Name	Takkar
Settlement type	Village and union council
Pushpin map caption	Location in Pakistan
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	Pakistan
Subdivision type1	Province
Subdivision name1	Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Subdivision type2	District
Subdivision name2	Mardan District
Subdivision type3	Tehsil
Timezone	PST
Utc offset	+5

Takkar is a village and union council of Mardan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°17'18N 71°53'50E and has an altitude of 338m (1112 feet).

Takkar is a historical village of District Mardan, 20 kilometres away from Mardan city towards the North-West.

Education:

There is one higher secondary school for males, and one high school for girls. There are four primary schools for boys, a private school, and one primary school for girls. There is 100% education for both male and female.

Streets/Mohallah/Cham

The streets r Mohallah are: # Gujjran # Rawani # Shabaz Khel # Hasan zai # Karkai Cham # Qureshan

Ethnic Tribe

There are two main ethnic tribe: # Gujjar # Yousaf zai

References

Category:Union councils of Mardan District Category:Populated places in Mardan District

Name	Zeenat Aman
Birthdate	November 19, 1951
Birth place	Bombay
Yearsactive	1971 - 1989, 1999, 2003, 2006 - present
Occupation	Actress
Spouse	Mazhar Khan (1985 - 1998, his death)

Zeenat Aman (, ) (born 19 November 1951) is an Indian actress who has appeared in Hindi films, notably in the 1970s and 1980s. She was the second runner up in the Miss India Contest and went on to win the Miss Asia Pacific in 1970. Upon making her debut in Bollywood, Aman was credited with making a lasting impact on the image of its leading actresses by bringing the western heroine look to Hindi cinema, and throughout her career has been considered a sex symbol.

Early life

Zeenat Aman was born in Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay) to a Muslim father, Amanullah Khan and a Hindu mother, Scinda. Her father was a script writer who was one of the writers for such movies as Mughal-e-Azam and Pakeezah. He died when Zeenat was 13. Her mother re-married to a German, Mr. Heinz (was constantly referred to as Mrs. Heinz in all subsequent articles film magazines would carry on Zeenat). Zeenat's mother obtained German citizenship, and took her to Germany, where Zeenat was very unhappy, returning to India as soon as she turned 18.

Aman graduated from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai and went to University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California for further studies on student aid. Upon returning to India, she first took a job as a journalist for Femina and then later on moved on to modeling. One of the first few brands that she modeled for was Taj Mahal Tea and Television X Debut in 1966 exclusively. She was the second runner up in the Miss India Contest and went on to win the Miss Asia Pacific in 1970.

Film career

The beginning

After having studied in Los Angeles, winning the Miss Asia Pageant and a successful modeling career, Aman's film career began with a small role in O. P. Ralhan's Hulchul in 1971. A second role in Hungama (1971), starring singer Kishore Kumar, was also not successful.

Dev Anand offered Zaheeda (his second heroine in Prem Pujari) the role of sister in Hare Rama Hare Krishna (1972). Not realizing the importance of this secondary role, Zaheeda wanted the lead female part (eventually played by Mumtaz), and she opted out. Aman was chosen as a last-minute replacement. and BFJA Award for Best Actress. Throughout the 1970s, the Dev-Zeenat pairing was seen in half a dozen films: Heera Panna (1973), Ishq Ishq Ishq (1974), Prem Shastra (1974), Warrant (1975), Darling Darling (1977) and Kalabaaz (1977). Of these, Warrant, was the biggest box-office success.

Her hip looks in "Yaadon Ki Baaraat' (1973) as the girl carrying a guitar, singing 'churaliya hai tumne jo dil ko' (in Asha Bhonsle's voice) has won her more popularity and the hearts of millions of fans. Her role of a Westernized revenge-seeking action heroine contributed to the film's huge success, and her fans reconnected with her again. Westernised heroines like Parveen Babi and Tina Munim now followed in her footsteps, by the late 1970s. Aman continued to act in hits like Dharam Veer, Chhaila Babu and The Great Gambler.

