Group	French American Franco-Américain, Franco-Américaine
Popplace	Predominantly in New England, The Midwest and Louisiana
Langs	American English, French(Cajun•Acadian•Canadian•Missouri)
Rels	Predominantly Roman Catholicism Calvinist Protestantism
Related	French people, French Canadian, Québécois, Cajuns, Acadians }}

French Americans or Franco-Americans are Americans of French Canadian or French descent. About 11.8 million U.S. residents are of this descent, of whom the majority are of French Canadian descent, and about 1.6 million speak French at home. An additional 450,000 U.S. residents speak a French-based creole language, according to the 2000 census. While Americans of French descent make up a substantial percentage of the American population, French Americans arguably are less visible than other similarly sized ethnic groups. This is due in part to the tendency of French American groups to identify more strongly with "New World" regional identities such as Québécois, French Canadian, Acadian, Cajun, or Louisiana Creole. This has inhibited the development of a wider French American identity. The majority of Americans of French and French Canadian descent are descendants of those who first settled in Canada in the 17th century (known as New France at the time), which later became the Province of Quebec in 1763, Lower Canada in 1791, and a Canadian Province of Quebec after Canadian Confederation in 1867. The majority of Americans of French Canadian descent, mostly resident in New England and the Midwestern States, are descendants of the Quebec Diaspora and the first Canadiens, while few are of Acadian descent from the Canadian Maritime provinces. Immigration to the United States from France was much lower than from other parts of Europe such as Ireland, Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, Italy, or Poland.

History

Unlike other immigrants who came to the United States from other countries, some French Americans arrived prior to the founding of the United States. In many parts of the country, like the Midwest and Louisiana, they were the founders of some of these villages, cities, and first state inhabitants. While found throughout the country, French Americans are most numerous in New England, northern New York, the Midwest, and Louisiana. French was the fourth most-spoken language in the country, behind English, Spanish, and Chinese. Often, French Americans are identified more specifically as being of French Canadian, Cajun, or Louisiana Creole descent. An important part of French American history is the Quebec diaspora of the 1840s-1930s, in which one million French Canadians moved to the United States, principally to the New England states, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. Historically, the French in Canada had among the highest birth rates in world history, which is why their population was large even though immigration from France was relatively low. and comfort women who were sent to Louisiana from France as brides for the French colonists in the 18th century.]] They also moved to different regions within Canada, namely Ontario and Manitoba. Many of the early male migrants worked in the lumber industry in both regions, and, to a lesser degree, in the burgeoning mining industry in the upper Great Lakes.

Louisiana

The Cajuns of Louisiana have a unique heritage. Their ancestors settled Acadia, in what is now the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, in the 17th and early 18th centuries. In 1755, after capturing Fort Beauséjour in the region, the British Army forced the Acadians to either swear an oath of loyalty to the British Crown or face expulsion. Thousands refused to take the oath, causing them to be sent, penniless, to the 13 colonies to the south in what has become known as the Great Upheaval. Over the next generation, some four thousand managed to make the long trek to Louisiana, where they began a new life. The name Cajun is a corruption of the word Acadian. Many still live in what is known as the Cajun Country, where much of their colonial culture survives. French Louisiana, when it was sold by Napoleon in 1803, covered all or part of than fifteen current U.S. states and contained French and Canadian colonists dispersed across it, though they were most numerous in its southernmost portion.

In Louisiana today, more than 15% of the population of the Cajun Country reported in the 2000 United States Census that French was spoken at home.

Another significant source of immigrants to Louisiana was Saint Domingue, which gained its independence as the Republic of Haiti in 1804, following a bloody revolution; much of its white population (along with some mulattoes) fled during this time, often to Louisiana, where they largely assimilated into the Creole culture.

Biloxi in Mississippi, and Mobile in Alabama, still contain Franco-American heritage since they were founded by the Canadian Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville.

The Houma Tribe in Louisiana still speak the same French they had been taught 300 years ago. Unfortunately, their status was not respected by the US government at the sale of Louisiana by Napoleon until this day.

