{{ infobox file format | name = Ogg | icon = | logo = | extension = .ogv, .oga, .ogx, .ogg, .spx, | mime = video/ogg, audio/ogg, application/ogg | magic = OggS | owner = Xiph.Org Foundation | creatorcode = Chris Montgomery | genre = Container format | container for = Vorbis, Theora, Speex, FLAC, Dirac, and others. | free = Yes}}

Name	libogg
Developer	Xiph.Org Foundation
Latest release version	1.2.2
Latest release date
Operating system	Cross-platform
Genre	reference implementation (multiplexer/demultiplexer)
License	BSD-style license
Website	Xiph.org downloads

Ogg is a free, open standard container format maintained by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The creators of the Ogg format state that it is unrestricted by software patents and is designed to provide for efficient streaming and manipulation of high quality digital multimedia.

The Ogg container format can multiplex a number of independent streams for audio, video, text (such as subtitles), and metadata.

In the Ogg multimedia framework, Theora provides a lossy video layer. The audio layer is most commonly provided by the music-oriented Vorbis format but other options include the human speech compression codec Speex, the lossless audio compression codec FLAC, and OggPCM.

Before 2007, the .ogg filename extension was used for all files whose content used the Ogg container format. Since 2007, the Xiph.Org Foundation recommends that .ogg only be used for Ogg Vorbis audio files. The Xiph.Org Foundation decided to create a new set of file extensions and media types to describe different types of content such as .oga for audio only files, .ogv for video with or without sound (including Theora), and .ogx for multiplexed Ogg.

As of December 7, 2010, the current version of the Xiph.Org Foundation's reference implementation, is libogg 1.2.2. Both software libraries are free software, released under the new BSD license. Ogg reference implementation was separated from Vorbis on September 2, 2000.

Because the format is free, and its reference implementation is non-copylefted, Ogg's various codecs have been incorporated into a number of different free and proprietary media players, both commercial and non-commercial, as well as portable media players and GPS receivers from different manufacturers.

Naming

It is sometimes assumed that the name Ogg comes from the character of Nanny Ogg in Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels, but the Ogg developers say that is not true. Still, to quote the same reference: "Vorbis, on the other hand is named after the Terry Pratchett character from the book Small Gods."

The project started in 1994. It was originally named Squish but that was already trademarked so the project underwent a name change. The new name, OggSquish, was used until 2001 when it was changed again to Ogg. Ogg has since come to refer to the file format, which is now part of the larger Xiph.org multimedia project. Today, the Squish only refers to a particular codec of the Ogg format.

File format

The Ogg bitstream format, spearheaded by the Xiph.Org Foundation, has been created as the framework of a larger initiative aimed at developing a set of components for the coding and decoding of multimedia content, which are available free of charge and freely re-implementable in software.

The format consists of chunks of data each called an Ogg Page. Each page begins with the characters, OggS, to identify the file as Ogg format.

A serial number and page number in the page header identifies each page as part of a series of pages making up a bitstream. Multiple bitstreams may be multiplexed in the file where pages from each bitstream are ordered by the seek time of the contained data. Bitstreams may also be appended to existing files, a process known as chaining, to cause the bitstreams to be decoded in sequence.

A BSD-licensed library, called libogg, is available to encode and decode data from Ogg streams. Independent Ogg implementations are used in several projects such as RealPlayer and a set of DirectShow filters.

Page structure

The following is the field layout of an Ogg page header:

;Capture pattern – 32 bits :The capture pattern or sync code is a magic number used to ensure synchronisation when parsing Ogg files. Every page starts with the four ASCII character sequence OggS. This assists in resynchronising a parser in cases where data has been lost or is corrupted, and is a sanity check before commencing parsing the page structure.

;Version – 8 bits :This field indicates the version of the Ogg bitstream format, to allow for future expansion. It is currently mandated to be 0.

;Header type – 8 bits :This is an 8 bit field of flags, which indicates the type of page that follows. The rightmost or least significant bit is considered bit 0, with value 0x01, the next least significant digit is bit 1, with value 0x02. The third is bit 2, with value 0x04, and so on. :

;Granule position – 64 bits :A granule position is the time marker in Ogg files. It is an abstract value, whose meaning is determined by the codec. It may for example be a count of the number of samples, the number of frames or a more complex scheme.

