James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is a
British Labour Party politician, who has been a
Member of Parliament (MP) since
1983, currently for
Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. He served as the
Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom and
Leader of the
Labour Party from
2007 until
2010. Brown became Prime Minister in June 2007, after the resignation of
Tony Blair and three days after becoming leader of the governing Labour Party. Immediately before this, he had served as
Chancellor of the Exchequer in the
Labour Government from
1997 to
2007. His tenure ended in May 2010, when he resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party.
Brown has a PhD in History from the University of Edinburgh and spent his early career working as a lecturer at a further education college and a television journalist. He has been a Member of Parliament since 1983; first for Dunfermline East and since 2005 for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. As Prime Minister, he also held the offices of First Lord of the Treasury and the Minister for the Civil Service.
Brown's time as Chancellor was marked by major reform of Britain's monetary and fiscal policy architecture, transferring interest rate setting powers to the Bank of England, by a wide extension of the powers of the Treasury to cover much domestic policy and by transferring responsibility for banking supervision to the Financial Services Authority. Controversial moves included the abolition of advance corporation tax (ACT) relief in his first budget, and the removal in his final budget of the 10% "starting rate" of personal income tax which he had introduced in 1999.
After initial rises in opinion polls following Brown's selection as leader, Labour performed poorly in local and European election results in 2009. A year later, Labour lost 91 seats in the House of Commons at the 2010 general election, the party's biggest loss of seats in a single general election since 1931, giving the Conservative Party a plurality and resulting in a hung parliament. On 10 May 2010, Brown announced he would stand down as leader of the Labour Party, and instructed the party to put into motion the processes to elect a new leader. and as Leader of the Labour Party by Ed Miliband on 25 September 2010.
Early life and career before Parliament
Gordon Brown was born at the Orchard Maternity Nursing Home in
Giffnock,
Renfrewshire, Scotland. His father was John Ebenezer Brown, a
minister of the
Church of Scotland and a strong influence on Brown. He died in December 1998, aged 84. His mother Jessie Elizabeth Souter, known as Bunty, died on 19 September 2004, aged 86. She was the daughter of John Souter, a timber merchant. Brown was brought up with his elder brother John and younger brother
Andrew Brown In common with many other
notable Scots, he is therefore often referred to as a "son of the manse".
Brown was educated first at Kirkcaldy West Primary School where he was selected for an experimental fast stream education programme, which took him two years early to Kirkcaldy High School for an academic hothouse education taught in separate classes. At age 16 he wrote that he loathed and resented this "ludicrous" experiment on young lives.
He was accepted by the University of Edinburgh to study history at the same early age of 16. During an end-of-term rugby union match at his old school he received a kick to the head and suffered a retinal detachment. This left him blind in his left eye, despite treatment including several operations and weeks spent lying in a darkened room. Later at Edinburgh, while playing tennis, he noticed the same symptoms in his right eye. Brown underwent experimental surgery at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and his eye was saved. Brown graduated from Edinburgh with First Class Honours MA in 1972, and stayed on to complete his PhD (which he gained ten years later in 1982), titled The Labour Party and Political Change in Scotland 1918–29.
In 1972, while still a student, Brown was elected Rector of the University of Edinburgh, the convener of the University Court. He served as Rector until 1975, and also edited the document The Red Paper on Scotland.
From 1976 to 1980 Brown was employed as a lecturer in Politics at Glasgow College of Technology. In the 1979 general election, he stood for the Edinburgh South constituency, losing to the Conservative candidate, Michael Ancram. He also worked as a tutor for the Open University.
Election to parliament and opposition
Gordon Brown was elected to Parliament on his second attempt as a Labour MP for
Dunfermline East in
1983 general election. His first Westminster office mate was a newly elected MP from the Sedgefield constituency by the name of
Tony Blair. Brown became
opposition spokesman on Trade and Industry in 1985. In 1986, he published a
biography of the
Independent Labour Party politician
James Maxton, the subject of his PhD thesis. Brown was
Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 1987 to 1989 and then Shadow
Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, before becoming Shadow Chancellor in 1992.
After the sudden death of Labour leader John Smith in May 1994, Brown did not contest the leadership after Tony Blair became favourite. It has long been rumoured a deal was struck between Blair and Brown at the former Granita restaurant in Islington, in which Blair promised to give Brown control of economic policy in return for Brown not standing against him in the leadership election. Whether this is true or not, the relationship between Blair and Brown has been central to the fortunes of "New Labour", and they have mostly remained united in public, despite reported serious private rifts.
