Official name	Algiers
Native name	Dzayer دزاير
Nickname	Algiers the White ; Algiers the Dazzling
Image seal	Blason-alger.gif
Pushpin map	Algeria
Pushpin map caption	Location of Algiers within Algeria
Coordinates region	DZ
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	Algeria
Subdivision type1	Wilaya
Subdivision name1	Algiers Province
Leader title	Wali (Governor)
Leader name	Khalida Toumi
Established title	Re-founded
Established date	AD 944
Area magnitude	N/A
Population as of	1998 for city proper, 2007 for metro area
Population total	1519570
Population metro	3523000
Population density total km2	auto
Population density metro km2	auto
Timezone	CET
Utc offset	+1
Coordinate type	region:DZ_type:city
Coordinates display	title
Elevation ft	3
Postal code type	Postal codes
Postal code	16000–16132

Algiers ( al-Jazā’ir, Algerian Arabic and Berber: Dzayer دزاير ; , ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria and the Maghreb. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,571 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630.) from the Arabic word الجزائر al-jazā’ir, which translates as the islands, referring to the four islands which lay off the city's coast until becoming part of the mainland in 1525. Al-jazā’ir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name جزائر بني مازغان jazā’ir banī mazghannā, "the islands of (the tribe) Bani Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.

The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore; the old part, the ancient city of the deys, climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel, above the sea. The casbah and the two quays form a triangle.

History

A Phoenician commercial outpost called Ikosim which later developed into a small Roman town called Icosium existed on what is now the marine quarter of the city. The rue de la Marine follows the lines of what used to be a Roman street. Roman cemeteries existed near Bab-el-Oued and Bab Azoun. The city was given Latin rights by Vespasian. The bishops of Icosium are mentioned as late as the 5th century.

The present-day city was founded in 944 by Bologhine ibn Ziri, the founder of the Berber Zirid–Sanhaja dynasty, which was overthrown by Roger II of Sicily in 1148, although the Zirids had already lost control of Algiers before the final fall of the dynasty. The city was occupied by the Almohades in 1159, and in the 13th century came under the dominion of the Abd-el-Wadid sultans of Tlemcen. Nominally part of the sultanate of Tlemcen, Algiers had a large measure of independence under amirs of its own due to Oran being the chief seaport and center of power of the Abd-el-Wahid.

As early as 1302 the islet of Peñón in front of Algiers harbour had been occupied by Spaniards. Thereafter, a considerable amount of trade began to flow between Algiers and Spain. However, Algiers continued to be of comparatively little importance until after the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, many of whom sought asylum in the city. In 1510, following their occupation of Oran and other towns on the coast of Africa, the Spaniards fortified the islet of Penon and imposed a levy intended to suppress corsair activity.

Ottoman rule

In 1516, the amir of Algiers, Selim b. Teumi, invited the corsair brothers Oruc and Hayreddin Barbarossa to expel the Spaniards. Oruc came to Algiers, ordered the assassination of Selim, and seized the town and ousted the Spanish in the Capture of Algiers (1516). Hayreddin, succeeding Oruc after the latter was killed in battle against the Spaniards in the Fall of Tlemcen (1517), was the founder of the pashaluk, which subsequently became the beylik, of Algeria. Barbarossa lost Algiers in 1524 but regained it with Capture of Algiers (1529), and then formally invited the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent to accept sovereignty over the territory and to annex Algiers to the Ottoman Empire.

Algiers from this time became the chief seat of the Barbary pirates. In October 1541 in the Algiers expedition, the King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sought to capture the city, but a storm destroyed a great number of his ships, and his army of some 30,000, chiefly made up of Spaniards, was defeated by the Algerians under their Pasha, Hassan. founded in Algiers on 8 October 1581 by founder Ca'fer el-Mu'allim. Length: 385 cm, cal:178 mm, weight: 2910 kg, stone projectile. Seized by France during the invasion of Algiers in 1830. Musée de l'Armée, Paris.]]

Formally part of the Ottoman Empire but essentially free from Ottoman control, starting in the 17th century Algiers turned to piracy and ransoming. Due to its location on the periphery of both the Ottoman and European economic spheres, and depending for its existence on a Mediterranean that was increasingly controlled by European shipping, backed by European navies, piracy became the primary economic activity. Repeated attempts were made by various nations to subdue the pirates that disturbed shipping in the western Mediterranean and engaged in slave raids as far north as Iceland. The United States fought two wars (the First and Second Barbary Wars) over Algiers' attacks on shipping.

The city under Ottoman control was enclosed by a wall on all sides, including along the seafront. In this wall, five gates allowed access to the city, with five roads from each gate dividing the city and meeting in front of the Ketchaoua Mosque. In 1556, a citadel was constructed at the highest point in the wall. A major road running north to south divided the city in two: The upper city (al-Gabal, or 'the mountain') which consisted of about fifty small quarters of Andalusian, Jewish, Moorish and Kabyle communities, and the lower city (al-Wata, or 'the plains') which was the administrative, military and commercial centre of the city, mostly inhabited by Turkish dignitaries and other upper-class families.

In 1817, the city was bombarded by a British squadron under Lord Exmouth (a descendant of Thomas Pellew, taken in an Algerian slave raid in 1715), assisted by Dutch men-of-war, destroying the corsair fleet harboured in Algiers.

The history of Algiers from 1815 to 1962 is bound to the larger history of Algeria and its relationship to France. On July 4, 1830, under the pretext of an affront to the French consul—whom the dey had hit with a fly-whisk when the consul said the French government was not prepared to pay its large outstanding debts to two Algerian Jewish merchants—a French army under General de Bourmont attacked the city in the 1830 invasion of Algiers. The city capitulated the following day. Algiers became the capital of French Algeria.

Many Europeans settled in Algiers, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the city's population. During the 1930s, the architect Le Corbusier drew up plans for a complete redesign of the colonial city. Le Corbusier was highly critical of the urban style of Algiers, describing the European district as "nothing but crumbling walls and devastated nature, the whole a sullied blot". He also criticised the difference in living standards he perceived between the European and African residents of the city, describing a situation in which "the 'civilised' live like rats in holes" whereas "the 'barbarians' live in solitude, in well-being". However, these plans were ultimately ignored by the French administration.

During World War II, Algiers was the last city to be seized from the Germans by the Allies during Operation Torch.

In 1962, after a bloody independence struggle in which up hundreds of thousands (estimates range between 500,000 to 1,500,000) died (mostly Algerians but also French and Pieds-Noirs) at the hands of the French Army and the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale, Algeria finally gained its independence, with Algiers as its capital. Since then, despite losing its entire pied-noir population, the city has expanded massively. It now has about three million inhabitants, or 10 percent of Algeria's population—and its suburbs now cover most of the surrounding Mitidja plain.