The 1980s

By the beginning of the 1980s multi-starrers films became a trend, and Zeenat Aman was increasingly asked to just provide sex appeal in hero-oriented, despite success in so many films. In contrast to this trend was her performance as a rape victim seeking justice in B. R. Chopra's Insaaf Ka Tarazu (1980) for which she received a Filmfare Best Actress nomination. This film was followed by success in the love triangle Qurbani, Ali Baba aur 40 Chor, Dostana (1980) and Lawaaris (1981). 2006 - "Outstanding Contribution to the Motion Picture Industry of India Awards" at the eighth annual Bollywood Movie Awards.

2008 - Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement

2010 - "Outstanding Contribution to Indian cinema" at the 11th IIFA awards

Filmography

Further reading

Dinesh Raheja. The A to Z of Zeenat Aman. Rediff.com, 26 September 2004. Retrieved on 14 November 2005.

Vidya Sampat & Lavanya Varadrajan. Zeenat Aman: The Sensual. Despardes.com, 4 March 2005. Retrieved on 10 August 2005.

References

External links

Celebrity Profile: Zeenat Aman. Buzz18.com

Zeenat Aman. Yahoo! Movies

Category:1951 births Category:Indian film actors Category:Living people Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni Category:Indian Muslims Category:BFJA Awards winners Category:Filmfare Awards winners Category:Indian actors Category:Hindi film actors Category:Indian beauty pageant winners Category:University of Southern California alumni

Name	Sanjeev Kumar
Caption	Sanjeev Kumar
Birth name	Harihar Jariwala
Birth date	July 09, 1938
Birth place	Bombay, Bombay Presidency, India
Death place	Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Death date	November 06, 1985
Occupation	Actor
Spouse	None
Years active	1960 - 1985 (His Death)

Sanjeev Kumar () born Harihar Jariwala(9 July 1938 – 6 November 1985) was one of the most prominent Indian actors in Bollywood.

Personal life and background

Sanjeev Kumar was born as Harihar Jariwala in Gujarat to a Gujarati family. Unarguably he was the most versatile and complete actor that bollywood has ever seen. His first home was in Surat and family based in Mumbai. A stint in the film school took him to Bollywood, where he eventually became a famous movie star. He remained a bachelor all his life and died of a massive heart attack in 1985. He was very well known for his behavior with fellow co-stars.

Career

Sanjeev Kumar made his debut in the film Hum Hindustani in 1960. Sanjeev's first film as a hero was the 1965 Nishan. In 1968, he played opposite the famous actor Dilip Kumar in Sangharsh. In 1970, Khilona made him a star. He went on to star in the hits Seeta Aur Geeta (1972) and Manchali (1973).

He started working with the well-known director Gulzar in the early 1970s. He did nine films with Gulzar, including Aandhi (1975), Mausam (1975), Angoor (1981) and Namkeen (1982). Many of his fans believe that these are some of the best films that he did.

He was always ready to take unconventional roles that challenged him as an actor. He played Mirza, a chess-obsessed Lucknowi (citizen of Lucknow), in Satyajit Ray's classic Shatranj Ke Khiladi (1977). Perhaps his best-remembered roles were in the blockbuster films Sholay (1975) and Trishul (1978).

During the early 1980s Sanjeev Kumar did more supporting roles than playing the lead. In 1980 he starred in a Punjabi movie Fauji Chacha. In 1985, when he was 47 years old, he had a massive heart attack, resulting in his death. He never married. He was however involved with actress Sulakshana Pandit, whom he did not marry, having been turned down by actress Hema Malini whom he was in love with at the time. Hema Malini went on to marry her frequent co-star Dharmendra. Ironically for an actor who played many elderly roles, he did not live to the age of 50.

Ten of his already completed films were released after his death, with his final film Professor Ki Padosan being released in 1993. At the time of his death only three-fourths of this film was complete, and it was decided to alter the story in the second half of the film to explain the absence of Sanjeev Kumar's character. One of his other notable releases after his death was K. Asif's much-delayed Love and God, which was over 20 years in the making. After director K. Asif died in 1971, production came to a halt and the film was finally released in incomplete form in 1986, one year after its actor Sanjeev Kumar had also died.