As Shadow Chancellor, Brown as Chancellor-in-waiting was seen as a good choice by business and the middle class. While he was Chancellor inflation sometimes exceeded the 2% target causing the Governor of the Bank of England to write several letters to the Chancellor, each time inflation exceeded three per cent.
In 2005 following a reorganisation of parliamentary constituencies in Scotland, Brown became MP for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath at the general election.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
/
IMF meeting in 2002|alt=Gordon Brown standing at a
podium. Text on the podium states "ANNUAL MEETINGS". A number of flags hang in the background]]
In the 1997 general election, Labour defeated the Conservatives by a landslide to end their 18-year exile from government on when Tony Blair, the new prime minister, announced his ministerial team on 2 May 1997, he appointed Brown as Chancellor of the Exchequer. He would remain in this role for 10 years and two months, making him the longest-serving Chancellor in modern history. At the same time he also changed the inflation measure from the Retail Price Index to the Consumer Price Index and transferred responsibility for banking supervision to the Financial Services Authority. Some commentators have argued that this division of responsibilities exacerbated the severity, in Britain, of 2007 global banking crisis.
Taxation and spending
In the 1997 election and subsequently, Brown pledged to not increase the basic or higher rates of
income tax. Over his Chancellorship, he reduced the basic rate from 23% to 20%. However, in all but his final budget, Brown increased the tax thresholds in line with inflation, rather than earnings, resulting in
fiscal drag.
Corporation tax fell under Brown, from a main rate of 33% to 28%, and from 24% to 19% for
small businesses. In 1999, he introduced a lower tax band of 10%. He abolished this
10% tax band in his last budget in 2007 to reduce the basic rate from 22% to 20%, increasing tax for 5 million people and, according to the calculations of the
Institute for Fiscal Studies, leaving those earning between £5,000 and £18,000 as the biggest losers. According to the
OECD UK taxation has increased from a 39.3% share of
gross domestic product in 1997 to 42.4% in 2006, going to a higher level than Germany. This increase has mainly been attributed to active government policy, and not simply to the growing economy. Conservatives have accused Brown of imposing "
stealth taxes". A commonly reported example resulted in 1997 from a technical change in the way
corporation tax is collected, the indirect effect of which was for the
dividends on
stock investments held within
pensions to be taxed, thus lowering pension returns and contributing to the demise of most of the final salary pension funds in the UK. The Treasury contends that this tax change was crucial to long-term economic growth.
Brown's 2000 Spending Review outlined a major expansion of government spending, particularly on health and education. In his April 2002 budget, Brown increased national insurance to pay for health spending. He also introduced working tax credits.
European single currency
In October 1997, Brown took control of the United Kingdom's membership of the European single currency issue by announcing the Treasury would set
five economic tests to ascertain whether the economic case had been made. In June 2003
the Treasury indicated the tests had not been passed.
Other issues
In 2000, Brown was accused of starting a political row about higher education (referred to as the
Laura Spence Affair) when he accused the University of Oxford of elitism in its admissions procedures, describing its decision not to offer a place to
state school pupil Laura Spence as "absolutely outrageous".
Lord Jenkins, then Oxford
Chancellor and himself a former Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer, said "nearly every fact he used was false."
Between 1999 and 2002 Brown sold 60% of the UK's gold reserves shortly before gold entered a protracted bull market, since nicknamed by dealers as Brown Bottom. The official reason for selling the gold reserves was to reduce the portfolio risk of the UK's reserves by diversifying away from gold. Since then, the decision to sell the gold has been criticised.
During his time as Chancellor, Brown was reported to believe that it is appropriate to remove much of the unpayable Third World debt, but does not think that all debt should be erased. On 20 April 2006, in a speech to the United Nations Ambassadors, Brown outlined a "Green" view of global development.
Run-up to succeeding Tony Blair
:''Main articles
Labour Party leadership election, 2007 and
Timeline for the Labour Party leadership elections, 2007
In October 2004, Tony Blair announced he would not lead the party into a fourth general election, but would serve a full third term. Political comment over the relationship between Brown and Blair continued up to and beyond the 2005 election, which Labour won with a reduced parliamentary majority and reduced vote share. Blair announced on 7 September 2006 that he would step down within a year. Brown was the clear favourite to succeed Blair; he was the only candidate spoken of seriously in Westminster. Appearances and news coverage leading up to the handover were interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become Prime Minister, in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and global change. This enabled Brown to signal the most significant priorities for his agenda as Prime Minister; speaking at a Fabian Society conference on 'The Next Decade' in January 2007, he stressed education, international development, narrowing inequalities (to pursue 'equality of opportunity and fairness of outcome'), renewing Britishness, restoring trust in politics, and winning hearts and minds in the war on terror as key priorities.