Algiers was the host city for both the 1978 and 2007 All-Africa Games. The city was also designated the Arab Capital of Culture for 2007.

Algerian War

of French Algiers]] Algiers also played a pivotal role in the Algerian War (1954–1962), particularly during the Battle of Algiers when the 10th Parachute Division of the French Army, starting on January 7, 1957, and on the orders of then French Minister of Justice François Mitterrand (who authorized any means "to eliminate the insurrectionists"), led attacks against the Algerian fighters for independence. Algiers remains marked by this battle, which was characterized by merciless fighting between Algerian forces who, on the one hand, resorted to attacking the French community and pro-French Algerians, and the French Army who, on the other, carried out a bloody repression including the quasi-systematic use of torture on protesters of the colonial order. Two such victims were the nationalist leader, Larbi Ben M'Hidi, and a young professor of mathematics, Maurice Audin, both of whom have since been honored by the municipality with principal arteries of the city named after them. The demonstrations of May 13 during the crisis of 1958 provoked the fall of the Fourth Republic in France, as well as the return of General de Gaulle to power.

Independence

Algeria achieved independence on July 5, 1962. Run by the military that had liberated it, Algiers became a member of Non-Aligned Movement during the Cold War. In October 1988, one year before the fall of the Berlin Wall, Algiers was the site of demonstrations demanding the end of the single party system and the creation of a real democracy baptized the “Spring of Algiers”. The demonstrators were repressed by the authorities (more than 300 dead), but the movement constituted a turning point in the political history of modern Algeria. In 1989, a new constitution was adopted that put an end to the reign of the single party and saw the creation of more than fifty political parties, as well as official freedom of the press.

Crisis of the 1990s

The city became the theatre of many political demonstrations of all descriptions until 1992. In 1991, a political entity dominated by religious conservatives called the Islamic Salvation Front engaged in a political test of wills with the authorities. In the 1992 elections for the Algerian National Assembly, the Islamists garnered a large amount of support in the first round, helped by a massive abstention from disillusioned Algerian voters by the turn of events. Fearing an eventual win by the Islamists, the army cancelled the election process, setting off a civil war between the State and armed religious conservatives which would last for a decade.

On December 11, 2007, two car bombs exploded in Algiers. One bomb targeted two United Nations buildings and the other targeted a government building housing the Supreme Court. The death toll is at least 62, with over two hundred injured in the attacks. However, only 26 remained hospitalized the following day. As of 2008, it is speculated that the attack was carried out by the Al Qaida cell within the city.

Indigenous terrorist groups have been actively operating in Algeria since around 2002. For accurate information on these groups, who could very well have been responsible, please follow this link to an article on the Islamic insurgency in Algeria.

Districts of Algiers

The Casbah (of Al Qasbah , “the Citadel”), Ier District of Algiers: called Al-Djazaïr Al Mahroussa (“Well Kept Algiers”), it is founded on the ruins of old Icosium. It is a small city which, built on a hill, goes down towards the sea, divided in two: the High city and the Low city. One finds there masonries and mosques of the 17th century; Ketchaoua mosque (built in 1794 by the Dey Baba Hassan) flanked by two minarets, mosque el Djedid (built in 1660, at the time of Turkish regency) with its large finished ovoid cupola points some and its four coupolettes, mosque El Kébir (oldest of the mosques, it was built by almoravide Youssef Ibn Tachfin and rebuilt later in 1794), mosque Ali Betchnin (Raïs, 1623), Dar Aziza, palate of Jénina. In the Kasbah, there are also labyrinths of lanes and houses that are very picturesque; and if one gets lost there, it is enough to go down again towards the sea to reposition oneself.

Bab El Oued : Literally the River's Gate, the popular district which extends from the Casbah beyond "the gate of the river". It is the capital's darling and best liked borough. Famous for its square with “the three clocks” and for its “market Triplet”, it is also a district of workshops and manufacturing plants.

Edge of sea : from 1840, the architects Pierre-August Guiauchain and Charles Frédéric Chassériau designed new buildings apart from the Kasbah, town hall, law courts, buildings, theatre, palace of the Governor, casino ... to form an elegant walk bordered by arcades which is the boulevard today Che Guevara (ex-boulevard of Republic).

Kouba (will daira of Hussein-dey): Kouba is an old village which was absorbed by the expansion of the town of Algiers. Of village, Kouba quickly developed under the French colonial era then continued growing due to formidable demographic expansion that Algiers knew after the independence of Algeria in 1962. It is today a district of Algiers which is largely made up of houses, villas and buildings not exceeding five stories.

El Harrach, a suburb of Algiers, is located about 10 km to the east of the city.

The communes of Hydra, Ben Aknoun, El-Biar and Bouzareah form what the inhabitants of Algiers call the heights of Algiers. These communes, sometimes famous knacks, shelter the majority of the foreign embassies of Algiers, of many ministries and university centers, which makes it one of the administrative and policy centers of the country.

The street Didouche Mourade is located in the 3rd district Of Algiers. It extends from the Grande Post office to the Heights of Algiers. It crosses in particular the place Audin , the Faculty of Algiers , The Crowned Heart and the park of Galland . It is bordered by smart stores and restaurants along most of its length. It is regarded as the heart of the capital.

Local architecture

There are many public buildings of interest, including the whole Kasbah quarter, Martyrs Square (Sahat ech-Chouhada ساحة الشهداء), the government offices (formerly the British consulate), the "Grand", "New", and Ketchaoua Mosques, the Roman Catholic cathedral of Notre Dame d'Afrique, the Bardo Museum (a former Turkish mansion), the old Bibliothèque Nationale d'Alger—a Turkish palace built in 1799–1800—and the new National Library, built in a style reminiscent of the British Library.

The main building in the Kasbah was begun in 1516 on the site of an older building, and served as the palace of the deys until the French conquest. A road has been cut through the centre of the building, the mosque turned into barracks, and the hall of audience allowed to fall into ruin. There still remain a minaret and some marble arches and columns. Traces exist of the vaults in which were stored the treasures of the dey.

The Great Mosque (Jamaa-el-Kebir الجامع الكبير) is the oldest mosque in Algiers. It was first built by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, but reconstructed many times. The pulpit (minbar منبر) bears an inscription showing that the building existed in 1097. The minaret was built by the sultan of Tlemcen, in 1324. The interior of the mosque is square and is divided into aisles by columns joined by Moorish arches.

The New Mosque (Jamaa-el-Jedid الجامع الجديد), dating from the 17th century, is in the form of a Greek cross, surmounted by a large white cupola, with four small cupolas at the corners. The minaret is high. The interior resembles that of the Grand Mosque.

