) at the edge of the Wheatbelt region to 1,400 millimetres (55 in) in the wettest areas near Northcliffe, but in the months of November to March evaporation exceeds rainfall, and it is generally very dry. Plants must be adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils. A major reduction in winter rainfall has been observed since the mid-1970s, with a greater number of extreme rainfall events in the summer months.

The central four-fifths of the state is semiarid or desert and is lightly inhabited with the only significant activity being mining. Annual rainfall averages 200–250 millimetres (8–10 in), most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in summer months.

An exception to this is the northern tropical regions. The Kimberley has an extremely hot monsoonal climate with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 millimetres (20–60 in), but there is a very long almost rainless season from April to November. Eighty-five percent of the state's runoff occurs in the Kimberley, but because it occurs in violent floods and because of the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils, the only development has taken place along the Ord River.

Occurrence of snow in the state is rare, and typically only in the Stirling Range near Albany, as it is the only mountain range far enough south and with sufficient elevation. More rarely, snow can fall on the nearby Porongurup Range. Snow outside these areas is a major event; it usually occurs in hilly areas of southwestern Australia. The most widespread low-level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the Perth Hills, as far north as Wongan Hills and as far east as Salmon Gums. However, even in the Stirling Range, snowfalls rarely exceed and rarely settle for more than one day.

The highest observed maximum temperature of 50.5 °C (122.9 °F) was recorded at Mardie, Pilbara, 61.6 kilometres (38.3 mi) from Barrow Island on 19 February 1998. The lowest minimum temperature recorded was -7.2 °C (19.0 °F) at Eyre Bird Observatory on 17 August 2008.

Flora and Fauna

is the state bird of Western Australia]] is the floral emblem of Western Australia]]

Western Australia is home to around 540 species of birds (depending on the taxonomy used). Of these around 15 are endemic to the state. The best areas for birds are the southwestern corner of the state and the area around Broome and the Kimberley.

The Flora of Western Australia comprises 9437 published native vascular plant species of 1543 genera within 226 families, there are also 1171 naturalised alien or invasive plant species more commonly known as weeds. In the southwest region are some of the largest numbers of plant species for its area in the world.

Specific ecoregions of Western Australia include: the sandstone gorges of The Kimberley on the northern coast and below that areas of dry grassland (Ord Victoria Plain) or semi-desert (Western Australian Mulga shrublands), with Tanami Desert inland from there. Following the coast south there is the Southwest Australia savanna and the Swan Coastal Plain around Perth, and then further south the Warren on the southwest corner of the coast around the wine-growing area of Margaret River. Going east along the Southern Ocean coast is the Goldfields-Esperance, Western Australia region including the Esperance grasslands and the Coolgardie grasslands inland around town of Coolgardie.

History

was the first Premier of Western Australia]]

The first inhabitants of Australia arrived from the north approximately 40,000 to 60,000 years ago. Over thousands of years they eventually spread across the whole landmass. These Indigenous Australians were well established throughout Western Australia by the time of European explorers began to arrive in the early seventeenth century.

The first European to visit Western Australia was a Dutch explorer, Dirk Hartog who was born on 26 October 1616 landed at what is now known as Cape Inscription, Dirk Hartog Island. For the rest of the 17th century, many other Dutch travellers encountered the coast, usually unintentionally. By the late 18th century, British and French sailors had begun to explore the Western Australian coast.

The origins of the present state began with the establishment of a British settlement at King George Sound in 1826 (later named Albany from 1832). The settlement was founded in response to British concerns about the possibility of a French colony being established on the coast of Western Australia.

In 1829, the Swan River Colony was established on the Swan River by Captain James Stirling. By 1832, the British settler population of the colony had reached around 1,500. The two separate townsites of the colony developed slowly into the port city of Fremantle and the state's capital, Perth.

Population growth was very slow until significant discoveries of gold were made in the 1890s around Kalgoorlie.

In 1887, a new constitution was drafted, providing for the right of self-governance and in 1890, the act granting self-government to the colony was passed by the British House of Commons. John Forrest became the first Premier of Western Australia.

In 1896, the Western Australian Parliament authorised the raising of a loan to construct a pipeline to transport five million gallons of water per day to the Goldfields of Western Australia. The pipeline, known as the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, was completed in 1903. C.Y. O'Connor, Western Australia's first engineer-in-chief, designed and oversaw the construction of the pipeline. It carries water 530 km (330 miles) from Perth to Kalgoorlie, and is attributed by historians as an important factor driving the state's population and economic growth.