Prime Minister
Brown ceased to be Chancellor and became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 27 June 2007.
Brown was the first prime minister from a Scottish constituency since the
Conservative Sir Alec Douglas-Home in 1964. Not all British prime ministers have attended university, but of the ones that did Brown was one of only five that did not attend either Oxford or Cambridge, the others were,
the Earl of Bute (
Leiden),
Lord John Russell (
Edinburgh),
Andrew Bonar Law (
University of Glasgow), and
Neville Chamberlain (
Mason Science College, later
Birmingham). Brown proposed moving some traditional prime ministerial powers conferred by
royal prerogative to the realm of Parliament, such as the power to declare war and approve appointments to senior positions. Brown wanted Parliament to gain the right to ratify treaties and have more oversight into the intelligence services. He also proposed moving some powers from Parliament to citizens, including the right to form "citizens' juries", easily petition Parliament for new laws, and rally outside Westminster. He asserted that the attorney general should not have the right to decide whether to prosecute in individual cases, such as in the
loans for peerages scandal.
During his Labour leadership campaign Brown proposed some policy initiatives which he called 'The manifesto for change.'
The manifesto included a clampdown on corruption and a new Ministerial Code, which set out clear standards of behaviour for ministers. Brown also stated in a speech when announcing his bid that he wants a "better constitution" that is "clear about the rights and responsibilities of being a citizen in Britain today". He planned to set up an all-party convention to look at new powers for Parliament and to look at rebalancing powers between Whitehall and local government. Brown said he would give Parliament the final say on whether British troops are sent into action in future.
Brown said he wanted to release more land and ease access to ownership with shared equity schemes. He backed a proposal to build new eco-towns, each housing between 10,000 and 20,000 home-owners — up to 100,000 new homes in total.
Brown also said he wanted to have doctors' surgeries open at the weekends, and GPs on call in the evenings. Doctors were given the right of opting out of out-of-hours care in 2007, under a controversial pay deal, signed by then-Health Secretary John Reid, which awarded them a 22% pay rise in 2006. Brown also stated in the manifesto that the NHS was his top priority. There was speculation during September and early October 2007 about whether Brown would call a snap general election. Brown announced that there would be no election in the near future and seemed to rule out an election in 2008. His political opponents accused him of being indecisive, which Brown denied. In July 2008 Brown supported a new bill extending this pre-charge detention period to 42 days. The bill was met with opposition on both sides of the House and backbench rebellion. In the end the bill passed by just 9 votes. The House of Lords defeated the bill, with Lords characterising it as "fatally flawed, ill thought through and unnecessary", stating that "it seeks to further erode fundamental legal and civil rights".
Brown was mentioned by the press in the expenses crisis for claiming for the payment of his cleaner. However, no wrongdoing was found and the Commons Authority did not pursue Brown over the claim. Meanwhile, the Commons Fees Office stated that a double payment for a £153 plumbing repair bill was a mistake on their part and that Brown had repaid it in full.
Foreign policy
in the
White House]]
Brown was committed to the
Iraq War, but said in a speech in June 2007 that he would "learn the lessons" from the mistakes made in Iraq. Brown said in a letter published on 17 March 2008 that the United Kingdom will hold an inquiry into the
Iraq war.
Brown has gone to great lengths to empathise with those who lost family members in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. He has often said "War is tragic", echoing Blair's memorable quote that "War is horrible". Nonetheless, in November 2007 Brown was accused by some senior military figures of not adhering to the 'military covenant', a convention within British politics stating that in exchange for them putting their lives at risk for the sake of national security, the armed forces should in turn be suitably looked after by the government.
Brown skipped the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics, on 8 August 2008 in Beijing. He attended the closing ceremony instead, on 24 August 2008. Brown had been under intense pressure from human rights campaigners to send a message to China, concerning the 2008 Tibetan unrest. His decision not to attend the opening ceremony was not an act of protest, rather made several weeks in advance and not intended as a stand on principle.