;Bitstream serial number – 32 bits :This field is a serial number that identifies a page as belonging to a particular logical bitstream. Each logical bitstream in a file has a unique value, and this field allows implementations to deliver the pages to the appropriate decoder. In a typical vorbis and theora file, one stream is the audio (vorbis), and the other is the video (theora)

;Page sequence number – 32 bits :This field is a monotonically increasing field for each logical bitstream. The first page is 0, the second 1, etc. This allows implementations to detect when data has been lost.

;Checksum – 32 bits :This field provides a checksum of the data in the entire page, performed with the checksum field set to 0. This allows verification that the data has not been corrupted since it was created. Pages that fail the checksum should be discarded.

;Page segments – 8 bits :This field indicates the number of segments that exist in this page. It also indicates how many bytes are in the segment table that follows this field. There can be a maximum of 255 segments in any one page.

;Segment table :The segment table is an 8 bit vector of values indicating the length of each segment within the page body. The number of segments is determined from the preceding Page Segments field. Each segment is between 0 and 255 bytes in length.

The segments provide a way to group segments into packets, which are meaningful units of data for the decoder. When the segment's length is indicated to be 255, this indicates that the following segment is to be concatenated to this one and is part of the same packet. When the segment's length is 0–254, this indicates that this segment is the final segment in this packet. Where a packet's length is a multiple of 255, the final segment is length 0.

Where the final packet continues on the next page, the final segment value is 255, and the continuation flag is set on the following page to indicate that the start of the new page is a continuation of last page.

Metadata

Currently, there is no official standard for including metadata in Ogg containers. Implementation is still a long way off as of Quarter 3, 2007. The Xiph.Org Foundation are currently welcoming suggestions and feedback. Suggested metadata implementation methods include the following:

Dublin core in RDF

XML-encoding (options include generic RDF, CMML, and XMP)

MusicBrainz XML MetaData

Ogg Skeleton is emerging as the way to approach machineable metadata.

Metadata must currently be included in the codec. There is fairly good software support for Vorbis metadata—often referred to as comments. But software support for Theora and FLAC comments in Ogg containers is very limited.

History

The Ogg project began with a simple audio compression package as part of a larger project in 1993. The software was originally named Squish but due to an existing trade mark it was renamed to OggSquish. This name was later used for the whole Ogg project. In 1997, the Xiphophorus OggSquish was described as "an attempt both to create a flexible compressed audio format for modern audio applications as well as to provide the first audio format that is common on any and every modern computer platform". The OggSquish was in 2000 referred to as "a group of several related multimedia and signal processing projects". In 2000, two projects were in active development for planned release: Ogg Vorbis format and libvorbis - the reference implementation of Vorbis. Research also included work on future video and lossless audio coding. In 2001, OggSquish was renamed to Ogg and it was described as "the umbrella for a group of several related multimedia and signal processing projects". Ogg has come to stand for the file format, as part of the larger Xiph.org multimedia project. Squish became just the name of one of the Ogg codecs.

Ogg reference implementation was separated from Vorbis on September 2, 2000. Today, video in Ogg is found with the .ogv file extension, which is formally specified and officially supported.

2006

Although Ogg hasn't reached anywhere near the ubiquity of the MPEG standards (e.g., MP3/MP4), , it is commonly used to encode free content (such as free music, multimedia on Wikimedia projects and Creative Commons files) and has started to be supported by a significant minority of digital audio players. Also supporting the Ogg format have been many popular video game engines, including Doom 3, Unreal Tournament 2004, , Jets n Guns, , , Stepmania, , Lineage 2, Vendetta Online, Battlefield 2 and the Grand Theft Auto engines. The more popular Vorbis codec has built-in support on many software players, and extensions are available for nearly all the rest. Other codecs are less well supported, although extensions are often available.

2007

On May 16, 2007, the Free Software Foundation started a campaign to increase the use of Vorbis "as an ethically, legally and technically superior audio alternative to the proprietary MP3 format." People are also encouraged to support the campaign by adding a web button to their website or blog. For those who don't want to download and use FSF's suggested Ogg player (VLC), the Xiph.Org Foundation has an official codec for QuickTime-based applications in Windows and Mac OS X, such as iTunes players and iMovie applications; and Windows users can install a Windows Media Player Ogg codec.