Following a campaign led by Forrest, residents of the Swan River Colony voted in favour of federation, resulting in Western Australia officially becoming a state on 1 January 1901.

Demographics

The first inhabitants of what is now Western Australia were Indigenous Australians, from a wide variety of language and kin groups—for example, the Nyungah in the southwest, the Wongai in the central desert, the Malkana in Shark Bay. These groups continue to form the majority of the local population in the remotest parts of the state such as the Kimberley.

Europeans began to settle permanently in 1826 when Albany was claimed by Britain to forestall French claims to the western third of the continent. Perth was founded as the Swan River Colony in 1829 by British and Irish settlers, though the outpost languished, eventually requesting convict labour to augment its population. In the 1890s, interstate migration resulting from a mining boom in the Goldfields region resulted in a sharp population increase.

Western Australia did not receive significant flows of migrants from Britain, Ireland or elsewhere in the British Empire until the early 20th century when local projects—such as the Group Settlement Scheme of the 1920s which encouraged farmers to settle the southwest—increased awareness of Australia's western third as a destination for colonists.

Led by migrants from the British Isles, Western Australia's population developed at a faster rate during the twentieth century than it had previously. Along with the eastern states, Western Australia received large numbers of Italians, Croatians and Greeks after World War II. Despite this, Britain has contributed the greatest number of migrants to this day, and Western Australia—particularly Perth—has the highest proportion of British-born of any state: 10.6% in 2006, compared to a national average of 5.3%. This group is heavily concentrated in certain parts where they account for a quarter of the population.

In terms of ethnicity, the 2001 census data reveals that 77.5% of Western Australia's population is of European descent: the largest single group was those reporting English ethnicity, accounting for 733,783 responses (32.7%), followed by Australian with 624,259 (27.8%), Irish with 171,667 (7.6%), Italian with 96,721 (4.3%), Scottish with 62,781 (2.8%), German with 51,672 (2.3%) and Chinese with 48,894 responses (2.2%). There were 58,496 Indigenous Australians in Western Australia in 2001, forming 3.1% of the population.

In terms of birthplace, according to the 2006 census 27.1% of the population were born overseas—higher than the Australian average of 22.2%. 8.9% of West Australians were born in England, 2.4% in New Zealand, 1.2% in Scotland, 1.1% in South Africa, and 1.1% in Italy.

Perth's metropolitan area had an estimated population of 1.55 million in 2007 (75% of the state). Other significant population centres include Mandurah (78,612), Bunbury (32,499), Geraldton (31,553), Kalgoorlie (28,242), Albany (25,196), Broome (14,436), and Port Hedland (14,000).

Economy

Western Australia's economy is largely driven by extraction and processing of a diverse range of mineral and petroleum commodities. The structure of the economy is closely linked to the abundance of natural resources found in the State, providing a comparative advantage in resource extraction and processing. As a consequence: the Western Australian economy is more capital-intensive than all the other states. Gross state product per person ($70,009) is higher than any other state and well above the national average ($54,606).

Diversification (i.e. a greater range of commodities) over the past 15 years has provided a more balanced production base and less reliance on just a few major export markets, insulating the economy from fluctuations in world prices to some extent.

There has been strong growth in the services (finance, insurance and property) and construction sector, which have increased their share of economic output. The state's major export commodities include iron-ore, alumina, crude oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG), nickel, gold, ammonia, wheat, wool, and live sheep and cattle.

Western Australia is a major extractor of bauxite, which is also processed into alumina at three refineries providing more than 20% of total world production. It is the world's third-largest iron-ore producer (15% of the world's total) and extracts 75% of Australia's 240 tonnes of gold. Diamonds are extracted at Argyle diamond mine in far north of the Kimberley region. Coal mined at Collie is the main fuel for baseload electricity generation in the state's south-west.

Agricultural production in WA is a major contributor to the state and national economy. Although tending to be highly seasonal, 2006-07 wheat production in WA was nearly 10 million tonnes, accounting for almost half the nation's total. and providing $1.7 billion in export income. Other significant farm output includes barley, peas,

Resource sector growth in recent years has resulted in significant labour and skills shortages, leading to recent efforts by the state government to encourage interstate and overseas migration. According to the 2006 census, along with iron, alumina, and nickel processing plants, port facilities for grain exports, and support industries for mining and petroleum such as heavy and light engineering, and metal fabrication. Shipbuilding (e.g. Austal Ships) and associated support industries are found at nearby Henderson, just south of Fremantle. Significant secondary industries include cement and building product manufacturing, flour milling, food processing, animal feed production, automotive body building, and printing.