In a speech in July 2007, Brown personally clarified his position regarding Britain's relationship with the USA "We will not allow people to separate us from the United States of America in dealing with the common challenges that we face around the world. I think people have got to remember that the relationship between Britain and America and between a British prime minister and an American president is built on the things that we share, the same enduring values about the importance of liberty, opportunity, the dignity of the individual. I will continue to work, as Tony Blair did, very closely with the American administration."
Brown and the Labour party had pledged to allow a referendum on the EU Treaty of Lisbon. On the morning of 13 December 2007, Foreign Secretary David Miliband attended for the Prime Minister at the official signing ceremony in Lisbon of the EU Reform Treaty. Brown's opponents on both sides of the House, and in the press, suggested that ratification by Parliament was not enough and that a referendum should also be held. Labour's 2005 manifesto had pledged to give British public a referendum on the original EU Constitution. Brown argued that the Treaty significantly differed from the Constitution, and as such did not require a referendum. He also responded with plans for a lengthy debate on the topic, and stated that he believed the document to be too complex to be decided by referendum.
Drug policy
During Brown's premiership, in October 2008, the
Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) recommended to the then
Home Secretary Jacqui Smith that
cannabis remain classified as a
Class C drug. Acting against the advice of the Council, she chose to reclassify it as
class B. Following his resignation, Professor Nutt said Gordon Brown had "made up his mind" to reclassify cannabis despite evidence to the contrary. Gordon Brown had argued, "I don't think that the previous studies took into account that so much of the cannabis on the streets is now of a lethal quality and we really have got to send out a message to young people – this is not acceptable". Professor Nutts predecessor at the ACMD, Sir Michael Rawlins, later said, "Governments may well have good reasons for taking an alternative view... When that happens, then the government should explain why it's ignoring the particular advice".
Global recession
Brown's premiership coincided with the
global recession, during which the United Kingdom led calls for fiscal action to stimulate aggregate demand. Domestically, Brown's administration introduced a range of measures including a bank rescue package worth around £500 billion (approximately $850 billion), a temporary 2.5% cut in Value Added Tax (Sales Tax) and a "car scrappage" scheme.
Plots against leadership
In mid-2008, Brown's leadership was presented with a challenge as some MPs openly called for him to resign. This event was dubbed the 'Lancashire Plot', as two backbenchers from
(pre-1974) Lancashire urged him to step down and a third questioned his chances of holding on to the
Labour Party leadership. Several MPs argued that if Brown did not recover in the polls by early 2009, he should call for a leadership contest. However, certain prominent MPs, such as
Jacqui Smith and
Bill Rammell, suggested that Brown was the right person to lead Britain through its economic crisis. In the Autumn,
Siobhain McDonagh, a MP and junior government whip, who during her time in office had never voted against the government, spoke of the need for discussion over Brown's position. McDonagh was sacked from her role shortly afterwards, on 12 September. Whilst McDonagh did not state that she wanted Brown deposed, she implored the Labour party to hold a leadership election, she was sacked from her role shortly afterwards. McDonagh was supported by
Joan Ryan (who applied, as McDonagh had, for leadership nomination papers, and became the second rebel to be fired from her job),
Jim Dowd,
Greg Pope, and a string of others who had previously held positions in government, made clear their desire for a contest.
In the face of this speculation over Brown's future, his ministers backed him to lead the party, and
Harriet Harman and
David Miliband denied that they were preparing leadership bids. After Labour lost the
Glasgow East by-election in July, Harman, the deputy leader of the party, said that Brown was the "solution", not the "problem"; Home Secretary Smith, Justice Secretary
Jack Straw, Schools Secretary
Ed Balls and Cabinet Office Minister
Ed Miliband all re-affirmed their support for Brown. The deputy Prime Minister under Blair,
John Prescott, also pledged his support. Foreign Secretary David Miliband then denied that he was plotting a leadership bid, when on 30 July, an article written by him in
The Guardian was interpreted by a large number in the media as an attempt to undermine Brown. In the article, Miliband outlined the party's future, but neglected to mention the Prime Minister. Miliband, responded to this by saying that he was confident Brown could lead Labour to victory in the next general election, and that his article was an attack against the
fatalism in the party since the loss of Glasgow-East. Miliband continued to show his support for Brown in the face of the challenge that emerged in September, as did Business Secretary
John Hutton, Environment Secretary
Hilary Benn, and Chief Whip
Geoff Hoon.
On 6 January 2010, Patricia Hewitt and Geoff Hoon jointly called for a secret ballot on the future of Brown's leadership. The call received little support and the following day Hoon said that it appeared to have failed and was "over". Brown later referred to the call for a secret ballot as a "form of silliness".
