A
dissertation or
thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature for a degree or professional qualification presenting the author's
research and findings. In some countries/universities, the word thesis or a cognate is used as part of a bachelor's or master's course, while dissertation is normally applied to a
doctorate, whilst, in others, the reverse is true.
The term dissertation can at times be used to describe a treatise without relation to obtaining an academic degree. The term thesis is also used to refer to the central claim of an essay or similar work.
Etymology
The word "thesis" comes from the
Greek , meaning "position", and refers to an
intellectual proposition. "Dissertation" comes from the
Latin dissertātiō, meaning "discourse."
Presentation style and structure
A typical thesis has a
title page, an
abstract, a
table of contents, a body, comprising the various chapters, and a
bibliography or (more usually) a references section.
Dissertations vary in their structure in accord with the many different areas of study (arts, humanities, social sciences, technology, etc.) and the great differences between them. Dissertations normally report on a research project of some kind, and the structure nearly always reflects this by a) introducing the research topic, with an explanation of why the subject was chosen for study, b) reviewing relevant literature and showing how this has informed the research issue, c) explaining how the research has been designed and why the research methods being used have been chosen, d) outlining the findings, e) analysing the findings and discussing them in the context of the literature review, and f) concluding.
Style guides
Degree-awarding institutions often define their own
house style that candidates have to follow when preparing a thesis document. In addition to institution-specific house styles, there exist a number of field-specific, national, and international standards and recommendations for the presentation of theses, for instance
ISO 7144. Correspondingly to the academic degree, the last phase of an academic thesis is called in Spanish a
defensa de grado,
defensa magistral or
defensa doctoral in cases in which the university candidate is finalizing his or her
licentiate,
master's, or
PhD program. According to a committee resolution, the dissertation can be approved or rejected by an academic committee consisting of the thesis director, the thesis coordinator, and at least one evaluator from another recognized university in which the student is pursuing his or her academic program. All the dissertation referees must already have achieved at least the academic degree that the candidate is trying to reach.
Canada
At English-speaking
Canadian universities, writings presented in fulfillment of
undergraduate coursework requirements are normally called
papers,
term papers or
essays. A long paper presented for completion of an honours degree is sometimes called a
major paper,
undergraduate thesis or
honours thesis. Major papers presented as the final project for a
master's degree are normally called
theses; and major papers presenting the student's research towards a
doctoral degree are called
theses or
dissertations.
At some Canadian universities where French is a primary language of study, students may have a choice between presenting a "mémoire"' which is a shorter synthetic work (roughly 75 pages) and a thèse which is one hundred pages or more. A synthetic monograph associated with doctoral work is referred to as a "thèse". Either work can be awarded a "mention d'honneur" (excellence) as a result of the decision by the examination committee, although these are rare.
A typical undergraduate thesis might be forty pages. Master's theses are approximately one hundred pages. PhD theses are usually over two hundred pages. This may vary greatly by discipline, however.
Theses Canada acquires and preserves a comprehensive collection of Canadian theses at Library and Archives Canada' (LAC) through partnership with Canadian universities who participate in the program.
France
In
France, the academic dissertation or thesis is called a
thèse while the word
dissertation is reserved for shorter (1,000-2,000 words), more generic academic treatises. To complete a master's degree in research, a student is required to write a
mémoire.
Germany
In
Germany, an academic thesis is called an
Abschlussarbeit (for non-doctorate and non-Habilitation degrees) or the basic name of the degree complemented by
-arbeit (e.g.,
Diplomarbeit,
Masterarbeit,
Doktorarbeit, but
Habilitationsschrift not
Habilitationsarbeit). Length is often given in page count and depends upon departments, faculties, and fields of study. A bachelor's thesis is often 40-60 pages long, other theses are usually even longer. The required submission for the doctorate is called a
Dissertation or
Doktorarbeit. The submission for the
Habilitation is called
Habilitationsschrift. Cumulative theses are becoming increasingly common in many fields of study.
India
In India, as in Great Britain, the thesis defense is called a (
Latin for "by live voice") examination (
viva in short). Involved in the
viva are two examiners and the candidate. One examiner is an academic from the candidate's own
university department (but not one of the candidate's supervisors) and the other is an
external examiner from a different university.