In recent years, tourism has grown in importance, with significant numbers of visitors to the state coming from the UK and Ireland (28%), other European countries (14%) Singapore (16%), Japan (10%) and Malaysia (8%). Western Australia did not participate in the earliest federation conference. Longer-term residents of Western Australia were generally opposed to federation; however, the discovery of gold brought many immigrants from other parts of Australia. It was these residents, primarily in Kalgoorlie but also in Albany who voted to join the Commonwealth, and the proposal of these areas being admitted separately under the name Auralia was considered.

In a referendum in April 1933, 68% of voters voted for the state to leave the Commonwealth of Australia with the aim of returning to the British Empire as an autonomous territory. The State Government sent a delegation to Westminster, but the British Government refused to intervene and therefore no action was taken to implement this decision.

Education

Education in Western Australia consists of one year of pre-school at age 5, followed by seven years of primary school education. At age 13, students begin five years of secondary education. The final two years of secondary education are currently changing to compulsory. All students who completed Year 10 in 2005 are now required to undertake further studies in Year 11. Students are required to complete the year in which they turn 16 (usually Year 11).

Commencing in 2008, all students will be required to complete 12 years of study before leaving school. Students will have the option to study at a TAFE college in their eleventh year or continue through high school with a vocational course or a specific University entrance course.

The universities in Western Australia are Curtin University, Murdoch University, Edith Cowan University, University of Notre Dame and the University of Western Australia.

Media

Print

For more information visit the page Western Australian Papers

Western Australia has two daily newspapers: the independent tabloid The West Australian, Countryman and The Kalgoorlie Miner. Also published is one Sunday tabloid newspaper, News Corporation's The Sunday Times. There are also 17 weekly Community Newspapers with distribution from Yanchep in the North to Mandurah in the South. The interstate broadsheet publication The Australian is also available, although with sales per capita lagging far behind those in other states. With the advent of the Internet, local news websites like WAtoday, which provide free access to their content, are becoming a popular alternative source of news. Other online publications from around the world like the New South Wales based The Sydney Morning Herald and The Australian are also available.

Television

Metropolitan Perth has six broadcast television stations;

ABC WA. Produces nightly local news at 7 pm and weeknightly national current affairs from 7:30 pm to 8 pm. (digital and analogue) (callsign: ABW – Channel 2 Analogue, Channel 12 Digital)

SBS WA (digital and analogue) (callsign: SBS – Channel 28 Analogue, Channel 29 Digital)

Seven Network Perth. Produces weeknightly local news and current affairs from 6 pm to 7 pm. (digital and analogue) (callsign: TVW – Channel 7 Analogue, Channel 6 Digital)

Nine Network Perth. Produces nightly local news from 6 pm to 6.30 pm and weeknightly national current affairs from 6:30 pm to 7 pm. (digital and analogue) (callsign: STW – Channel 9 Analogue, Channel 8 Digital)

Network Ten Perth. Produces weeknightly local news from 5 pm – 6 pm. (digital and analogue) (callsign: NEW – Channel 10 Analogue, Channel 11 Digital)

West TV. A free-to-air digital only community television channel that began broadcasting in April 2010. (digital channel 44)

Access 31. Was a community service channel. (analogue-only) (callsign: ATW – Channel 31 Analogue) – ceased transmission in August 2008, with assets liquidated.

In addition, broadcasters operate digital multichannels:

ABC2 (carried by ABW)

ABC3 (carried by ABW)

ABC News 24 (carried by ABW)

SBS Two (carried by SBS)

SBS HD (carried by SBS)

7mate (carried by TVW)

7Two (carried by TVW)

GEM (carried by STW)

GO! (carried by STW)

Eleven (carried by NEW)

One HD (carried by NEW)

Regional WA has a similar availability of stations, with the exception of Access 31 in all areas but Bunbury and Albany. The metropolitans commercial stations are affiliated with:

Golden West Network (GWN). Produces weeknightly local news from 5.30 pm to 6 pm, also airs Seven Perth news until 7 pm) (analogue only) (callsign: SSW South West, VEW Goldfields/Esperance, GTW Central West, WAW Statewide)

WIN Television WA. Produces weeknightly local news from 6:30 pm – 7 pm, live from Perth. Also airs Nine Perth news from 6 pm – 6:30 pm. (analogue only) (callsign: WOW)

Ten West. A joint venture between GWN and WIN to provide Ten to regional WA. It is a direct feed of NEW-10 with local ads inserted. Since it is a digital only channel it is being progressively rolled out statewide which hopes to see most of the population covered by 31 December 2010.