Colonial era

In the 17th and early 18th centuries there was an influx of a few thousand Huguenots, who were Protestant refugees fleeing religious persecution in France. For nearly a century they fostered a distinctive French Protestant identity that enabled them to remain aloof from American society, but by the time of the American Revolution they had generally intermarried and merged into the larger Presbyterian community. The largest number settling in South Carolina, where the French comprised four percent of the white population in 1790. With the help of the well organized international Huguenot community, many also moved to Virginia. In the north, Paul Revere of Boston was a prominent figure.

Midwestern States

From the beginning of the 17th century, French Canadians explored and traveled to the region with their Coureur de bois and explorers, such as, Jean Nicolet, Robert de LaSalle, Jacques Marquette, Nicholas Perrot, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, Pierre Dugué de Boisbriant, Lucien Galtier, Pierre Laclède, René Auguste Chouteau, Julien Dubuque, Pierre de La Vérendrye, and Pierre Parrant.

The French Canadians set up a number of villages along the waterways, including Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin; La Baye, Wisconsin; Cahokia, Illinois; Kaskaskia, Illinois; Detroit, Michigan; Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan; Saint Ignace, Michigan; Vincennes, Indiana; Saint Louis, Missouri; and Sainte Genevieve, Missouri. They also built a series of forts in the area, such as Fort de Chartres, Fort Crevecoeur, Fort Saint Louis, Fort Ouiatenon, Fort Miami (Michigan), Fort Miami (Indiana), Fort Saint Joseph, Fort La Baye, Fort de Buade, Fort Saint Antoine, Fort Crevecoeur, Fort Trempealeau, Fort Beauharnois, Fort Orleans, Fort St. Charles, Fort Kaministiquia, Fort Michilimackinac, Fort Rouillé, Fort Niagara, Fort Le Boeuf, Fort Venango, and Fort Duquesne. The forts were serviced by soldiers and fur trappers who had long networks reaching through the Great Lakes back to Montreal.

The region was relinquished by France to the British in 1763 as a result of the Treaty of Paris. Three years of war by the Natives, called Pontiac's War ensued. It became part of the Province of Quebec in 1774, and was seized by the United States during the Revolution.

New England

In the late 19th century, many Francophones arrived in New England from Quebec and New Brunswick to work in the textile mill cities in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. By the mid 20th century Franco-Americans comprised 30% of the Maine's population. Some migrants became lumberjacks but most concentrated in industrialized areas and into enclaves known as 'Little Canadas.'

French Canadian immigrant women saw the United States as a place of opportunity and possibility where they could create alternatives for themselves distinct from the expectations of their parents and their community. By the early 20th century some French Canadian women even began to see migration to the United States to work as a rite of passage and a time of self-discovery and self-reliance. When these women did marry, they had fewer children with longer intervals between children than their Canadian counterparts. Some women never married, and oral accounts suggest that self-reliance and economic independence were important reasons for choosing work over marriage and motherhood. These women conformed to traditional gender ideals in order to retain their 'Canadienne' cultural identity, but they also redefined these roles in ways that provided them increased independence in their roles as wives and mothers.

The Franco-Americans became active in the Catholic Church where they tried with little success to challenge its domination by Irish clerics. They founded such newspapers as 'Le Messager' and 'La Justice.' The first hospital in Lewiston, Maine, became a reality in 1889 when the Sisters of Charity of Montreal, the 'Grey Nuns,' opened the doors of the Asylum of Our Lady of Lourdes. This hospital was central to the Grey Nuns' mission of providing social services for Lewiston's predominately French Canadian mill workers. The Grey Nuns struggled to establish their institution despite meager financial resources, language barriers, and opposition from the established medical community. Immigration dwindled after World War I.

The French Canadian community in New England tried to preserve some of its cultural norms. This doctrine, like efforts to preserve francophone culture in Quebec, became known as la Survivance.