In India, PG Qualifications such as M.Sc. Physics accompanies submission of dissertation in Part I and submission of a Project(a working model of an innovation) in Part II. Engineering qualifications such as BTech or B.E. or M.Tech also involves submission of dissertation. In all the cases, the dissertation can be extended for Summer Internship at certain R & D Organizations or also as PhD synopsis.
Pakistan
In
Pakistan, at undergraduate level the thesis is usually called final year project, as it is completed in the senior year of the degree, the name project usually implies that the work carried out is less extensive than a thesis and bears lesser credit hours too.
The undergraduate level project is presented through an elaborate written report and a presentation to the advisor, a board of faculty members and students.
At graduate level however, i.e. in MS, some universities allow students to accomplish a project of 6 credits or a thesis of 9 credits, at least one publication is normally considered enough for the awarding of the degree with project and is considered mandatory for the awarding of a degree with thesis. A written report and a public thesis defense is mandatory, in the presence of a board of senior researchers, consisting of members from an outside organization or a university.
A PhD candidate is supposed to accomplish extensive research work to fulfill the dissertation requirements with international publications being a mandatory requirement. The defense of the research work is done publicly.
Portugal and Brazil
In
Portugal and
Brazil, a dissertation (
dissertação) is required for completion of a master's degree. The defense is done in a public presentation in which teachers, students, and the general public can participate. For the PhD a thesis (
tese) is presented for defense in a public exam. The exam typically extends over 3 h. The examination board typically involves 5 to 6 Professors or other experts with a PhD degree (generally at least half of them must be external to the university where the candidate defends the thesis, but may depend on the University). Each university / faculty defines the length of these documents, but typical numbers of pages are around 60-80 for MSc and 200-250 for PhD.
Slovenia
At universities in
Slovenia, an academic thesis called
diploma is a prerequisite for completing undergraduate studies. The thesis used to be 40-60 pages long, but has been reduced to 20-30 pages in new
Bologna process programmes. To complete Masters studies, a candidate must write
magistrsko delo (Masters thesis) that is longer and more detailed than the undergraduate thesis. The required submission for the doctorate is called
doktorska disertacija (doctoral dissertation). Perspective students can skip the preparation and presentation of a Masters' thesis and continue straightforward towards doctorate.
United Kingdom
At universities in the
United Kingdom, the term
thesis is usually associated with
PhD/
EngD (
doctoral) and research
master's degrees, whilst
dissertation is the more common term for a substantial project submitted as part of a taught
master's degree or an
undergraduate degree (e.g.
BA,
BSc,
BMus,
BEd,
BEng etc.).
Individual departments and faculties set thesis word lengths. Theses in the humanities and social sciences are typically 80,000-100,000 words, with theses in the sciences being roughly half that length. The length of an undergraduate or master's dissertation varies considerably, but is almost always between 8,000 and 25,000 words.
Russia and Ukraine
In Russia and Ukraine, an academic dissertation or thesis is called what can be literally translated as a "master's degree work" (thesis), whereas the word
dissertation is reserved for doctoral theses (
Candidate of Sciences). To complete a master's degree, a student is required to write a thesis of about 110-130 pages and to then defend the work publicly.
United States
In some
United States doctoral programs, the term "dissertation" can refer to the major part of the student's total time spent (along with two or three years of classes), and may take years of full-time work to complete. At most universities,
dissertation is the term for the required submission for the doctorate, and
thesis refers only to the master's degree requirement.
Thesis is also used to describe a cumulative project for a bachelor's degree, and is more common at selective colleges and universities, or for those seeking admittance to graduate school or to obtain an honors academic designation. These are called "senior projects" or "senior theses;" they are generally done in the senior year near graduation after having completed other courses, the independent study period, and the internship and/or student teaching period (the completion of most of the requirements before the writing of the paper ensures adequate knowledge and aptitude for the challenge). Unlike a dissertation or master's thesis, they are not as long, they do not require a novel contribution to knowledge, or even a very narrow focus on a set subtopic. Like them, they can be lengthy and require months of work, they require supervision by at least one professor adviser, they must be focused on a certain area of knowledge, and they must use an appreciable amount of scholarly citations. They may or may not be defended before a committee, but usually are not; there is generally no preceding examination before the writing of the paper save for at a very few colleges. Because of the nature of the graduate thesis or dissertation having to be more narrow and more novel, the result of original research, these usually have a smaller proportion of the work that is cited from other sources, though the fact that they are lengthier may mean they still have more total citations.