The church of the Holy Trinity (built in 1870) stands at the southern end of the rue d'Isly near the site of the demolished Fort Bab Azoun باب عزون. The interior is richly decorated with various coloured marbles. Many of these marbles contain memorial inscriptions relating to the British residents (voluntary and involuntary) of Algiers from the time of John Tipton, the first English consul, in 1580 (NB Some sources give 1585). One tablet records that in 1631 two Algerine pirate crews landed in Ireland, sacked Baltimore.

The Ketchaoua mosque (Djamaa Ketchaoua جامع كتشاوة), at the foot of the Casbah, was before independence in 1962 the cathedral of St Philippe, itself made in 1845 from a mosque dating from 1612. The principal entrance, reached by a flight of 23 steps, is ornamented with a portico supported by four black-veined marble columns. The roof of the nave is of Moorish plaster work. It rests on a series of arcades supported by white marble columns. Several of these columns belonged to the original mosque. In one of the chapels was a tomb containing the bones of San Geronimo. The building seems a curious blend of Moorish and Byzantine styles.

Algiers possesses a college with schools of law, medicine, science and letters. The college buildings are large and handsome. The Bardo Museum holds some of the ancient sculptures and mosaics discovered in Algeria, together with medals and Algerian money. The port of Algiers is sheltered from all winds. There are two harbours, both artificial—the old or northern harbour and the southern or Agha harbour. The northern harbour covers an area of (95 ha). An opening in the south jetty affords an entrance into Agha harbour, constructed in Agha Bay. Agha harbour has also an independent entrance on its southern side. The inner harbour was begun in 1518 by Khair-ad-Din Barbarossa (see History, below), who, to accommodated his pirate vessels, caused the island on which was Fort Penon to be connected with the mainland by a mole. The lighthouse which occupies the site of Fort Penon was built in 1544.

Algiers was a walled city from the time of the deys until the close of the 19th century. The French, after their occupation of the city (1830), built a rampart, parapet and ditch, with two terminal forts, Bab Azoun باب عزون to the south and Bab-el-Oued باب الواد to the north. The forts and part of the ramparts were demolished at the beginning of the 20th century, when a line of forts occupying the heights of Bouzareah بوزريعة (at an elevation of above the sea) took their place. Notre Dame d'Afrique, a church built (1858–1872) in a mixture of the Roman and Byzantine styles, is conspicuously situated overlooking the sea, on the shoulder of the Bouzareah hills, 2 miles (3.2 km) to the north of the city. Above the altar is a statue of the Virgin depicted as a black woman. The church also contains a solid silver statue of the archangel Michael, belonging to the confraternity of Neapolitan fishermen.

Villa Abd-el-Tif, former residence of the dey, was used during the French period, to accommodate French artists, chiefly painters, and winners of the Abd-el-Tif prize, among whom Maurice Boitel, for a while of two years. Nowadays, Algerian artists are back in the villa's studios.

Monuments

Notre Dame d'Afrique , accessible by one cable car, is one of the city's most outstanding monuments: located in the district of Z' will ghara, the basilica was built around 1858.

Monument des Martyrs ( Maquam E' chahid ): an iconic concrete monument commemorating the Algerian war for independence. The monument was opened in 1982 on the 20th anniversary of Algeria's independence. It is fashioned in the shape of three standing palm leaves which shelter the "Eternal Flame" beneath. At the edge of each palm leaf stands a statue of a soldier, each representing a stage of Algeria's struggle.

The El Jedid mosque at the Place des Martyrs near the port.

Place of the Emir Abdelkader (formerly Bugeaud): in memory of the famous emir Abd El-Kader, resistant during French conquest of Algeria.

Grand Post Office (1910, by Voinot and Tondoire): construction of the neo-Moorish type which is in full centre town of Algiers.

The Jardin d'essai (Garden of Test; El-Hamma): situated in the east of Algiers, it extends over and contains exotic plants and gardens. It was created in 1832 by A. Hardy.

Villa Abd-el-Hair , with the top of the Garden of test, one of the old residences of the dey, where until 1962, were placed the artists prizes winner of Price Abd-el-Hair, and in particular Maurice Boitel and Andre Hamburg.

Citadel .

Riadh El-Feth (shopping centre and art gallery).

Ketchoua Mosque (This mosque became the Saint-Philippe cathedral during colonization before becoming again a mosque).

National Library , is in the district of El HAMMA. Architecture modèrne.

The Great Mosque of Algiers at the Rue de la Marine. It is the oldest mosque of Algiers and was built during the reign of the Almoravid sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin.

Demographics

Algiers has a population of 2,072,993 (2007 estimates).

The ethnic distribution is 53% from an Arabic-speaking background, 44% from a Berber-speaking background and 3% foreign-born, mostly from China, Vietnam, and Mali.

1940 – 300,000 people lived in Algiers.

1960 – 900,000 people lived in Algiers.

1963 - 600.000 people lived in Algiers.

{| |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Year ! style="background:#efefef;" | Population |- | 1977 (Census) || style="text-align:right;"| 1,353,826 |- | 1987 (Census) || style="text-align:right;"| 1,507,241 |- | 1998 (Census) || style="text-align:right;"| 1,519,570 |- | 2007 (Estimate) || style="text-align:right;"| 2,072,993 |}

Economy

" in Algiers]] Algiers is an important economic, commercial and financial center, with in particular a stock exchange with a capitalisation of 60 million euros. The city has the highest cost of living of any city in North Africa, as well as the 50th highest worldwide, as of March 2007, having gained one position compared to the previous year.

Mohamed Ben Ali El Abbar, president of the Council d administration of the emirate group EMAAR, presented five "megaprojects" to Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, during a ceremony which took place Saturday, July 15 with the Palate of the People of Algiers. The projects will transform the city of Algiers and its surroundings by equipping them with a retail area, and restoration and leisure facilities.

The first project will concentrate on the reorganization and the development of the infrastructures of the railway station "Aga" located in the downtown area. Ultramodern, the station, intended to accommodate more than 80.000 passengers per day, will become a center of circulation in the heart of the grid system, surrounded by commercial offices and buildings and hotels intended for travelers in transit. A shopping centre and three high-rise office buildings rising with the top of the commercial zone will accompany the project.

The second project will relate to the bay of Algiers and aims to revitalize the sea front. The development of the sea front will include marinas, channels, luxury hotels, offices, apartments of great standing, luxury stores and leisure amenities. A crescent-shaped peninsula will be set up on the open sea. The project of the bay of Algiers will also comprise six small islands, of which four of round form, connected to each other by bridges and marinas and will include tourist and residential complexes.