Potvin (2003) has studied the evolution of French Catholic parishes in New England. The predominantly Irish hierarchy of the 19th century was slow to recognize the need for French-language parishes; several bishops even called for assimilation and English language-only parochial schools. In the 20th century, a number of parochial schools for Francophone students opened, though they gradually closed toward the end of the century and a large share of the French-speaking population left the Church. At the same time, the number of priests available to staff these parishes also diminished. By the 21st century the emphasis was on retaining local reminders of French American culture rather than on retaining the language itself. With the decline of the state's textile industry during the 1950s, The French element experienced a period of upward mobility and assimilation. This pattern of assimilation increased during the 1970s and 1980s as many Catholic organizations switched to English names and parish children entered public schools; some parochial schools closed in the 1970s. Although some ties to its French Canadian origins remain, the community was largely anglicized by the 1990s. moving almost completely from 'Canadien' to 'American'.

Representative of the assimilation process was the career of singer and icon of American popular culture Rudy Vallée (1901–1986). He grew up in Westbrook, Maine, and after service in World War I attended the University of Maine, then transferred to Yale, and went on to become as a popular music star. He never forgot his Maine roots, and maintained an estate at Kezar Lake.

Civil War

Franco-Americans in the Union forces, were one of the most important Catholic groups present during the American Civil War. The exact number is unclear, but thousands of Franco-Americans appear to have served in this conflict. Union forces did not keep reliable statistics concerning foreign enlistments. However, historians have estimated anywhere from 20,000 to 40,000 Franco-Americans serving in this war. Many came from Canada, and there were those who were born in the United States, or had resided there for several years, who served in the Union forces. Canada's national anthem was written by such a soldier named Calixa Lavallée, who wrote this anthem while he served for the Union side. The French government and British government supported the Confederate cause, but no soldiers were sent. Leading Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard was a noted Franco-American from Louisiana.

Politics

Walker (1962) examines the voting behavior in U.S. presidential elections from 1880 to 1960, using election returns from 30 Franco-American communities in New England, along with sample survey data for the 1948-60 elections. From 1896 to 1924, Franco Americans typically supported the Republican Party because of its conservatism, emphasis on order and advocacy of the tariff to protect the textile workers from foreign competition. In 1928, with Catholic Al Smith as the Democratic candidate, the Franco-Americans moved over to the Democratic column and stayed there for six presidential elections. They formed part of the New Deal Coalition. Unlike the Irish and German Catholics, very few Franco-Americans deserted the Democratic ranks because of the foreign policy and war issues of the 1940 and 1944 campaigns. In 1952 many Franco Americans broke from the Democrats but returned heavily in 1960.

As the ancestors of most Franco-Americans had for the most part left France before the French Revolution, they usually prefer the Fleur-de-lis to the modern French tricolor.

Population

of Franco Americans according to the 2000 census]] According to the U.S. Census Bureau of 2000, 5.3% of Americans are of French and/or French Canadian ancestry. French Americans made up close to, or more than, 10% of the population of:

{| style="background:none;" |- | New Hampshire || 25.2% | Vermont || 23.3% | Maine || 22.8% | Rhode Island || 17.2% | Louisiana || 16.2% | Massachusetts || 12.9% | Connecticut || 9.9% |}

In states that once made up part of New France (excluding Louisiana): {| style="background:none;" cellspacing="4" |- | Michigan || 6.8% | Montana || 5.3% | Minnesota || 5.3% | Wisconsin || 5.0% | North Dakota || 4.7% | Wyoming || 4.2% | Missouri || 3.8% | Kansas || 3.6% | Indiana || 2.7% |}

Franco Americans also made up more than 4% of the population in {| style="background:none;" cellspacing="4" | Washington || 4.6% | Oregon || 4.6% | Alaska || 4.2% |}

; States with the largest French communities including (according to the 2010 U.S. Census) French and French Canadian {| style="background:none;" cellspacing="4" |- | 1. || California || 1,210,000 | 2. || Louisiana || 1,070,000 | 3. || Massachusetts || 850,573 | 4. || Michigan || 706,560 | 5. || New York || 680,208 | 6. || Florida || 630,000 |}

Religion

Most Franco Americans have a Roman Catholic heritage (which includes most French Canadians and Cajuns).