Specific undergraduate courses, especially writing-intensive courses and/or courses taken by upperclassmen, may also require one or more extensive written assignments referred to variously as theses, essays, or papers. Increasingly, high schools are requiring students to complete a senior project or senior thesis on a chosen topic during the final year as a prerequisite for graduation.
Generally speaking, a dissertation is judged as to whether or not it makes an original and unique contribution to scholarship. Lesser projects (a master's thesis, for example) are judged by whether or not they demonstrate mastery of available scholarship in the presentation of an idea.
Thesis examinations
One of the requirements for certain advanced degrees is often an oral examination. This examination normally occurs after the dissertation is finished but before it is submitted to the university, and may comprise a presentation by the student and questions posed by an examining committee or jury. In
North America, an initial oral examination in the field of specialization may take place just before the student settles down to work on the dissertation. An additional oral exam may take place after the dissertation is completed and is known as a thesis or dissertation "defense," which at some universities may be a mere formality and at others may result in the student's being required to make significant revisions. In the UK and certain other English-speaking countries, an oral examination is called a
viva voce.
Examination results
The result of the examination may be given immediately following deliberation by the examiners (in which case the candidate may immediately be considered to have received his or her degree), or at a later date, in which case the examiners may prepare a defense report that is forwarded to a Board or Committee of Postgraduate Studies, which then officially recommends the candidate for the degree.
Potential decisions (or "verdicts") include:
Accepted / pass with no corrections.
: The thesis is accepted as presented. A grade may be awarded, though in many countries PhDs are not graded at all, and in others only one of the theoretically possible grades (the highest) is ever used in practice.
The thesis must be revised.
: Revisions (for example, correction of numerous grammatical or spelling errors; clarification of concepts or methodology; addition of sections) are required. One or more members of the jury and/or the thesis supervisor will make the decision on the acceptability of revisions and provide written confirmation that they have been satisfactorily completed. If, as is often the case, the needed revisions are relatively modest the examiners may all sign the thesis with the verbal understanding that the candidate will review the revised thesis with his or her supervisor before submitting the completed dissertation.
Extensive revision required.
: The thesis must be revised extensively and undergo the evaluation and defense process again from the beginning with the same examiners. Problems may include theoretical or methodological issues. A candidate who is not recommended for the degree after the second defense must normally withdraw from the program.
Unacceptable
: The thesis is unacceptable and the candidate must withdraw from the program.
: This verdict is given only when the thesis requires major revisions and when the examination makes it clear that the candidate is incapable of making such revisions.
At most North American institutions the latter two verdicts are extremely rare, for two reasons. First, to obtain the status of doctoral candidates, graduate students typically write a qualifying examination or comprehensive examination, which often includes an oral defense. Students who pass the qualifying examination are deemed capable of completing scholarly work independently and are allowed to proceed with working on a dissertation. Second, since the thesis supervisor (and the other members of the advisory committee) will normally have reviewed the thesis extensively before recommending the student proceed to the defense, such an outcome would be regarded as a major failure not only on the part of the candidate but also by the candidate's supervisor (who should have recognized the substandard quality of the dissertation long before the defense was allowed to take place). It is also fairly rare for a thesis to be accepted without any revisions; the most common outcome of a defense is for the examiners to specify minor revisions (which the candidate typically completes in a few days or weeks).
On the other hand, at universities on the British pattern it is not uncommon for theses to be failed at the viva stage, in which case either a major re-write is required, followed by a new viva, or the thesis may be awarded the lesser degree of M.Phil (Master of Philosophy) instead, preventing the candidate from resubmitting the thesis.