The third project will relate to restructuring an area of Algiers, qualified by the originators of the project of "city of wellness". El Abbar indicated to the journalists that the complex would be "agréable for all those which will want to combine tourism and wellbeing or tourism and relaxation". The complex will include a university, a research center and a medical centre. It should also include a hospital complex, a care, centre, a hotel zone, an urban centre and a thermal spa with villas and apartments. The university will include a medical school and a school for care male nurses which will be able to accommodate 500 students. The university campus will have the possibility of seeing setting up broad ranges of buildings of research laboratories and residences.

Another project relates to technological implantation of a campus in Sidi Abdellah, south-east from Algiers. This site will include shopping centres, residential zones with high standard apartments and a golf course surrounded by villas and hotels. Two other residential zones, including 1.800 apartments and 40 high standard villas, will be built on the surrounding hills.

The fifth project is that of the tourist complex Colonel Abbès, which will be located west from Algiers. This complex will include several retail zones, meeting places, and residential zones composed of apartments and villas with views of the sea.

A Hewlett Packard office for French-speaking countries in Africa is in Algiers.

Tourist installations

panorama]]

Some to the west of Algiers are such seaside resorts as Sidi Fredj (ex-Sidi Ferruch), Palm Beach, Douaouda, Zéralda, and the Club of the Pines (residence of State); there are tourist complexes, Algerian and other restaurants, souvenir shops, supervised beaches, and other amenities. The city is also equipped with important hotel complexes such as the hotel Hilton, El-Aurassi or El Djazair. Algiers also has the first water park in the country. The tourism of Algiers is growing but is not as developed as that of the larger cities in Morocco or Tunisia.

Public transport

ETUSA (urban and suburban bus transportation for Algiers) operates bus service in Algiers and the surrounding suburbs. 54 lines are currently operating, with service from 5:30 a.m. to 12:45 a.m.

SNTF (national railroad company) operates commuter-rail lines connecting the capital to the surrounding suburbs.

Algiers Metro expected to open in 2010.

Algiers Tram

Houari Boumediene Airport is located from the city. The airport serves domestics, many European cities, West Africa, the Middle East, Asia and North America. On July 5, 2006, a new international air terminal was opened for service. The terminal is managed by Aéroports de Paris.

Province projects

Several ongoing projects aim to solve Algiers deficit and transportation problems. A tram connecting the downtown area to Dergana is expected to open by the end of 2010. Subway lines connecting Tafourah-Large Harrach Post office-El are expected in 2008, in addition to three Regional Express Network (RER) lines: Algiers-Aga-Thenia, Algiers-Aga-Elafroun, Algiers-Aga-Zeralda. Three new cable cars, reconstruction of roads and restoration of the city station—which will accommodate the High-speed rail line connecting Annaba, Algiers and Oran—are also ongoing. Congestion control measures including new roundabouts and motorways are also being added to the city.

Dubai's Emaar Properties invested $20 billion for the development of several projects for Algeria. It covers the construction of a new town called Sidi Abdellah, a tourist resort and a health resort on the western outskirts of Algiers. The redevelopment of Algiers waterfront is being considered as part of the development contract, which is planned to include a shopping mall, Marriott hotel, a business district with shopping centre and the largest mosque in Algiers.

New residential developments aim to solve Algiers current housing shortage.

Sports

Algiers is the largest sporting centre of Algeria. The city has a number of professional clubs in the variety of sports, which have won national and international titles. Among the sports facilities within the city, there is an enormous sporting complex – Complex of OCO – Mohamed Boudiaf. This includes the Stade 5 Juillet 1962 (capacity ), a venue for athletics, an Olympic swimming pool, a multisports room (the Cupola), an 18-hole golf course, and several tennis courts.

The following major sporting events have been held in Algiers (not-exhaustive list):

Mediterranean Games 1975.

All-Africa Games 1978, 2007.

African Cup of Nations 1990.

African Handball Nations Championship 1989, 2001.

Pan Arab Games 2004.

FIBA Africa Championship 2005.

Men's U19 World Championship 2005.

Football clubs

Principal clubs of association football of the city (having already evolved/moved in Division 1):

MC Alger

USM Alger

CR Belouizdad

NA Hussein Dey

Paradou AC

USM El Harrach

RC Kouba

OMR El Annasser

DNC Algiers (now defunct)

1936 Algiers invitational football tournament

In 1936 the local journalists association organised a four team invitational tournament in Algiers. With Algeria then under French colonial rule the official programme listed the venue as "Stade-Velodrome Municipal d'Alger" and the participants as:-

Le Queen of the South – La Belle Equipe Ecossaise de Première Division

Racing-Club de Santander – Favori des Championnats d'Espagne

Floriana F. C. de Malte – Champion Officiel et Vainqueur de la Coupe

R.U.A. – Champion de l'Afrique du Nord 1935

The match days were Thursday May 21 and Sunday May 24.

Home side Racing Universitaire d'Alger (R.U.A. for whom Nobel Prize winning author/philosopher Albert Camus had played in goals for their junior team) had already won both the North African Champions Cup and the North African Cup in the 30s (R.U.A. would win each twice by the decade's end). Goals by Willie Thomson and Joe Tulip saw Queens book a place in the invitational tournament final with a 2–1 victory against them.

In the final Queens faced a Racing de Santander side who had just finished 4th in Spain's La Liga notching home and away double victories against both Real Madrid and F.C. Barcelona. Racing had seen off Floriana in their semi final. Norrie Haywood's goal and a 1–0 scoreline saw victory for La Belle Equipe Ecossaise. The trophy can still be seen in Queens' club museum today.

Climate

Algiers features a Mediterranean climate with warm summers and mild winters. Its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea aids in moderating the city's temperatures. As a result Algiers usually does not see the extreme temperatures that is experienced in the adjacent interior deserts. The climate of Algiers, like that of other Mediterranean cities, features wet "winters" and dry summers. Algiers on average receives roughly 430 mm (17 in.) of precipitation per year, the bulk of which is seen between October and April.

International relations

:''See also:

List of twin towns and sister cities in Algeria''

Twin towns — Sister cities

Algiers is twinned with: {|width=100% |- |valign=top| Cairo, Egypt Amman, Jordan Beijing, People's Republic of China Berlin, Germany Tunis, Tunisia Paris, France Montreal, Canada London, United Kingdom Izmir, Turkey Tyre, Lebanon Santiago, Chile Sofia, Bulgaria Moscow, Russia Bordeaux, France Barcelona, Spain |valign="top"| Geneva, Switzerland Washington, D.C, United States Rome, Italy Amsterdam, Netherlands Dubai, United Arab Emirates São Paulo, Brazil Buenos Aires, Argentina Shanghai, People's Republic of China Tripoli, Libya Dakar, Senegal Bosaso, Somalia Rabat, Morocco |} In addition, many of the wards and cities within Algiers maintain sister-city relationships with other foreign cities.