In Naya Din Nayi Raat (1974) Sanjeev Kumar reprised the nine-role epic performance by Sivaji Ganesan in Navarathiri (1964), which was also previously reprised by Akkineni Nageswara Rao in Navarathri (Telugu; 1966). This film has enhanced his status and reputation as an actor in Hindi cinema.

Awards

National Film Awards

1971 - Winner National Film Awards for Best Actor for Dastak

1973 - Winner National Film Awards for Best Actor for Koshish

Filmfare Awards

Sanjeev Kumar had been nominated for 14 Filmfare Awards.

1968 - Winner Best Actor in a supporting role for Shikar

1970 - Nominated Best Actor for Khilona

1973 - Nominated Best Actor for Koshish

1975 - Winner Best Actor for Aandhi

1975 - Nominated Best Actor for Sholay

1976 - Nominated Best Actor for Mausam

1976 - Winner Best Actor for Arjun Pandit

1977 - Nominated Best Actor for Yehi Hai Zindagi

1977 - Nominated Best Actor for Zindagi

1978 - Nominated Best Actor for Pati Patni Aur Woh

1978 - Nominated Best Actor for Devta

1978 - Nominated Best Actor in a supporting role for Trishul

1982 - Nominated Best Actor for Angoor

1982 - Nominated Best Actor in a supporting role for Vidhaata

Other Awards

1974 - BFJA Best Actor for Koshish

Filmography

Professor Ki Padosan (1993) .... Professor Vidhyadhar (released after his death)

Oonch Neech Beech (1989)

Namumkin (1988)

Do Waqt Ki Roti (1988)

Rahi (1987)

Love and God (1986)

Kaanch Ki Deewar (1986)

Baat Ban Jaye (1986) .... Suraj Singh

Haathon Ki Lakeeren (1986) .... Doctor Saab

Qatl (1986) .... Rakesh

Ram Tere Kitne Nam (1985) .... Ram Kumar (Petu Ram)

Zabardast (1985) .... Ratan Kumar

Bad Aur Badnaam (1984)

Lakhon Ki Baat (1984) .... Advocate Prem Sagar

Pakhandi (1984)

Yaadgaar (1984)

Hero (1983) .... Damodar Mathur

Suraag (1982)

Haathkadi (1982) .... Harimohan/Saakhia/Gopaldas Mittal

Angoor (1982) .... Ashok (double role)

Ayaash (1982)

Khud-Daar (1982) .... Hari Srivastav

Log Kya Kahenge (1982)

Namkeen (1982) .... Gerulal

Sawaal (1982)

Shriman Shrimati (1982) .... Shankarlal

Sindoor Bane Jwala (1982)

Vidhaata (1982) .... Abu Baba

Silsila (1981) .... Dr. V.K. Anand

Daasi (hindi film) (1981)

Itni Si Baat (1981) .... Raja

Biwi-O-Biwi (1981) .... Col. Mangal Singh/Shankar

Chehre Pe Chehra (1981) .... Dr. Wilson/Blackstone

Ladies Tailor (1981)

Waqt Ki Deewar (1981) .... Vikram

Hum Paanch (1980) .... Krishna

Abdullah (1980)

Be-Reham (1980)

Fauji Chacha (1980) .... Fauji Chacha

Jyoti Bane Jwala (1980) .... Special Appearance

Patthar Se Takkar (1980)

Swayamvar (1980) .... Ram

Takkar (1980) .... Suraj/Kishan

Kaala Patthar (1979) .... Dr. Romesh

Griha Pravesh (1979) .... Amar

Bombay by Nite (1979)

Ghar Ki Laaj (1979)

Hamare Tumhare (1979) .... Jairaj Verma

Jaani Dushman (1979) .... Thakur

Maan Apmaan (1979)

Nauker (1979) .... Amar

Devata (1978) .... Tony/Tarun Kumar

Muqaddar (1978)

Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978)

Sawan Ke Geet (1978)

Swarg Narak (1978) .... Pandit Sohanlal Tripathi

Trishul (1978) .... Raj Kumar Gupta/R.K. Gupta

Tumhare Liye (1978) .... Prakash/Gangadhar Upadhyay

Mukti (1977) .... Ratan

Shatranj Ke Khiladi (1977) .... Mirza Sajjad Ali

Yehi Hai Zindagi (1977) .... Anand Narayan

Imaan Dharam (1977) .... Kabir Das

Alaap (1977) .... Raja Bahadur (Guest Appearance)