2009

By June 30, 2009, the Ogg container, through the use of the Theora and Vorbis, is currently the only container format included in Firefox 3.5 web browser's implementation of the HTML 5 <video> and <audio> elements. This was in accordance with the original recommendation outlined in, but later removed from, the HTML 5 draft specification (see Ogg controversy).

2010

On March 3, 2010, a technical analysis of an FFmpeg developer is critical about the general purpose abilities of Ogg as multimedia container format. In a lengthy response, the creator of Ogg refutes these claims.

Ogg codecs

Ogg is only a container format. The actual audio or video encoded by a codec is stored inside an Ogg container. Ogg containers may contain streams encoded with multiple codecs, for example, a video file with sound contains data encoded by both an audio codec and a video codec.

Being a container format, Ogg can embed audio and video in various formats (such as Dirac, MNG, CELT, MPEG-4, MP3 and others) but Ogg was intended and usually is used with the following Xiph.org free codecs:

Audio

* Lossy

** Speex: handles voice data at low bitrates (~8–32 kbit/s·channel)

** Vorbis: handles general audio data at mid- to high-level variable bitrates (~16–500 kbit/s·channel)

* Lossless

** FLAC: handles archival and high fidelity audio data

** OggPCM: The experimental uncompressed PCM audio codec.

Video

* Lossy

** Theora: based upon On2's VP3, it is targeted at competing with MPEG-4 video (for example, encoded with DivX or Xvid), RealVideo, or Windows Media Video.

* Tarkin: an experimental and now obsolete video codec developed in 2000, 2001 and 2002 utilizing discrete wavelet transforms in the three dimensions of width, height, and time. It has been put on hold after Theora became the main focus for video encoding (in August 2002).

* Dirac: a free and open video format developed by the BBC. Uses wavelet encoding.

* Lossless

** OggUVS: a draft codec for storing uncompressed video.

** Dirac: a part of the specification of dirac covers lossless compression.

Text

* Writ: a text codec designed to embed subtitles or captions

* Continuous Media Markup Language: a text/application codec for timed metadata, captioning, and formatting

* Annodex: A free and open source set of standards developed by CSIRO to annotate and index networked media.

* OggKate: An overlay codec, originally designed for karaoke and text, that can be multiplixed in Ogg.

See also

Use of Ogg formats in HTML 5

Audio data compression

Comparison of container formats

References

External links

The Xiph.Org Foundation official webpage — Ogg

RFC 3533 — The Ogg Encapsulation Format Version 0

RFC 5334 — Ogg Media Types

RFC 3534 — The application/ogg Media Type - obsoleted by RFC 5334

Using Creative Commons Metadata in Ogg containers

Ogg etymology from the Jargon File

Xiph.Org's official Ogg QuickTime Components for iTunes and iMovie (Windows and Mac OS X)

Windows Media Player codecs for Vorbis, Speex, Theora and FLAC

ffmpeg2theora Ogg Theora encoder, commandline application for Linux, Win32 and DOS (use port or HX)

Online tool to convert ogg files, no downloads

Category:Container formats Category:Free multimedia codecs, containers, and splitters Category:Xiph.Org projects Category:Open formats Category:Filename extensions

Name	Bonnie Pink
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Kaori Asada
Born	April 16, 1973
Origin	Kyoto, Japan
Instrument	Guitar and piano
Genre	Japanese popAlternative rock
Occupation	Singer, songwriter, composer
Years active	1995–present
Label	Warner Music Japan (2002-present)East West Japan (2000-2002)Pony Canyon (1995-1999)
Url	http://www.bonniepink.jp/

, known by her stage name , is a Japanese singer/songwriter. She lived in New York during 1998 and speaks English (many of her songs are entirely in English). She writes and composes all her songs, and plays guitar and piano. Kaori Asada has said that the name Bonnie Pink is random and has no special meaning; she chose it because it was easy to remember and because she thought the words were cute together.

History

Bonnie Pink debuted in 1995 with her single, "Orenji", under her real name, Asada Kaori. Her first album, Blue Jam, was released that same year under the Pony Canyon record label. She described it as a "mixture of bitter honey, blues music, momentary silence, irresistible madness, teardrops, sourgrapes, hopeful bombs, big big love, and a few green apples" in the jacket. It introduced her unique style of music that has been defined as an off-beat mix between jazz, blues, pop, and rock. The next year she met Tore Johansson, Swedish producer for The Cardigans, who became her good friend and produced much of her work. The song "It's Gonna Rain!" was the fifth ending of the anime Rurouni Kenshin. She wrote her third album, Evil & Flowers (1998), while in isolation in the Swedish countryside. She hoped to find inspiration there, but became depressed. She put her feelings of frustration into the songs.