By-elections and 2009 local and European elections
in 2006|alt=Gordon Brown shakes hands with Vladimir Putin]]
In the local elections on 1 May 2008, Labour suffered their worst results in 40 years finishing in third place with a projected 24% share of the national vote. Subsequently the party has seen the loss of
by-elections in
Nantwich and Crewe and
Henley as well as slumps in the polls. A
by-election in Glasgow East triggered by the resignation of
David Marshall saw the Labour party struggle to appoint a candidate, eventually settling for
Margaret Curran, a sitting MSP in the
Scottish Parliament. The SNP, Conservatives and Liberal Democrats have all derided the party for their disorganised nature with
Alex Salmond commenting "This is their 'lost weekend' – they don't have a leader in Scotland, they don't have a candidate in Glasgow East, and they have a prime minister who refuses to come to the constituency". Labour lost the constituency to the
Scottish National Party's
John Mason who took 11,277 votes with Labour just 365 behind. The seat experienced a swing of 22.54%.
In the European elections, Labour polled 16% of the vote, finishing in third place behind the Conservatives and United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). Voter apathy was reflected in the historically low turnout of around thirty three percent. In Scotland voter turnout was only twenty eight per cent. In the local elections, Labour polled 23% of the vote, finishing in third place behind Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, with Labour losing control of the four councils it had held prior to the election. In a vote widely considered to be a reaction to the expenses scandal, the share of the votes was down for all the major parties; Labour was down one percent, the Conservative share was down five percent. The beneficiary of the public backlash was generally seen to be the minor parties, including the Green Party and UKIP. These results were Labour's worst since World War II. Gordon Brown was quoted in the press as having said that the results were "a painful defeat for Labour", and that "too many good people doing so much good for their communities and their constituencies have lost through no fault of their own."
General election 2010
the day before the
2010 Election.]]
In April 2010, Brown asked the Queen to dissolve Parliament and call new elections, which included the first televised leadership debates in British History. The result of the election was a
hung parliament.
Brown was re-elected to serve as MP for Kirkcaldy & Cowdenbeath constituency on 6 May 2010 with 29,559 votes representing 64.5% of votes. The following day, negotiations between the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats failed. During the evening, Brown visited Buckingham Palace to tender his resignation as Prime Minister to Queen Elizabeth II and to recommend that she invite the Leader of the Opposition, David Cameron, to form a government. He resigned as leader of the Labour Party with immediate effect.
World Wide Web Foundation
Sir Tim Berners-Lee worked with the UK government during Brown's premiership to publish government data as freely as possible on the internet in the
data.gov.uk project. Sir Tim subsequently invited Brown to become a board director of the World Wide Web Foundation to "advise the Web Foundation on ways to involve disadvantaged communities and global leaders in the development of sustainable programs that connect humanity and affect positive change".
Depictions in popular culture
In keeping with its tradition of having a comic strip for every Prime Minister
Private Eye featured a comic strip,
The Broonites (a parody of
The Broons), parodying Brown's government.
Private Eye also had a column titled
Prime Ministerial Decree, a parody of statements that would be issued by
Communist governments in the former
Eastern Bloc.
Brown was depicted in Season 13 of South Park when world leaders plot to steal money from aliens in order to deal with the global recession, in the episode "Pinewood Derby". He also makes an appearance in the first issue of Marvel Comics' , overseeing Britain's response to the Skrull invasion of Earth.
Personal life and family
Brown's early girlfriends included the journalist
Sheena McDonald and
Princess Margarita, the eldest daughter of exiled
King Michael of Romania. On 28 December 2001 a daughter, Jennifer Jane, was born prematurely and died on 7 January 2002 one day after suffering a
brain haemorrhage. They currently have two children, John Macaulay and James Fraser. In November 2006, James Fraser was diagnosed with
cystic fibrosis.
Gordon Brown commented at the time that their recent experiences had changed him and his wife. Sarah Brown rarely makes official appearances either with or without her husband. She is inevitably much sought after to give interviews. She is, however, patron of several charities and has written articles for national newspapers related to this. At the 2008 Labour Party Conference, Sarah caused surprise by taking to the stage to introduce her husband for his keynote address. Since then, her public profile has increased.
He has two brothers, John Brown and Andrew Brown. Andrew has been Head of Media Relations in the UK for the French-owned utility company EDF Energy since 2004.