Angaare (1977)

Apnapan (1977) .... Rajan Rashpal Singh

Dhoop Chhaon (1977)

Dil Aur Patthar (1977)

Paapi (1977) .... Ashok Roy

Vishwasghaat (1977) .... Mahesh/King

Zindagi (1976) .... Shuklaji

Arjun Pandit (1976)

Do Ladkiyan (1976)

Mausam (1975) .... Dr. Amarnath Gill

Faraar (1975) .... Inspector Sanjay

Sholay (1975) .... Thakur Baldev Singh

Aakraman (1975) .... Major Ajay Verma

Aandhi (1975) .... J.K.

Apne Dushman (1975) .... Doctor

Apne Rang Hazaar (1975)

Dhoti Lota Aur Chowpatty (1975) .... Inspector Wagle

Uljhan (1975) .... Anand

Kunwara Baap (1974) .... Doctor

Aap Ki Kasam (1974) .... Mohan

Archana (1974)

Charitraheen (1974)

Chowkidar (1974)

Dawat (1974)

Imaan (1974)

Manoranjan (1974) .... Constable Ratan/Sheru

Naya Din Nai Raat (1974)

Shandaar (1974) .... Rajan

''Agni Rekha (1973)

Anamika (1973) .... Devendra Dutt

Anhonee (1973)

Door Nahin Manzil (1973)

Manchali (1973) .... Sushil Kumar

Suraj Aur Chanda (1973)

Parichay (1972) .... Nilesh (Guest Appearance)

Koshish (1972) .... Haricharan Mathur

Rivaaj (1972) .... Shekhar

Sabse Bada Sukh (1972) .... Narrator

Seeta Aur Geeta (1972) .... Ravi

Subah-o-Shyam (1972)

Anubhav (1971) (as Sanjeev) .... Amar Sen

Ek Paheli (1971) .... Police Inspector

Kangan (1971)

Man Mandir (1971)

Paras (1971) .... Dharam Singh

Bachpan (1970)

Dastak (1970) .... Hamid

Devi (1970) .... Dr. A.N. Shekhar

Gunah Aur Kanoon (1970)

Insaan Aur Shaitan (1970)

Khilona (1970) .... Vijay Babu

Maa Ka Aanchal (1970)

Priya (1970)

Chanda Aur Bijli (1969)

Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke (1969)

Gustakhi Maaf (1969)

Insaaf Ka Mandir (1969)

Jeene Ki Raah (1969) .... Manohari (Guest Appearance)

Jyoti (1969)

Sachaai (1969) .... Kishore Dayal

Satyakam (1969) .... Narendra Sharma (Naren)

Aashirwad (1968) .... Doctor Biren

Anokhi Raat (1968)

Gauri (1968) .... Sanjeev Kumar

Raja Aur Runk (1968) .... Sudhir

Saathi (1968) .... Ashok (Guest Appearance)

Shikar (1968) .... Police Inspector

Sunghursh (1968) .... Dwarka Prasad

Gunehgar (1967)

Naunihaal (1967)

Badal (1966)

Husn Aur Ishq (1966) .... Ashiq Hussain

Kalapi (1966) .... Prince Sursinhji Takthasinghji Gohil

Pati Patni (1966) .... Amar

Smuggler (1966) .... Mohan

Nishan (1965)

Hum Hindustani (1960) .... Police Inspector

Complete Filmography (135 movies)

References

External links

Category:National Film Award winners Category:1938 births Category:1985 deaths Category:Indian actors Category:Indian film actors Category:Hindi film actors Category:Indian Hindus Category:Filmfare Awards winners Category:Gujarati-language films

Name	Ghani Khan - غني خان
Alt	غني خان
Caption	Picture of Ghani Khan
Birth name	Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Birth date	1914
Birth place	Hashtnagar,
Death date	1996
Nationality	Pashtun
Ethnicity	Afghan
Citizenship	Pakhtun
Other names	Abdul Ghani Khan, Ghani Baba, Ghani Dada and Ghani Malang
Known for	Poetry
Home town	Peshawar
Title	Baba, Dada
Religion	Sunni, Muslim

Ghani Khan (Pashto: غني خان) (1996-1914) is widely considered as one of the best Pashto language poets of the 20th century, along with Ameer Hamza Shinwari. He stands on a par with Khushal Khan Khattak and Rahman Baba. He was also a respected writer and artist. He was son of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and older brother of Khan Abdul Wali Khan.