Films about Algiers

The Battle of Algiers, 1966, directed by Gillo Pontecorvo;

Tahya ya Didou, Alger Insolite, 1970, Mohammed Zinet;

Bab El-Oued City, 1994, directed by Merzak Allouache;

Viva Laldjérie, 2003, directed by Nadir Moknèche, with Biyouna and Lubna Azabal;

Bab el Web, 2004, directed by Merzak Allouache, with Samy Naceri, Julie Gayet'', Faudel;

It was once in the wadi, 2005, directed by Djamel Bensalah;

Beur, White, Red, 2005, directed by Mahmoud Zemmouri.

Delice Paloma, 2007, directed by Nadir Moknèche, with Biyouna and Nadia Kaci.

Bibliography

Nacéra Benseddik, Chronique d’une cité antique, dans Alger. Lumières sur la ville, Actes du colloque de l’EPAU 4-6 mai 200l, Alger 2004, p. 29-34.

See also

List of Pasha and Dey of Algiers

References

''This article is based on a translation of the French Wikipedia's article of the same name.

Notes

External links

Category:944 establishments Category:Barbary Wars Category:Capitals in Africa Category:Former Spanish colonies Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Algeria Category:Populated coastal places in Algeria Category:Populated places in Algeria Category:World Heritage Sites in Algeria Category:Cities in Algeria

Name	Charles Boyer
Caption	from the film Love Affair (1939)
Birth date	August 28, 1899
Birth place	Figeac, Lot, Midi-Pyrénées, France
Death date	August 26, 1978
Death place	Phoenix, Arizona, United States
Spouse	Pat Paterson (1934–1978)
Years active	1920–1976
Occupation	Actor

Charles Boyer (28 August 1899 – 26 August 1978) was a French actor who appeared in more than 80 films between 1920 and 1976. After receiving an education in drama, Boyer started on the stage, but he found success in movies during the 1930s. His memorable performances were among the era's most highly praised romantic dramas, Algiers (1938) and Love Affair (1939). Another famous role was in the 1944 mystery-thriller Gaslight. He received four Academy Award nominations for Best Actor.

Early years

Born in Figeac, Lot, Midi-Pyrénées, France, to Maurice and Louise Boyer, Charles was a shy, small-town boy who discovered the movies and theatre at the age of eleven. Boyer performed comic sketches for soldiers while working as a hospital orderly during World War I. He began studies briefly at the Sorbonne, and was waiting for a chance to study acting at the Paris Conservatory. He went to the capital city to finish his education, but spent most of his time pursuing a theatrical career. In 1920, his quick memory won him a chance to replace the leading man in a stage production, and he scored an immediate hit. After starring in a French adaptation of Liliom (1934) directed by Fritz Lang, he began to receive public favor; Boyer landed his first leading Hollywood role in the romantic musical Caravan (1934) with Loretta Young. French expatriate Claudette Colbert requested him in the psychiatric drama Private Worlds (1935), which was a modest success. Boyer's role as Pepe Le Moko was already world famous when animator Chuck Jones based the character of Pepe le Pew, the romantic skunk introduced in 1945's Odor-able Kitty, on Boyer and his most well-known performance. Boyer's vocal style was also parodied on the Tom and Jerry cartoons, most notably when Tom was trying to woo a female cat. (See The Zoot Cat).

Boyer played in three classic films of unrequited love: All This, and Heaven Too (1940), with Bette Davis; Back Street (1941), with Margaret Sullavan; and Hold Back the Dawn (1941), with Olivia de Havilland and Paulette Goddard.

In contrast to his glamorous image, Boyer began losing his hair early, had a pronounced paunch, and was noticeably shorter than leading ladies like Ingrid Bergman. When Bette Davis first saw him on the set of All This, and Heaven Too, she did not recognize him and tried to have him removed. played in the film by Rex Harrison. In 1948, he was made a chevalier of the French Légion d'honneur.

When another film with Bergman, Arch of Triumph (1948), failed at the box office, he started looking for character parts. Apart from several French films such as Max Ophuls' The Earrings of Madame de... (1953, again with Danielle Darrieux) and Nana (1955, opposite Martine Carol), he also moved into television as one of the pioneering producers and stars of Four Star Theatre; Four Star Productions would make him and partners David Niven and Dick Powell rich. He was nominated for the Golden Globe as Best Actor for the 1952 film The Happy Time; and also nominated for the Emmy for Best Continuing Performance by an Actor in a Dramatic Series for his work in Four Star Playhouse (1952–1956).

In 1951, he appeared on the Broadway stage in one of his most notable roles, that of Don Juan, in a dramatic reading of the third act of George Bernard Shaw's Man and Superman. This is the act popularly known as Don Juan in Hell. In 1952, he won Broadway's 1951 Special Tony Award for Don Juan in Hell. It was directed by actor Charles Laughton. Laughton co-starred as the Devil, with Cedric Hardwicke as the statue of the military commander slain by Don Juan, and Agnes Moorehead as Dona Anna, the commander's daughter, one of Juan's former conquests. The production was a critical success, and was subsequently recorded complete by Columbia Masterworks, one of the first complete recordings of a non-musical stage production ever made. As of 2006, however, it has never been released on CD, but in 2009 it became available as an MP3 download. Boyer co-starred again with Claudette Colbert in the Broadway comedy The Marriage-Go-Round (1958–1960), but said to the producer, "Keep that woman away from me". He was also nominated for the Tony Award as Best Actor (Dramatic) in the 1963 Broadway production of Lord Pengo. Later the same year Boyer performed in Man and Boy on the London and New York stage.

Later career

at 6300 Hollywood Blvd.]] Onscreen, he continued in older roles: in Fanny (1961) starring Leslie Caron; Barefoot in the Park (1967) with Robert Redford and Jane Fonda; and the French film Stavisky (1974, starring Jean-Paul Belmondo), the latter winning him the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor,

Another notable TV series, The Rogues, starred Boyer with David Niven and Gig Young; the show lasted through the 1964–1965 season.

His career lasted longer than other romantic actors, winning him the nickname "the last of the cinema's great lovers."

Later in life, he turned to character parts in such films as: Around the World in 80 Days (1956), How to Steal a Million (1966, featuring Audrey Hepburn), Is Paris Burning? (1966), and Casino Royale (1967). He had a notable part as a corrupt city official in the 1969 film version of The Madwoman of Chaillot, featuring Katharine Hepburn. His last major film role was that of the High Lama in a poorly received musical version of Lost Horizon (1973).

For his contribution to the motion picture and television industries, Boyer has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6300 Hollywood Blvd.