Whilst PM he spent some of his spare time at Chequers, the house often being filled with friends. They have also entertained local dignitaries like Sir Leonard Figg. Brown is also a friend of Harry Potter author J. K. Rowling, who says of Brown "I know him as affable, funny and gregarious, a great listener, a kind and loyal friend."
Religion
The son of a
Church of Scotland minister, Brown has talked about what he called his "
moral compass" and to his parents being his "inspiration". He is seemingly keen to keep his religion a private matter. According to the
Guardian, he is a member of the Church of Scotland.
In April 2009, Brown gave what was the first ever speech by a serving Prime Minister at St Paul's Cathedral in London. He referred to a 'single powerful modern sense demanding responsibility from all and fairness to all'. He also talked about the Christian doctrine of 'do to others what you would have them do unto you', which he compared to similar principles in Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism. He went on, 'They each and all reflect a sense that we share the pain of others, and a sense that we believe in something bigger than ourselves—that we cannot be truly content while others face despair, cannot be completely at ease while others live in fear, cannot be satisfied while others are in sorrow", and continued, "We all feel, regardless of the source of our philosophy, the same deep moral sense that each of us is our brother and sisters' keeper... We cannot and will not pass by on the other side when people are suffering and when we have it within our power to help.'
Socialism
Brown first thought of himself as being 'Labour' and his sense of social injustice was roused when he accompanied his father on visits around
Kirkcaldy seeing the pain of unemployment and the misery of poverty and squalor as the mining and textile industries collapsed. Growing up he discovered
Tawney,
Tressell,
Cole and other socialist texts which inspired him. He also found inspiration in
Blake in poetry,
Potter in drama,
Lawrence in literature and the socialist leader
James Maxton in Scottish history. These, he argues, fuelled his passion and activism, reinforcing his own political experience. For Brown the ethical basis of British socialism has several themes: the view that individuals are not primarily self-centered but are co-operative, that people are more likely to thrive in communities in which they play a full role and that people have talents and potential that the free market will not allow them to fully realise. In addition, one of the most enduring of Brown's themes is the commitment to equality.
Titles, honours, and awards
Styles
Mr James Gordon Brown (1951–1982)
Dr James Gordon Brown (1982–1983)
The Rt Hon. Dr James Gordon Brown MP (1996–present)
Honours
In March 2009 Brown was named
World Statesman of the Year by the
Appeal of Conscience Foundation, an American organisation dedicated to promoting peace,
human rights and understanding between
religious faiths. The award was presented by
Rabbi Arthur Schneier who praised Brown's "compassionate leadership in dealing with the challenging issues facing humanity, his commitment to freedom, human dignity and the environment, and for the major role he has played in helping to stabilize the world's financial system".
As a former Prime Minister, Brown may be appointed to the Order of the Garter after leaving public life. However, because of his Scottish ancestry, it has also been considered that he may more appropriately be appointed to the Order of the Thistle, as was Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister from 1963–64.
Publications
See also
UK general elections: 1983, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2010
References
Further reading
;Biographies
External links
Gordon Brown Official government profile
Gordon Brown at Encyclopædia Britannica
Tour diary: Gordon Brown in Africa BBC News, January 2005 trip about his 'Marshall plan for Africa'
;Speeches
Transcript of Gordon Brown's acceptance speech ePolitix, 17 May 2007
Transcript of first speech as Labour Party Leader ePolitix, 24 June 2007
Address to the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly September 2008
Manifesto speech transcript ePolitix, 12 April 2010
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! colspan="3" style="background:#cfc;" | Order of precedence in Northern Ireland
Category:1951 births
Category:Academics of Glasgow Caledonian University
Category:Academics of the Open University
Category:Alumni of Kirkcaldy High School
Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
Category:Commission for Africa members
Category:Labour Party (UK) MPs
Category:Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for Fife constituencies
Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for Scottish constituencies
Category:People associated with the campaign for Scottish devolution
Category:People from Kirkcaldy
Category:People from Renfrewshire
Category:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
Category:Rectors of the University of Edinburgh
Category:Scottish journalists
Category:Scottish Labour Party politicians
Category:Scottish Presbyterians
Category:Scottish scholars and academics
Category:UK MPs 1983–1987
Category:UK MPs 1987–1992
Category:UK MPs 1992–1997
Category:UK MPs 1997–2001
Category:UK MPs 2001–2005
Category:UK MPs 2005–2010
Category:UK MPs 2010–
Category:Youth rights individuals
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