French language in the United States

According to the National Education Bureau, French is the second most commonly taught foreign language in U.S. high schools, colleges, and universities behind Spanish. French was the most commonly taught foreign language until the 1980s; when the influx of Hispanic immigrants aided the growth of Spanish. According to the U.S. 2000 Census, French is the third most spoken language in the United States after English and Spanish, with 2 097 206 speakers, up from 1 930 404 in 1990. In addition to parts of Louisiana, the language is also commonly spoken in Florida, northern Maine, Vermont, and New York City; home to large French-speaking communities from France, Canada, and Haiti.

As a result of French immigration to what is now the United States in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the French language was once widely spoken in much of the country, especially in the former Louisiana Territory, as well as in the Northeast. French-language newspapers existed in many American cities; especially New Orleans and in certain cities in New England. Americans of French descent often lived in predominately French neighborhoods; where they attended schools and churches that used their language. In New England, Upstate New York, and the Midwest, French Canadian neighborhoods were known as "Little Canada".

Cities founded by the French and Canadiens

Biloxi, Mississippi founded in 1699 by Canadien Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville.

Bourbonnais, Illinois named after French Canadian fur trader Francois Bourbonnais. The first permanent resident was French Canadian fur trader Noel LeVasseur in the 1830s.

Chicago, Illinois founded by the French and the Indians, is pronounced with the French pronunciation of the sound ché as opposed to the English chi. It also contained a u at the end, Chécagou.

Coeur d'Alene, Idaho French Canadian fur traders allegedly named the local Indian tribe the Coeur d'Alene out of respect for their tough trading practices. Coeur d'Alêne literally means "heart of the awl."

Detroit, Michigan was founded by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac in 1701, a French army captain, and was originally called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, after the minister of marine under Louis XIV and the French word Détroit for "strait."

Dubuque, Iowa was established as a lead mining site by Canadien Julien Dubuque in 1788

Green Bay, Wisconsin or La Baye, was founded by Jean Nicolet in 1634. Many descendants of Green Bay are direct descendants of the French Canadian habitants and their families.

Juneau, Alaska was founded in 1891 and named in honour of Joseph Juneau, a gold prospector from the region of Montreal, who settled the first mining camp in the area.

Kaskaskia, Illinois was founded in 1703 by French Jesuit missionaries and was Illinois's first capital.

Mobile, Alabama founded in 1702 by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and his brother Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne. It was the first capital of Louisana.

Natchitoches, Louisiana was founded in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis.

New Orleans, Louisiana was founded in 1718 by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne.

Pierre, South Dakota was named after Pierre Chouteau, Jr., a Franco-American fur trader of French-Canadian origin, who built Fort Pierre, where the capital of Pierre stands today.

Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin established in 1685 by Nicholas Perrot as a fur trading post.

Prairie du Rocher, Illinois was founded in 1722 by Sister Thérèse Langlois, four years after Fort de Chartres was built by Pierre Dugué de Boisbriand.

Saint Charles, Missouri was founded by Louis Blanchette, a French Canadian, in 1769.

Saint Louis, Missouri was founded by a French trader, Pierre Laclède, and his stepson, a trader from Louisiana, René Auguste Chouteau in 1764.

Sainte Genevieve, Missouri was founded in 1739 by habitants.

Saint Ignace, Michigan was founded by father Jacques Marquette in 1671.

Saint Paul, Minnesota was established in 1838 by Pierre Parrant and settled by French Canadians. In 1841, it was named Saint-Paul by Father Lucien Galtier in honor of Paul the Apostle.

Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan was founded in 1668 by fathers Jacques Marquette and Claude Dablon

Vincennes, Indiana was established in 1732 by François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes and rallied to the cause of the American revolution with Father Pierre Gibault.