Personal life

In addition to French and English, Boyer spoke Italian, German, and Spanish. His only marriage was to British actress Pat Paterson, whom he met at a dinner party in 1934. The two became engaged after two weeks of courtship and were married three months later. The marriage lasted 44 years.

In Hollywood, he also was one of the few close friends of the great French actor/singer Maurice Chevalier. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1942.

On 26 August 1978, two days after his wife died from cancer, and two days before his own 79th birthday, Boyer committed suicide with an overdose of Seconal while at a friend's home in Scottsdale. He was taken to the hospital in Phoenix, where he died. He was interred in Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, California, alongside his wife and son Michael Charles Boyer (1943–1965). On the night of 10 December 1964, at his own 21st birthday party in his LA home, their son Michael had shot himself. The media reported his death as a deliberate suicide.

Filmography

L'Homme du large (1920)

Chantelouve (1921)

Le Grillon du foyer (1922)

Esclave (1922)

Infernal Circle (1928)

La Barcarolle d'amour (1929)

Captain Fracasse (1929)

Le Procès de Mary Dugan (1930)

Revolt in the Prison (1931)

The Magnificent Lie (1931)

Tumultes (1932)

The Man from Yesterday (1932)

Red-Headed Woman (1932)

La Bataille (1933)

L'Épervier (1933)

The Empress and I (1933, voice)

F.P.1 Doesn't Answer (1933)

Moi et l'impératrice (1933)

Liliom (1934)

The Battle (1934)

The Only Girl (1934)

Caravan (1934)

Caravane (1934)

Le Bonheur (1934)

Private Worlds (1935)

Break of Hearts (1935)

Shanghai (1935)

I Loved a Soldier (1936, Unfinished film)

Mayerling (1936)

The Garden of Allah (1936)

History Is Made at Night (1937)

Conquest (1937)

Tovarich (1937)

Orage (1938)

Algiers (1938)

Le Corsaire (1939)

Love Affair (1939)

When Tomorrow Comes (1939)

All This, and Heaven Too (1940)

Back Street (1941)

Hold Back the Dawn (1941)

Appointment for Love (1941)

Tales of Manhattan (1942)

The Heart of a Nation (1943, US version only)

The Constant Nymph (1943)

Flesh and Fantasy (1943, third segment)

Gaslight (1944)

Together Again (1944)

The Fighting Lady (1944, French version only) Narrator

Confidential Agent (1945)

The Battle of the Rails (1946)

Cluny Brown (1946)

A Woman's Vengeance (1948)

Arch of Triumph (1948)

The 13th Letter (1951)

The First Legion (1951)

The Happy Time (1952)

Thunder in the East (1952)

The Earrings of Madame de... (1953)

Boum sur Paris (1953)

The Cobweb (1955)

Nana (1955)

Lucky to Be a Woman (1956)

Around the World in 80 Days (1956)

Paris, Palace Hotel (1956)

It Happened on the 36 Candles (1957) (uncredited)

La Parisienne (1957)

Maxime (1958)

The Buccaneer (1958)

Fanny (1961)

Midnight Folly (1961)

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962)

Adorable Julia (1962)

Love Is a Ball (1963)

A Very Special Favor (1965)

How to Steal a Million (1966)

Is Paris Burning? (1966)

Casino Royale (1967)

Barefoot in the Park (1967)

Hot Line (1968)

The April Fools (1969)

The Madwoman of Chaillot (1969)

Lost Horizon (1973)

Stavisky (1974)

A Matter of Time (1976)

Television

Four Star Playhouse (29 episodes, 1952–1956)

Charles Boyer Theater (1953)

The Jackie Gleason Show (1 episode, 1953)

Toast of the Town (2 episodes, 1953)

I Love Lucy episode: Lucy Meets Charles Boyer (1956)

Climax! (1 episode, 1956)

Hallmark Hall of Fame (1 episode, 1957)

Playhouse 90 (1 episode, 1957)

A Private Little Party for a Few Chums (1957)

Goodyear Theatre (unknown episodes, 1957–1958)

Alcoa Theatre (3 episodes, 1957–1958)

What's My Line? (4 episodes, 1957–1958, 1962–1963)

The Dinah Shore Chevy Show (1 episode, 1960)

The Dick Powell Show (4 episodes, 1962–1963)

A Golden Prison: The Louvre (1964, presenter)

The Rogues (8 episodes, 1964–1965)

The Bell Telephone Hour (1 episode, 1966)

The Name of the Game (1 episode, 1969)

Film '72 (1 episode, 1976)

Short subjects

The Candid Camera Story (Very Candid) of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures 1937 Convention (1937) (uncredited)

Hollywood Goes to Town (1938)

Les îles de la liberté (1943) Narrator

Congo (1945) Voice

On Stage! (1949)

1955 Motion Picture Theatre Celebration (1955) (uncredited)

References

Bibliography

External links

Sur le site Quercy.net À propos de Charles Boyer et de Figeac.

Photographs and literature

Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients Category:Actors who committed suicide Category:French film actors Category:French immigrants to the United States Category:French silent film actors Category:French Roman Catholics Category:French stage actors Category:French television actors Category:Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery Category:Drug-related suicides in Arizona Category:American people of French descent Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:Tony Award winners Category:Drug-related deaths in Arizona Category:1899 births Category:1978 deaths Category:People from Lot Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

Name	Hedy Lamarr
Caption	Lamarr in The Conspirators (1944)
Birth name	Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler
Birth date	November 09, 1913
Birth place	Vienna, Austria
Death date	January 19, 2000
Death place	Orlando, Florida, U.S.
Years active	1930–1958, 1990
Spouse	Fritz Mandl (1933–1937; divorced)Gene Markey (1939–1941; divorced; 1 child)John Loder (1943–1947; divorced; 2 children)Teddy Stauffer (1951–1952; divorced)W. Howard Lee (1953–1960; divorced)Lewis J. Boies (1963–1965; divorced)

Hedy Lamarr (; November 9, 1913 – January 19, 2000) was an Austrian-American actress. Though known primarily for her extraordinary beauty and her celebrity in a film career as a major contract star of MGM's "Golden Age", Lamarr was a scientist, inventor and mathematician who co-invented an early technique for spread spectrum communications, a key to many forms of wireless communication from the pre-computer age to the present day.

Early life

Lamarr was born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, to Jewish parents Gertrud (née Lichtwitz), a pianist and Budapest native who came from the "Jewish haute bourgeoisie", and Lemberg-born Emil Kiesler, a successful bank director. She studied ballet and piano at age 10. When she worked with Max Reinhardt in Berlin, he called her the "most beautiful woman in Europe". Soon the teenage girl played major roles in German movies, alongside stars like Heinz Rühmann and Hans Moser.

