De jure (in Classical Latin de iure) is an expression that means "concerning law", as contrasted with de facto, which means "concerning fact".

The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of "in principle" and "in practice", respectively, when one is describing political or legal situations.

In a legal context, de jure is also translated as "concerning law". A practice may exist de facto, where for example the people obey a contract as though there were a law enforcing it, yet there is no such law. A process known as "desuetude" may allow de facto practices to replace obsolete laws. On the other hand, practices may exist de jure and not be obeyed or observed by the people.

Examples

It is, in fact, possible to have multiple simultaneous de jure legalities that are not represented in fact. Between 1805 and 1952, the ruling dynasty of Egypt were de jure viceroys of the Ottoman Empire, but were de facto independent rulers who maintained a polite fiction of Ottoman suzerainty. However, from about 1875, they had only de jure rule over Egypt, as they had by that point become a British puppet state. Thus, Egypt was, by Ottoman law, de jure a province of their empire, by Egyptian law de jure independent, but was de facto part of the British empire.

See also

De facto

List of Latin phrases

Category:Latin legal terms

Not to be confused with the TV character Timmy Turner of The Fairly OddParents.

Name	Tim Turner
Birthname	John Freeman Turner
Birthdate	September 07, 1924
Birthplace	Bexley, Kent, England
Deathdate	1987
Deathplace	Spain
Spouse	Patricia Plunkett

Tim Turner (born 1924 in Bexley, Kent, died 1987 in Spain), was a British actor who performed in the 1950s and 1960s.

He is most notable for a role in which he was not seen, providing the voice for the title role for the British TV adaptation of the famous HG Wells novel, The Invisible Man. Turner did appear in one episode as a foreign-accented villain.

In 1957, he appeared with George Woodbridge and Clifford Evans in the television series Stryker of the Yard, based on the film of the same name. Evans and Woodbridge had also appeared in the film.

Before becoming well-known as a TV and film actor, he was a popular leading young man in the theatre. One of his roles was as the love interest opposite Stella Linden's 'Sadie Thompson' in the 1949 tour of "Rain", adapted from the short story by W. Somerset Maugham.

He was married to Patricia Plunkett. He died in Spain in 1987.

Selected filmography

Hindle Wakes (1952)

The Red Beret (1953)

Mask of Dust (1954)

The Dam Busters (1955)

A Town Like Alice (1956)

Dunkirk (1958)

A Night to Remember (1958)

Grip of the Strangler (1958)

Operation Amsterdam (1959)

Jackpot (1960)

References

External links

Category:1924 births Category:1987 deaths Category:People from Bexley Category:English film actors

Name	Michael Chertoff
Order	2nd Secretary of Homeland Security
Term start	February 15, 2005
Term end	January 21, 2009
President	George W. BushBarack Obama
Predecessor	Tom Ridge
Successor	Janet Napolitano
Birth date	November 28, 1953
Birth place	Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States
Party	Republican
Spouse	Meryl Chertoff
Children	Two
Alma mater	Harvard University (B.A., J.D.)
Occupation	Attorney
Religion	Judaism
Footnotes	From 1979-1980 he served as a clerk to Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.
Title2	Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Term start2	June 10, 2003
Term end2	February 15, 2005
Predecessor2	Morton I. Greenberg
Successor2	Michael Chagares
Title3	U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey
Term start3	1990
Term end3	1994
Predecessor3	Samuel Alito, Jr.
Successor3	Faith S. Hochberg

Michael Chertoff (born November 28, 1953) was the second United States Secretary of Homeland Security under President George W. Bush and co-author of the USA PATRIOT Act.

He previously served as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, as a federal prosecutor, and as assistant U.S. Attorney General. He succeeded Tom Ridge as United States Secretary of Homeland Security on February 15, 2005.

Since leaving government service, Chertoff has worked as Senior Of Counsel at the Washington, D.C. law firm of Covington & Burling. He also co-founded the Chertoff Group, a risk management and security consulting company, which employs several senior officials from his time as Secretary of Homeland Security as well as Michael Hayden, a former Director of the National Security Agency and the Central Intelligence Agency.

Early life

Chertoff was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey to Rabbi Gershon Baruch Chertoff (1915–1996), the former leader of the Congregation B'nai Israel in Elizabeth and Talmud scholar, and Livia Chertoff (née Eisen), El Al flight attendant. His paternal grandfather, Rabbi Paul Chertoff (emigrated with his parents from czarist Russia, present day Belarus) was a noted Talmud scholar.