Life

Khan Abdul Ghani Khan was born in Hashtnagar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (then NWFP), British India, modern day Charsadda, Village Utmanzai, Pakistan, the son of the Red-Shirt Leader Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and older brother of Khan Abdul Wali Khan. His wife Roshan came from a Parsi family and was the daughter of Nawab Rustam Jang. He went to study at the art academy at Rabindranath Tagore’s university in Shantiniketan and developed a liking for painting and sculpture. He visited England and studied sugar technology in the United States, after which he returned to India and started working at the Takht Bhai Sugar Mills in 1933. Largely owing to his father’s influence, he was also involved in politics, supporting the cause of the Pashtuns of British India. He was arrested by the Government of Pakistan in 1948 – although he had given up politics by then – and remained in prison till 1954, in various jails all over the country. It was during these years that he wrote his poem collection Da Panjray Chaghaar, which he considered the best work of his life. His contribution to literature (often unpublished) was ignored by the Pakistan government for much of his life although near the end of his life his works did receive much praise and as well as an award from the Government of Pakistan. For his contributions to Pukhto literature and painting, the President of Pakistan, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, conferred on him the prestigious award of Sitara-e-Imtiaz (23 March 1980).

Works

Aside from a few poems of his youth and early manhood, Ghani Khan’s poetry, like his temperament, is anti-political. His poem collections include Panoos, Palwashay, De Panjray Chaghar, Kullryat and Latoon. He also wrote in English; his first book was The Pathans (1947). His only published work in Urdu was his book titled Khan Sahib (1994).

The singular distinction of his poetry – aside from his obvious poetic genius – is a profound blend of knowledge about his native and foreign cultures, and the psychological, sensual, and religious aspects of life.and one of great leader.(engr.junaid)

Quotes & Prose

Ghani Khan's love for nature and the local habitat of the Pashtun people is visible in his work. He wrote

"Pashtun is not merely a race but, in fact, a state of mind; there is a Pashtun lying inside every man, who at times wakes up and overpowers him."

"The Pashtuns are a rain-sown wheat: they all came up on the same day; they are all the same. But the chief reason why I love a Pashtun is that he will wash his face and oil his beard and perfume his locks and put on his best pair of clothes when he goes out to fight and die."

As a progressive and intellectual writer, he wrote, "I want to see my people educated and enlightened. A people with a vision and a strong sense of justice, who can carve out a future for themselves in harmony with nature."

Tribute

After his death, in recognition of his outstanding achievements, the Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province built a public li and park as a memorial to him on about of land, naming it "Ghani Derai" (the mound of Ghani). The site is an historical mound very near his home, Dar- ul-Aman, and within the confines of his ancestral village, Utmanzai, on the main highway from Razzar to Takht-i-Bhai.

See also

Khan Abdul Bahram Khan

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Khan Abdul Wali Khan

Bahram Khan Family

Khan Abdul Ali Khan

External links

Ghani Khan - interviews, images, and poems

Harappa - Audio and video interviews

Ghani Khan - The Man in the Poet

Life & Works of Ghani Khan

Category:1914 births Category:1996 deaths Category:Pashtun people Category:Pashto poets Category:Pakistani people Category:Pakistani poets Category:Sitara-i-Imtiaz Category:Bahram Khan family

Name	Adam
Caption	Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam, a fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Adam is the figure on the left, and God the figure on the right.
Birth date	3760 BC (Hebrew calendar)4004 BC (Ussher chronology)
Birth place	Garden of Eden
Death date	2830 BC (Hebrew calendar) [aged 930]3074 BC (Ussher chronology)
Death place	Unknown
Spouse	LilithEve
Children	CainAbelSethmore sons and daughters

Adam (Hebrew: אָדָם‎, Arabic: آدم‎) is a prominent figure in Abrahamic religions. He is the first man created by God in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He appears originally in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Genesis. His wife was Eve [Hawa حوآء (Quran) Hawa].