Australia
In
Australia, doctoral theses are usually examined by three examiners also though some, like the Australian Catholic University, have shifted to using only two examiners; without a live defense except in extremely rare exceptions. In the case of a Master's Degree by research the thesis is usually examined by only two examiners. Typically one of these examiners will be from within the candidate's own department; the others will usually be from other universities and often from overseas. Following submission of the thesis, copies are sent by mail to examiners and then reports sent back to the institution.
Germany
In
Germany, a thesis is often examined with an oral defense (
Verteidigung), also called
Disputation.
This applies to many diploma degrees and to almost all master's and doctoral degrees, but usually not to bachelor's degrees. The minimum word count varies but is usually between 15,000 to 17,500 words. Masters Degrees sometimes dictate that 30,000 words must be written.
Portugal
In
Portugal, a thesis is examined with an oral defense which includes an initial presentation by the candidate followed by an extensive questioning/answering period.
Typical duration for the total exam is 1.30h for the MSc and 3 h for the PhD.
North America
In North America, the
thesis defense or
oral defense is the final examination for
doctoral candidates, and sometimes for
master's candidates.
The examining committee normally consists of the thesis committee, usually a given number of professors mainly from the student's university plus his or her primary supervisor, an external examiner (someone not otherwise connected to the university), and a chair person. Each committee member will have been given a completed copy of the dissertation prior to the defense, and will come prepared to ask questions about the thesis itself and the subject matter. In many schools, master's thesis defenses are restricted to the examinee and the examiners, but doctoral defenses are open to the public.
The typical format will see the candidate giving a short (20-40 minute) presentation of his or her research, followed by one to two hours of questions.
At some US institutions a longer public lecture (known as a "thesis talk" or
"thesis seminar") by the candidate will accompany the defense
itself, in which case only the candidate, the examiners, and other members of
the faculty may attend the actual defense.
United Kingdom, Ireland and Hong Kong
In
Hong Kong,
Ireland and the United Kingdom the thesis defense is called a (
Latin for "by live voice") examination (
viva for short). Involved in the
viva are two examiners and the candidate. One examiner is an academic from the candidate's own
university department (but not one of the candidate's supervisors) and the other is an
external examiner from a different university.
In the United Kingdom, there are only two or at most three examiners, and the examination is in many universities strictly in private — however, in the University of Oxford, at least, in theory any member of the University may attend a DPhil viva (the University's regulations require that details of the examination and its time and place be published formally in advance) provided he or she attends in full academic dress. Also, in the UK, the candidate's primary supervisor is not permitted to ask questions during the viva, and their presence is not necessary.
Submission of the thesis
A submission of the thesis is the last formal requirement for most students after the defense. By the final
deadline, the student must submit a complete copy of the thesis to the appropriate body within the accepting institution, along with the appropriate forms, bearing the signatures of the primary supervisor, the examiners, and, in some cases, the head of the student's department. Other required forms may include library authorizations (giving the university library permission to make the thesis available as part of its collection) and
copyright permissions (in the event that the student has incorporated copyrighted materials in the thesis). Many large scientific publishing houses (e.g.
Taylor & Francis,
Elsevier) use copyright agreements which allow the authors to incorporate their published articles into dissertations without separate authorization.
Failure to submit the thesis by the deadline may result in graduation (and granting of the degree) being delayed. At most US institutions, there will also be various fees (for binding, microfilming, copyright registration, and the like) which must be paid before the degree will be granted.
Once all the paperwork is in order, copies of the thesis may be made available in one or more university libraries. Specialist abstracting services exist to publicize the content of these beyond the institutions in which they are produced.
Referencing a Thesis
The importance of the referencing within a thesis/dissertation is often underestimated, with universities often delegating a mark of up to 10% for accuracy of referencing, a similar percentage to that of a proposal. This can essentially mean the difference between a grade and is therefore fundamental not to overlook. The Harvard Referencing Style is that most commonly adopted for the consistency of referencing throughout all academic work.
Gallery
See also
Comprehensive examination
Postgraduate education
References
External links
en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ETD_Guide Guide to electronic theses and dissertations on Wikibooks
Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD)
How to write a PhD thesis with mind maps (tutorial).
Free thesis indexing service
Category:Academia
Category:Greek loanwords
Category:Rhetoric
Category:Scientific documents
Category:Educational assessment and evaluation
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