State names given to American states

Most of the names were bestowed by early French explorers who were not permanent residents of the area that became the U.S. Upwards of 10 U.S. states have names of either direct French origin (Louisiana, Vermont, Illinois), indirect French origin through other languages (Michigan, Wisconsin, Arkansas, Delaware, New Jersey) or possible / disputed French origin (Maine, Oregon).

Arkansas – named by French explorers from the corrupted Indian word meaning "south wind";

Delaware – named after Lord de la Warr (Anglo-Norman surname originally de la Guerre meaning; "of the war");

Illinois – French for the land of the Illini, a Native American tribe;

Louisiana – from the French "Louisiane", in honor of king Louis XIV of France;

Maine – most likely from the French province of the same name. Another possibly is that it was named after the nautical term "the main", meaning mainland as opposed to an island. Some scholars reject the old notion that it has been considered a compliment to Henrietta Maria of France, queen of Charles I of England. She was said to have owned the province of Maine in France.;

Michigan – French transcription of Ojibwe word Mishigamaw which means "great lake"

New Jersey – named after the Bailliage de Jersey, the largest of the British Channel Islands, whose inhabitants are of Norman descent and spoke a Norman-French dialect until the twentieth century;

Oregon – may have been named by early French explorers after "le fleuve aux ouragans", the hurricane river, a name used to describe the windiness of the Columbia River;

Vermont – comes from a contraction of French words, Vert(e), green, and mont, mount, mountain. Hence the "Green Mountain" state;