Pay TV services are provided by Foxtel, which acquired many of the assets and all the remaining subscribers of the insolvent Galaxy Television satellite service in 1998. Some metropolitan suburbs are serviced by Pay TV via cable; however, most of the metropolitan and rural areas can only access Pay TV via satellite.

Radio

Perth has many radio stations on both AM and FM frequencies. ABC stations include ABC NewsRadio (6PB 585 am), 720 ABC Perth (6WF 720 am), ABC Radio National (6RN 810 am), ABC Classic FM (6ABC 97.7FM) and Triple J (6JJJ 99.3FM). The six commercial stations are: FM 92.9 (6PPM), Nova 93.7 (6PER), Mix 94.5 (6MIX), 96fm (6NOW), and AM 882 (6PR), and AM 1080 (6IX).

The leading community stations are 6RTR FM 92.1 and Sonshine FM 98.5 (6SON).

Culture

Wine

Australia’s biggest State extends the western third of the continent, although the winemaking regions are almost entirely concentrated in the cooler climate south-western portion of the State. Western Australia produces less than 5% of the country's wine output, however in quality terms it is very much near the top. Major wine producing regions include: Margaret River, The Great Southern, Swan Valley as well as several smaller districts including Blackwood Valley, Manjimup, Pemberton, Peel, Perth Hills, and Geographe.

Sport

A number of national or international sporting teams and events are based in the state, including:

Association football: Perth Glory and Perth Glory (W-League)

Australian rules football: West Coast Eagles and the Fremantle Football Club. The WAFL is the main local football competition, but other local and district football leagues are scattered around the states (see Australian rules football in Western Australia for more information).

Baseball: Perth Heat (men)

Basketball: Perth Wildcats (men) and Perth Lynx (women)

Cricket: Western Warriors (men) and Western Fury (women)

Field hockey: Smokefree WA Thundersticks (men) and Smokefree WA Diamonds (women)

Netball: West Coast Fever (formerly Perth Orioles)

Rugby league: WA Reds (men)

Rugby union: Western Force (men)

International events hosted by Western Australia include the Hopman Cup, the Tom Hoad Cup, the Perth Cup, Red Bull Air Race and the Gravity Games.

See also

Petroleum in Western Australia

Lists:

List of Western Australian towns

List of highways in Western Australia

List of statues in Western Australia

Local Government Areas of Western Australia

References

External links

Welcome to Western Australia, a tourist website run by Tourism Western Australia, the statutory authority responsible for promoting Western Australia as a tourist destination

Western Australia government's website

Category:Former British colonies Category:States and territories of Australia Category:States and territories established in 1890

|name	Ludovico Einaudi
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Ludovico Einaudi
Born	November 23, 1955Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Instrument	piano, synthesizer, keyboard
Genre	Classical, Minimalist, film score
Occupation	Musician, sound designer, film score composer
Years active	1980–present
Label	Sony Classical
Url	http://www.einaudiwebsite.com/

Ludovico Einaudi OMRI (born 23 November 1955 in Turin, Piedmont) is an Italian contemporary music composer and pianist.

Biography

Born in Turin, Italy, Einaudi's mother played to him on the piano as a child. He began his musical training at the Conservatorio Verdi in Milan, gaining a diploma in composition in 1982. That same year, he studied with Luciano Berio and gained a scholarship to the Tanglewood Music Festival.

After studying at the Conservatory in Milan, and subsequently with Berio, he spent several years composing in traditional forms. In the mid-1980s he began to search for a more personal expression in a series of works for dance and multimedia, and later for piano. His music is ambient, meditative and often introspective, drawing on minimalism, world music, and contemporary pop. He has made a significant impact in the film world, with four international awards to his name.

His father was Giulio Einaudi, a publisher, and his grandfather, Luigi Einaudi, was President of the Italian Republic between 1948 and 1955. He currently resides on a vineyard in the Italian region of Piedmont.