Career

In early 1933 she starred in Gustav Machatý's notorious film Ecstasy, a Czechoslovak film made in Prague, in which she played the love-hungry young wife of an indifferent old husband. Closeups of her face and long shots of her running nude through the woods gave the film notoriety.

On 10 August 1933 she married Friedrich Mandl, a Vienna-based arms manufacturer 13 years her senior. In her autobiography Ecstasy and Me, Lamarr described Mandl as an extremely controlling man who sometimes tried to keep her shut up in their mansion. The Austrian bought as many copies of Ecstasy as he could possibly find, objecting to her in the film, and "the expression on her face" (Lamarr later claimed the looks of passion were the result of the director poking her in the bottom with a safety pin).

Mandl prevented her from pursuing her acting career, and instead took her to meetings with technicians and business partners. In these meetings, the mathematically talented Lamarr learned about military technology. Otherwise she had to stay at the castle Schloss Schwarzenau. She later related that, even though Mandl was part-Jewish, he was consorting with Nazi industrialists, which infuriated her. In Ecstasy and Me, Lamarr wrote that dictators Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler both attended Mandl's grand parties. She related that in 1937 she disguised herself as one of her maids and fled to Paris, where she obtained a divorce, and then moved on to London. According to another version of the episode, she persuaded Mandl to allow her to attend a party wearing all her expensive jewelry, later drugged him with the help of her maid, and made her escape out of the country with the jewelry.

Hollywood

First she went to Paris, then met Louis B. Mayer in London. After he hired her, at his insistence, she changed her name to Hedy Lamarr, choosing the surname in homage to a beautiful film star of the silent era, Barbara La Marr, Avant garde composer George Antheil, a son of German immigrants and neighbor of Lamarr, had experimented with automated control of musical instruments, including his music for Ballet Mecanique, originally written for Fernand Léger's 1924 abstract film. This score involved multiple player pianos playing simultaneously.

Together, Antheil and Lamarr submitted the idea of a secret communication system in June 1941. On August 11, 1942, US Patent 2,292,387 was granted to Antheil and "Hedy Kiesler Markey", Lamarr's married name at the time. This early version of frequency hopping used a piano roll to change between 88 frequencies and was intended to make radio-guided torpedoes harder for enemies to detect or jam.

The idea was not implemented in the USA until 1962, when it was used by U.S. military ships during a blockade of Cuba after the patent had expired. Perhaps owing to this lag in development, the patent was little-known until 1997, when the Electronic Frontier Foundation gave Lamarr an award for this contribution. Antheil had died in 1959.

Lamarr's and Antheil's frequency-hopping idea serves as a basis for modern spread-spectrum communication technology, such as COFDM used in Wi-Fi network connections and CDMA used in some cordless and wireless telephones. Blackwell, Martin, and Vernam's 1920 patent Secrecy Communication System (1598673) seems to lay the communications groundwork for Kiesler and Antheil's patent which employed the techniques in the autonomous control of torpedoes.

Lamarr wanted to join the National Inventors Council, but she was told that she could better help the war effort by using her celebrity status to sell War Bonds. She once raised $7,000,000 at just one event.

For several years during the 1990s, the boxes of the current CorelDRAW software suites were graced by a large Corel-drawn image of Hedy Lamarr, in tribute to her pre-computer scientific discoveries. These pictures were winners in CorelDRAW's yearly software suite cover design contests. Far from being flattered, however, Lamarr sued Corel for using the image without her permission. Corel countered that she did not own rights to the image. They reached an undisclosed settlement in 1999.

Later years

In the ensuing years, Lamarr retreated from public life, and settled in Florida. She returned to the headlines in 1991 when the 78-year-old former actress was again accused of shoplifting $21.00 worth of goods, although charges were eventually dropped.

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Hedy Lamarr has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6247 Hollywood Blvd.

Personal life

Lamarr became a naturalized citizen of the United States on April 10, 1953.

Marriages and romances

She was briefly engaged to German actor Fred Doederlein, and later actor George Montgomery in 1942. Lamarr was also married to:

Friedrich Mandl (1900–1977), married 1933–1937; chairman of Hirtenberger Patronen-Fabrik, a leading armaments firm founded by his father, Alexander Mandl. Mandl, partially of Jewish descent, was a supporter of Austrofascism, although not Nazism.

Gene Markey (1895–1980), screenwriter and producer, married 1939–1941; son (adopted in 1941, after their divorce), James Lamarr Markey (b. 1939). When Lamarr and Markey divorced — she claimed they had only spent four evenings alone together in their marriage — the judge advised her to get to know any future husband longer than the four weeks she had known Markey. John Loder (born John Muir Lowe, 1898–1988), actor, married 1943–1947; two children: Anthony Loder (b. 1947) and Denise Loder (b. 1945). Loder adopted Hedy's son, James Lamarr Markey, and gave him his surname. James Lamarr Loder later challenged Hedy Lamarr's will in 2000, which did not mention him. He later dropped his suit against the estate in exchange for a lump-sum payment of $50,000. Anthony Loder is featured in the European documentary film Calling Hedy Lamarr (2004).

Ernest "Ted" Stauffer (1909–1991), nightclub owner, restaurateur, and former bandleader, married 1951–1952.

W. Howard Lee (1909–1981), a Texas oilman, married 1953–1960. In 1960, he later married film star Gene Tierney.

Lewis J. Boies (b. 1920), a lawyer (her divorce lawyer), married 1963–1965.

The final affair mentioned in Ecstasy and Me is when Lamarr is around 50 and is with a much younger man, an artist called Pierre who Lamarr describes as "a very handsome young man ... he was a sensitive man; I liked him immediately." During this affair, Lamarr collaborated with Pierre on his paintings and lived a somewhat bohemian lifestyle. "In the new house we didn't have electricity or gas and it was freezing cold. We found a few candles and we sat near them trying to keep warm... we just painted, made love and ate once in a while."

Scandals

In 1965 Lamarr was arrested for shoplifting in Los Angeles; the charges were eventually dropped. In 1991 she was arrested on the same charge in Florida, this time for $21.48 worth of laxatives and eye drops. She pleaded "no contest" to avoid a court appearance, and in return for a promise to refrain from breaking any laws for a year, the charges were once again dropped.

According to her autobiography, Ecstasy and Me (1966), once while running away from Friedrich Mandl, she slipped into a brothel and hid in an empty room. While her husband searched the brothel, a man entered the room and she had sex with him so she could remain hidden. She was finally successful in escaping when she hired a new maid who resembled her; she drugged the maid and used her uniform as a disguise to escape. Lamarr later sued the publisher claiming that many of the anecdotes in the book, which was described by a judge as "filthy, nauseating, and revolting", were fabricated by its ghost writer, Leo Guild.