Individual/humanity and etymology

Adam (Hebrew: אָדָם‎, Arabic: آدم‎) in Biblical (as well as modern) Hebrew is sometimes used as the personal name of an individual and at other times in a generic sense meaning "mankind", in the same way as the earlier Canaanite 'adam. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, its use in is wholly generic. The generic usage in Genesis meaning "mankind" reflects the view that Adam was the ancestor of all men. Etymologically it is the masculine form of the word adamah meaning ground or earth and related to the words adom (red), admoni (ruddy) and dam (blood) Gen. ii. 7 explains that the man was called Adam because he was formed from the ground (adamah). Her story was greatly developed, during the Middle Ages, in the tradition of Aggadic midrashim, the Zohar and Jewish mysticism. The resulting Lilith legend is still commonly used as source material in modern culture, literature, occultism, fantasy and horror.

Expulsion

Adam and Eve were subsequently expelled from the Garden of Eden, were ceremonially separated from God, and lost their immortality after they broke God's law about not eating of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. This occurred after the serpent (understood to be Satan in many Christian traditions) told Eve that eating of the tree would result not in death, but in Adam and Eve's eyes being opened, resulting in their being "as gods, knowing good and evil" (Gen. 3.4-5). Convinced by the serpent's argument, Eve eats of the tree and has Adam do likewise (Gen. 3.6).

As a result, both immediately become aware of the fact that they are naked, and thus cover themselves with garments made of fig leaves (Gen. 3.7). Then, finding God walking in the Garden of Eden, Adam and Eve hide themselves from God's presence (Gen. 3.8). God calls to Adam "Where art thou?" (Gen. 3.9, KJV) and Adam responds "I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself" (Gen. 3.10, KJV). When God then asks Adam if he had eaten of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, Adam responds that his wife had told him to (Gen. 3.11-12).

As a result of their breaking God's law, the couple were removed from the garden (Gen. 3.23) (the Fall of Man according to Christian doctrine) and both receive a curse. Adam's curse is contained in Gen. 3.17-19: "Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life; Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field: In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return" (KJV).

Post-expulsion

After his expulsion from Eden, Adam was forced to work hard for his food for the first time. According to the Book of Genesis, he bore three children with Eve named as Cain, Abel, and Seth. The Book of Jubilees, a second century BC text which is not considered canon by most Abrahamic faiths, gives Adam the daughters Azura and Awan, who married Seth and Cain, respectively, in incestuous unions.

According to the Genealogies of Genesis, Adam died at the age of 930. With such numbers, calculations such as those of Archbishop Ussher would suggest that Adam would have died only about 127 years before the birth of Noah, nine generations after Adam. In other words, Adam's lifespan would have overlapped that of Lamech (father of Noah), at least fifty years. Ussher and a group of theologians and scholars in 1630 performed calculations and created a study that reported the creation of Adam on October 23, 4004 BC at 9:00 am and lived until 3074 BC. There was controversy over the fact that Ussher believed the whole creation process occurred on that day.

Although the Book of Joshua mentions a "City of Adam" at the time that the Israelites crossed the Jordan River on entering Canaan, it doesn't suggest any relationship between this city and the first man of Genesis. Traditional Jewish belief, on the other hand, says that following his death, Adam was buried in the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron.

He appears to an extent in both Eastern and Western Christian liturgies.

The New Testament

The relevance of Adam is not solely with the Old Testament. In the New Testament, the first Adam is compared with the second Adam. The first Adam brought about the Fall of Man, which cursed man with the knowledge of sin. Adam and Eve were cast out of the Garden of Eden and out of God's presence. The second Adam (Jesus) came to the world to save mankind from Adam's original sin that everyone inherits. With the first Adam there is death, but with the second Adam there is life.