Music

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:23em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="5" | "In general I don't like definitions, but 'Minimalist' is a term that means elegance and openness, so I would prefer to be called a Minimalist than something else." |- | style="text-align: left;" | Ludovico Einaudi |}

Although Einaudi would prefer not to be labeled as any particular type of genre, he is sometimes referred to as a Minimalist. However, Einaudi's style differs from those of the Minimalism movement, and this attribution is likely more due to his work's sparse orchestration and simple melodies. Many of his songs appear on the show Waterloo Road.

Einaudi's own words on the matter reflect this viewpoint, with Einaudi referring to Minimalism as "elegance and openness", despite its more formal definition as a musical movement to which he arguably does not belong.

Einaudi is signed to Sony Music Entertainment's classical music division, Sony Classical.

Works

Time Out (1988)

Stanze (1992, harp)

Salgari (1995)

Le Onde (1996, piano)

Eden Roc (1999, piano and strings)

I Giorni (2001, piano)

Diario Mali (2003; piano)

Una Mattina (2004; piano, violin)

Divenire (2007; piano, string quartet)

Nightbook (2009; piano, electronic)

Recordings

1988 Time Out - BMG Ricordi

1992 Stanze - BMG Ricordi

1995 Salgari - BMG Ricordi

1996 Le Onde - BMG Ricordi

1998 Fuori dal Mondo - BMG Ricordi

1998 Ultimi Fuochi - BMG Ricordi

1999 Eden Roc - BMG Ricordi

2001 I Giorni - BMG Ricordi

2001 Luce dei miei Occhi- BMG Ricordi

2002 Dr. Zhivago - BMG Ricordi

2003 La Scala Concert 03.03.03 - BMG Ricordi

2003 Le parole di mio padre - BMG Ricordi

2003 Diario Mali (with Ballaké Sissoko) - Ponderosa IRD

2004

2004 Una Mattina - Ponderosa Music and Art/Decca/Sony Classical

2006 Divenire - Ponderosa Music and Art/Decca

2009 Cloudland - Ponderosa Music and Art

2009 Nightbook - Ponderosa Music and Art/Decca

2010 The Royal Albert Hall Concert - Ponderosa Music and Art

Film and television scores

1988: Treno di panna (Director: Andrea De Carlo)

1994: Da qualche parte in città (Director: Michele Sordillo)

1996: Acquario (Director: Michele Sordillo)

1998: Aprile (Director: Nanni Moretti)

1998: Giorni dispari (Director: Dominick Tambasco)

1999: Fuori dal mondo (Director: Giuseppe Piccioni)

2000: La vita altrui (Director: Michele Sordillo)

2000: Un delitto impossibile (Director: Antonio Luigi Grimaldi)

2001: Le parole di mio padre (Director: Francesca Comencini)

2001: Alexandria (Director: Maria Iliou)

2002: Luce dei miei occhi (Director: Giuseppe Piccioni) – Italian music award for best film score

2002: Doctor Zhivago (TV mini-series, Director: Giacomo Campiotti)

2004: Sotto falso nome (Director: Roberto Andò) – Prize for the best film music at Avignon Film Festival 2004

2004: Mission: Saturn

2006: This is England (Director: Shane Meadows) 2010: This is England '86 (Director: Shane Meadows)

2010: Stargate Universe - Pathogen

2010: Sangandaan - Landas ng Buhay

2010: I Giorni - Score for Airtel commercial (India)

2010: Nightbook - Any Human Heart (Channel 4)

2010: I'm Still Here (Director: Casey Affleck)

References

The Independent review Album: Ludovico Einaudi, Nightbook (Decca) (16 October 2009), accessed 19 February 2010

Voce di Italia review of Ludovico Einaudi – The Nightbook Tour by Daniele Orlandi (13 February 2010), accessed 19 February 2010 (Italian)

Romagna Noi review Ravenna - Ludovico Einaudi all'Alighieri by Daniele Orlandi (8 February 2010), accessed 19 February 2010 (Italian)

External links

Composer's website

Chester Novello biographical page

Ponderosa biographical page, accessed 19 February 2010

A brief critical essay on Ludovico Einaudi

History and Mystery: The piano spheres of Ludovico Einaudi, Bluefat interview

Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century classical composers Category:21st-century classical composers Category:Italian classical pianists Category:Italian composers Category:Italian film score composers Category:Minimalist composers Category:Milan Conservatory alumni Category:People from Turin (city)