In an interview included in the DVD release of Blazing Saddles (1974), Mel Brooks claims that Hedy Lamarr threatened to sue the producers. He says she believed the film's running "Hedley Lamarr" joke infringed her right of publicity. In one scene, Brooks' character tells Hedley Lamarr, "This is 1874 - you'll be able to sue her!" Brooks says they settled out of court for a small sum.

Death and legacy

(1950)]]

Lamarr died in Casselberry, Florida (near Orlando) on January 19, 2000. Her son Anthony Loder took her ashes to Austria and spread them in the Wienerwald forest, in accordance with her wishes.

In 2004, the game Half-Life 2, which contains many references to important names, situations and facts in science, made an homage to Hedy, by giving the name Lamarr to Dr. Kleiner's beloved pet headcrab. Later on in the game, Dr. Kleiner specifically refers to the pet as Hedy.

In 2005, the first Inventor's Day in German-speaking countries was held in her honor on November 9, on what would have been her 92nd birthday.

The 2010 New York Public Library's exhibit: “Thirty Years of Photography at the New York Public Library” includes a photo of topless Lamarr (ca. 1930) by Austrian-born American photographer Trude Fleischmann.

Filmography

Das Geld liegt auf der Straße (Money on the Street, 1930)

Die Frau von Lindenau (Storm in a Water Glass, 1931)

Die Abenteuer des Herrn O. F. (The Adventures of Mr. O. F., 1931)

Man braucht kein Geld (We Need No Money, 1932)

Ekstase / Symphonie der Liebe (Ecstasy, 1933)

Algiers (1938) (download or play it)

Hollywood Goes to Town (1938) (short subject)

Screen Snapshots: Stars at a Charity Ball (1939) (short subject)

Lady of the Tropics (1939)

I Take This Woman (1940)

Boom Town (1940)

Comrade X (1940)

Come Live with Me (1941)

Ziegfeld Girl (1941)

H.M. Pulham, Esq. (1941)

Tortilla Flat (1942)

Crossroads (1942)

White Cargo (1942)

Show Business at War (1943) (short subject)

The Heavenly Body (1944)

The Conspirators (1944)

Experiment Perilous (1944)

Her Highness and the Bellboy (1945)

The Strange Woman (1946) (download or play it)

Dishonored Lady (1947) (download or play it)

Let's Live a Little (1948)

Samson and Delilah (1949)

A Lady Without Passport (1950)

Copper Canyon (1950)

My Favorite Spy (1951)

The Eternal Female (1954) (unfinished)

Loves of Three Queens (1954)

The Story of Mankind (1957)

The Female Animal (1958)

Instant Karma (film) (1990)

Bibliography

Barton, Ruth. Hedy Lamarr: The Most Beautiful Woman in Film. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8131-2604-3.

See also

List of Austrian scientists

List of Austrians

Inventor's Day

References

"Hedy Lamarr", Half-Life2.net(December 13, 2004) Retrieved on 2008-12-21

Robert A. Scholtz, "The Origins of Spread-Spectrum Communications," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 30, No. 5, May 1982, p. 822.

Robert Price, "Further Notes and Anecdotes on Spread-Spectrum Origins," IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 31, No. 1, January 1983, p. 85.

External links

Hedy Lamarr Site

Hedy Lamarr foundation

Hedy Lamarr fansite

Hedy Lamarr at Reel Classics

Inventions.org page on Hedy Lamarr

Interview with Hedy Lamarr biographer Patrick Agan

Advanced Weaponry of the Stars by Prof. Hans-Joachim Braun Invention & Technology article about Hedy Lamarr's patent

Annual Inventor's Day on her Birthday

CorelDRAW splash screens

Calling Hedy Lamarr (2004)

Photographs and literature

Category:Jewish actors Category:Austrian film actors Category:American film actors Category:Radio pioneers Category:Jewish inventors Category:Austrian scientists Category:Austro-Hungarian scientists Category:American inventors Category:Women engineers Category:Austrian immigrants to the United States Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:American people of Austrian-Jewish descent Category:Austrian Jews Category:People from Vienna Category:1914 births Category:2000 deaths

{{ Infobox artist | bgcolour = #6495ED | name = Austin Peralta | image = | imagesize = | alt = | caption = | birthname = | birthdate = October 25, 1990 | birthplace = | deathdate = | deathplace = | nationality = United States | field = | training = | movement = | works = See "Discography" below | patrons = | influenced by = | influenced = | awards = | website = }}

Austin Peralta (born October 25, 1990) is a musician and composer, son of the Z-Boy skateboarder and film director Stacy Peralta. He had two CD's released by CBS/Sony in Japan by the age of 16.

Peralta is a piano player, devoted to music from his very young years when he started taking piano lessons at age 6, and continued his music studies with Eleanor Lindboe and Sara Banta at Pepperdine University. He has also studied with the noted jazz pianist Alan Pasqua and saxophonist Buddy Collette. He won the Shelly Manne New Talent Award given by the Los Angeles Jazz Society in 2003. He has performed in his home state of California, Germany and Japan, where he had his first tour in 2006.

At age 15, Peralta was also a featured performer at the 2006 Tokyo Jazz Festival, appearing with his own trio, as well as a live performance with major jazz stars Chick Corea, Hank Jones, Sadao Watanabe, John Patitucci, Omar Hakim, and the young Japanese pianist Hiromi Uehara. At age 16 Peralta appeared at the internationally-known Java Jazz Festival (2007).

Peralta's first CD, "Maiden Voyage", featured bassist Ron Carter, and his second release "Mantra" included bassist Buster Williams.

Peralta contributed to the original soundtrack of his father's documentary film "Riding Giants" with a piano solo.

Discography

Maiden Voyage (March 2006)

Personnel:

Austin Peralta - piano Ron Carter - bass Billy Kilson - drums

Track listing:

# Passion Dance # Shadow Of Your Smile # Maiden Voyage # Green, Dolphin Street # Spain # N.Q.E. (Naguib Qormah Effendi) # Someday My Prince Will Come # Balaqeeti # Naima

Mantra (December 2006)

Personnel:

Marcus Strickland - tenor/soprano saxes Steve Nelson - vibes Austin Peralta - piano Buster Williams - bass Ronald Bruner, Jr. - drums

Track Listing:

# Mantra # Black Narcissus # Goodbye Pork Pie Hat # Astral Tides # Butterfly # Ablaze # All the Things You Are # Afro Blue # D.Redman

References

External links

TokyoJazz 2006 profile

Java Jazz Festival 2007 profile

Official MySpace page

Category:American jazz pianists Category:American musicians of Mexican descent Category:Musicians from California Category:1990 births Category:Living people