Chertoff went to the Jewish Educational Center in Elizabeth as well as the Pingry School. He later attended Harvard University, where he was a research assistant on John Hart Ely's book Democracy and Distrust, graduating in 1975 and then spending one year at the London School of Economics and Political Science in the United Kingdom. He then graduated magna cum laude from Harvard Law School in 1978, going on to clerk for appellate judge Murray Gurfein for a year before clerking for United States Supreme Court Justice William Brennan from 1979 to 1980. He worked in private practice with Latham & Watkins from 1980 to 1983 before being hired as a prosecutor by Rudolph Giuliani, then the U.S. attorney for Manhattan, working on Mafia and political corruption-related cases. In the mid 1990s, Chertoff returned to Latham & Watkins for a brief period, founding the firm's office in Newark, New Jersey.

Public service

In September 1986, together with U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Rudolph Giuliani, Chertoff was instrumental in the crackdown on organized crime in the Mafia Commission Trial.

In 1990, Chertoff was appointed by President George H. W. Bush as U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey. Among his most important cases, in 1992 Chertoff put second-term Jersey City Mayor Gerald McCann in federal prison for over two years on charges of defrauding money from a savings and loan scam. Chertoff was asked to stay in his position when the Clinton administration took office in 1993, at the request of Democratic Senator Bill Bradley. He was the only U.S. attorney not replaced and stayed with the U.S. Attorney's office until 1994, when he entered private practice, returning to Latham & Watkins as a partner.

Secretary of Homeland Security

In late 2004, the Bernard Kerik was forced to decline President Bush's offer to replace Tom Ridge, the outgoing Secretary of Homeland Security. After a lengthy search to find a suitable replacement, Bush nominated Chertoff to the post in January 2005, citing his experience with post-9/11 terror legislation. He was unanimously approved for the position by the United States Senate on February 15, 2005.

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, most of the criticism was directed toward the Federal Emergency Management Agency, but DHS was criticized as well for its lack of preparation.

Chertoff was the Bush administration's point man for pushing the comprehensive immigration reform bill, a measure that stalled in the Senate in June 2007.

Chertoff was asked by the Obama administration to stay in his post until 9 a.m. on January 21, 2009 (one day after President Obama's inauguration), "to ensure a smooth transition".

Construction of border fence

In April 2008, Chertoff was criticized in a New York Times editorial for waiving the Endangered Species Act, the Clean Water Act, and other environmental protection legislation to construct a fence along the Mexico–United States border. The Times wrote: "To the long list of things the Bush administration is willing to trash in its rush to appease immigration hard-liners, you can now add dozens of important environmental laws and hundreds of thousands of acres of fragile habitat on the southern border."

According to New York Times columnist Adam Liptak, Chertoff had excluded the Department of Homeland Security from having to follow laws "protecting the environment, endangered species, migratory birds, the bald eagle, antiquities, farms, deserts, forests, Native American graves and religious freedom."

A report issued by the Congressional Research Service, the non-partisan research division of the Library of Congress, said that the unchecked delegation of powers to Chertoff was unprecedented: "After a review of federal law, primarily through electronic database searches and consultations with various CRS experts, we were unable to locate a waiver provision identical to that of §102 of H.R. 418—i.e., a provision that contains 'notwithstanding' language, provides a secretary of an executive agency the authority to waive all laws such secretary determines necessary, and directs the secretary to waive such laws."

Actions regarding illegal immigration

In September 2007, Chertoff told a House committee that the DHS would not tolerate interference by sanctuary cities that would block the "Basic Pilot Program", which requires some types of employers to validate the legal status of their workers. He said that the DHS is exploring its legal options and intends to take action to prevent any interference with the law.

In 2008 it became public that the housekeeping company Chertoff had hired to clean his house employed illegal immigrants.

Views on Globalization

At the Global Creative Leadership Summit in 2009, Chertoff described globalization as a double-edged sword. Although globalization may help raise the standard of living for people around the world, Chertoff claims that it can also enable terrorists and transnational criminals.

Body Scanners and Conflict of Interest

Michael Chertoff has been an advocate of enhanced technologies, such as full body scanners, that reduce security vulnerabilities and enhance detection capabilities for those threats not easily detected by metal detectors. Rapiscan Systems, a manufacturer of this technology, was a client of his security consulting firm, the Chertoff Group in 2009 and services provided were related to aviation security. The Chertoff Group played a massive role in the sale of whole body imaging technology to TSA.

References

Category:Assistant Attorneys General of the United States Category:George W. Bush Administration cabinet members Category:Harvard Law School alumni Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Category:American Jews Category:New Jersey lawyers Category:New York lawyers Category:People from Potomac, Maryland Category:People from Elizabeth, New Jersey Category:American people of Russian descent Category:American people of Romanian descent Category:United States Attorneys for the District of New Jersey Category:Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Category:United States court of appeals judges appointed by George W. Bush Category:United States Secretaries of Homeland Security Category:United States Senate lawyers Category:Jewish American politicians Category:1953 births Category:Living people Category:Recipients of the Order of the Three Stars, 2nd Class