On her fourth album, Let Go, she worked with Mitchell Froom, New York producer of Elvis Costello, Cibo Matto, and Suzanne Vega. He gave her co-production credit for the album because he was so impressed with her. Her fifth album, Just a Girl, came out in 2001. The next year she collaborated with other artists and released re*PINK, a remix album. Present came out in 2003 and Even So in 2004. Golden Tears, which features the single "So Wonderful", came out in 2005.

Bonnie Pink released a new single "Love is Bubble" in May 2006. Her June 2006 single "A Perfect Sky", featured in an Anessa makeup commercial with popular model Yuri Ebihara, reached number 2 on the Oricon singles charts, making it the most successful single in Bonnie Pink's career. Her new "Best Of" album sold out quickly at Amazon Japan and reached number two on the Oricon charts and continued to chart in the top 30 becoming one of the top selling albums of the year. In November 2006, she was featured in M-Flo's single "Love Song." The single was a hit for both M-Flo and Bonnie Pink, it debuted at number 7 on the Oricon charts which is a big leap from M-Flo's previous singles and gained Bonnie Pink another top 10 single.

Her song "Cotton Candy" was used as the ending theme for the anime in 2005 and "Love is Bubble" was the theme song for the Japanese movie Memories of Matsuko (嫌われ松子の一生), which also casts her. Her single, "Last Kiss", which appears as the last song on her greatest hits album, was the ending theme to Gantz, a popular anime title of 2004.

Bonnie Pink's single "Anything for You, although not as successful as "A Perfect Sky", still reached #9 on the Oricon charts, achieving moderate success. Bonnie Pink, shortly after releasing her previous single, began performing on popular TV music shows and promoting her latest single, "Water Me", which is the theme song for the popular drama Watashitachi no Kyōkasho (Our Textbooks) a dark, melancholy drama about a young girl's suicide and the effect on her school. The single "Water Me" reached #6 on Oricon on its release date and #8 on the weekly charts. On July 7, 2007, Bonnie Pink performed at Live Earth in Kyoto.

Bonnie Pink's album Thinking Out Loud was released on July 25, 2007, her first album to be sold in both CD and CD+DVD formats. The first press of both editions came with an access ticket containing the AD/Password to reserve tickets for her tour, Bonnie Pink Tour 2007 "Thinking Out Loud" Final at Nippon Budokan on a special designated website. The CD pre-orders made the album #1 on the Amazon.com Japan Top Sellers. The album debuted at #4 on the Oricon Daily Charts and #5 on the weekly charts selling approximately 53,605 copies. As of September 5, 2007, her album had sold approximately 90,000 copies. Bonnie Pink was on her 'Thinking Outloud Tour' from late 2007 to early 2008.

The English version of Bonnie Pink's single "Ring a Bell" is only available through digital download. "Ring a Bell" was used as the theme song for the American release of the Xbox 360 game Tales of Vesperia. The single was released in Japan and America on iTunes to celebrate Bonnie Pink's 35th birthday. Its Japanese counterpart, "Kane wo Narashite" was released on August 6, 2008. Bonnie Pink's thirtieth single entitled "Joy / Happy Ending" was released on 8 April 2009. One, her 10th studio album, followed suit on May 13, 2009.

Discography

Studio albums

1995: Blue Jam

1997: Heaven's Kitchen

1998: Evil & Flowers

2000: Let Go

2001: Just a Girl

2003: Present

2004: Even So

2005: Golden Tears

2007: Thinking Out Loud

2009: One

2010: Dear Diary

Other albums

1999: Bonnie's Kitchen 1 (Greatest hits)

2000: Bonnie's Kitchen 2 (Greatest hits)

2002: re*PINK (Remix album)

2003: Pink in Red Live (Live album)

2005: Reminiscence (Cover album)

2006: (Greatest hits)

2008: Chain (Mini album)

References

External links

Official web site

Category:Japanese female singers Category:Japanese musicians Category:Japanese pop singers Category:Japanese singer-songwriters Category:People from Kyoto (city) Category:Video game musicians Category:1973 births Category:Living people