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses view Adam and Eve as the ones who brought sin, and thus death, into the world by committing the original sin. That sin was not sexual relations, of which Jehovah had already commanded that they have, but disobeying Jehovah's clear command not to eat of the fruit of knowledge of good and evil.

Eve's sin is counted as deliberate disobedience, as she did know that Jehovah had commanded them not to eat, but she is held to have been deceived by the Serpent. (She was deceived only about the effect of their disobedience, not about the will of God on the matter.) Adam's sin is considered even more reproachable, as he had not been deceived. Rather, when confronted with his sin, he attempted to blame both his wife Eve, and Jehovah himself. Genesis 3:12 NWT - "The woman who you gave to be with me, she gave me fruit from the tree and so I ate.". By his sin, he forfeited human perfection and was therefore unable to pass it on to his offspring.

Latter Day Saint (LDS) view

The Latter Day Saint movement holds that Adam and Michael the archangel are the same individual. Michael the archangel fought against and cast out Lucifer (who became Satan), "that old serpent", at the conclusion of the war in heaven during pre-mortal existence (see Book of Revelation ). "Michael" was born into this mortal existence as the man "Adam, the father of all, the prince of all, the ancient of days" (see Doctrine and Covenants and ). Mormons also consider Adam to be the first among all the prophets on earth. Brigham Young and other early leaders spoke favorably about the Adam-God theory but it did not become church doctrine.

The Latter Day Saints hold the belief that the "Fall" was not a tragedy, but a necessary part of God's plan. They believe that Adam and Eve had to partake of the forbidden fruit in order to fulfill God's will, and that it is good that they did so.

Seventh-day Adventist view

Seventh-day Adventist believe that the importance of the literal creation time-line is pivotal to the story of humanity, their relationship to God, and the plan of salvation and atonement for Adam and Eve’s transgression (fall), by which all their descendants are under subjugation. The Bible states, “Since by man (Adam) came death, by man (Jesus the Christ) came also the resurrection... (I Cor. 15:21).” To disavow a literal creation and our first parents (Adam and Eve) nearly 6,000 years ago negates a fundamental, orthodox doctrine and the supremacy of the Holy Bible that the sovereign, triune God --“Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth,” (Genesis 1:26 NASB)—according to His own purpose and counsel and for His own glory, created humanity in the Biblical/Torah account.

Islamic view

In Islam, Adam (آدم) is considered the first Prophet of God and the husband of Eve (Arabic: Hawwa' حواء) who was also created by the will of God. Satan(The Devil) had lured Adam and Eve into disobeying God by tasting from the forbidden tree (although no reference is necessary as to what he may have tasted). This was the first act of revenge from Satan for being banished from heaven due to mankind. An important point to note here is that the Qur'an states or implies that it was not Eve who tempted Adam to disobey God. They were both tempted by Satan and therefore equally guilty:

"Then began Satan to whisper suggestions to them, bringing openly before their minds all their shame that was hidden from them (before): he said: 'Your Lord only forbade you this tree, lest ye should become angels or such beings as live for ever.' And he swore to them both, that he was their sincere adviser. So by deceit he brought about their fall: when they tasted of the tree, their shame became manifest to them, and they began to sew together the leaves of the garden over their bodies. And their Lord called unto them: Did I not forbid you that tree, and tell you that Satan was an avowed enemy unto you?"

The Qur'an also mentions that Adam was misled by deception and was in fact pardoned by God after much repentance.

"Then Adam received (some) words from his Lord, so He turned to him mercifully; surely He is Oft-returning (to mercy), the Merciful."

Bahá'í view

In the Bahá'í view, Adam was the first Manifestation of God in recorded history. He is believed by Bahá'ís to have started the Adamic cycle 6000 years ago, which has culminated with Bahá'u'lláh. The Biblical story of Adam and Eve, according to Bahá'í belief, is allegorical and is explained by `Abdu'l-Bahá in Some Answered Questions.

See also

Adam Kadmon

Banu (Arabic)

Paradise Lost

Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions

Y-chromosomal Adam

Notes

Category:Burials in Hebron Category:Gnosticism Category:Hebrew Bible people Category:Old Testament saints Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar Category:Prophets of Islam

Category:Book of Genesis