Wisconsin – named after the Meskousing River. This spelling was later corrupted from the local Native American language to "Ouisconsin" by French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th Century; |- ! Year ! French immigrants |- | 1827 | 1,280 |- | 1828 | 2,843 |- | 1829 | 582 |- | 1830 | 1,174 |- | 1831 | 2,038 |- | 1832 | 5,361 |- | 1833 | 4,682 |- | 1834 | 2,989 |- | 1835 | 2,696 |- | 1836 | 4,443 |- | 1837 | 5,074 |- | 1838 | 3,675 |- | 1839 | 7,198 |- | 1840 | 7,419 |- | 1841 | 5,006 |- | 1842 | 4,504 |- | 1843 | 3,346 |- | 1844 | 3,155 |- | 1845 | 7,663 |- | 1846 | 10,583 |- | 1847 | 20,040 |- | 1848 | 7,743 |- | 1849 | 5,841 |- | 1850 | 9,389 |- | 1851 | 20,126 |- | 1852 | 6,763 |- | 1853 | 10,170 |- | 1854 | 13,317 |- | 1855 | 6,044 |- | 1856 | 7,246 |- | 1857 | 2,397 |- | 1858 | 3,155 |- | 1859 | 2,579 |- | 1860 | 3,961 |- | 1861 | 2,326 |- | 1862 | 3,142 |- | 1863 | 1,838 |- | 1864 | 3,128 |- | 1865 | 3,583 |- | 1866 | 6,855 |- | 1867 | 5,237 |- | 1868 | 1,989 |- | 1869 | 4,531 |- | 1870 | 5,120 |- | Total | 242,231 |} | valign="top" | {| class=wikitable ! colspan = 6 |Distribution of French Canadians in New England, 1860-1880 |- ! colspan = 2 | State ! Francophones ! Percentage ! Francophones ! Percentage | Maine | style="text-align:center;"| 7,490 | style="text-align:center;"| 20.0% | style="text-align:center;"| 29,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 13.9% | New Hampshire | style="text-align:center;"| 1,780 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.7% | style="text-align:center;"| 26,200 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.6% | Vermont | style="text-align:center;"| 16,580 | style="text-align:center;"| 44.3% | style="text-align:center;"| 33,500 | style="text-align:center;"| 16.1% | Massachusetts | style="text-align:center;"| 7,780 | style="text-align:center;"| 20.8% | style="text-align:center;"| 81,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 38.9% | Rhode Island | style="text-align:center;"| 1,810 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.0% | style="text-align:center;"| 19,800 | style="text-align:center;"| 9.5% | Connecticut | style="text-align:center;"| 1,980 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3% | style="text-align:center;"| 18,500 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.9% |- ! colspan = 2 | Total ! style="text-align:center;"| 37,420 ! style="text-align:center;"| 100% ! style="text-align:center;"| 208,100 ! style="text-align:center;"| 100% |} {| class=wikitable ! colspan = 6 |Distribution of French Canadians in New England, 1900-1930 |- ! colspan = 2 | State ! Francophones ! Percentage ! Francophones ! Percentage | Maine | style="text-align:center;"| 58,583 | style="text-align:center;"| 11.3% | style="text-align:center;"| 99,765 | style="text-align:center;"| 13.4% | New Hampshire | style="text-align:center;"| 74,598 | style="text-align:center;"| 14.4% | style="text-align:center;"| 101,324 | style="text-align:center;"| 13.6% | Vermont | style="text-align:center;"| 41,286 | style="text-align:center;"| 8.0% | style="text-align:center;"| 46,956 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.4% | Massachusetts | style="text-align:center;"| 250,024 | style="text-align:center;"| 48.1% | style="text-align:center;"| 336,871 | style="text-align:center;"| 45.3% | Rhode Island | style="text-align:center;"| 56,382 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.9% | style="text-align:center;"| 91,173 | style="text-align:center;"| 12.3% | Connecticut | style="text-align:center;"| 37,914 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.3% | style="text-align:center;"| 67,130 | style="text-align:center;"| 9.0% |- ! colspan = 2 | Total ! style="text-align:center;"| 518,887 ! style="text-align:center;"| 100% ! style="text-align:center;"| 743,219 ! style="text-align:center;"| 100% |} {| class=wikitable |- ! colspan = 6 |Deportation of Acadians from Acadia to Thirteen British Colonies in 1755 |- ! colspan = 2 | State ! Acadians ! Percentage | Massachusetts | style="text-align:center;"| 2,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 26.75% | Virginia | style="text-align:center;"| 1,500 | style="text-align:center;"| 20.06% | Carolinas | style="text-align:center;"| 1,027 | style="text-align:center;"| 13.74% | Maryland | style="text-align:center;"| 1,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 13.38% | Connecticut | style="text-align:center;"| 700 | style="text-align:center;"| 9.4% | Pennsylvania | style="text-align:center;"| 500 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.7% | Georgia | style="text-align:center;"| 450 | style="text-align:center;"| 6.0% | New York | style="text-align:center;"| 300 | style="text-align:center;"| 4.0% |- !| Total ! style="text-align:center;"| ! style="text-align:center;"| 7,477 ! style="text-align:center;"| 100% |} {| class=wikitable |- ! colspan = 6 |Acadian immigration to Louisiana from Canada, New England, and France from 1763 to 1790 |- ! colspan = 2 | State(s) ! Franco-Americans ! Percentage | Midwest | style="text-align:center;"| 2,550,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 21.6% | New England | style="text-align:center;"| 2,320,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 19.7% | California | style="text-align:center;"| 1,210,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 10.3% | Louisiana | style="text-align:center;"| 1,070,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 9.7% | New York | style="text-align:center;"| 835,300 | style="text-align:center;"| 7.1% | Florida | style="text-align:center;"| 630,000 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.3% |- ! colspan = 2 | Total ! style="text-align:center;"| 8,615,300 ! style="text-align:center;"| 73% |} |}

See also

:Category:French Americans

European American

French Argentine

The Huguenot Society of America

Hyphenated American

List of French Americans

Citations

Bibliography

Anctil, Pierre. (1979). A Franco-American Bibliography: New England, Bedford, N. H.: National Materials Development Center, 137 p.

Baird, Charles Washington (1885). History of the Huguenot Emigration to America, Dodd, Mead & Company, (online: Volume I)

Barkan, Elliott Robert. (1980) "French Canadians." in Stephan Thernstrom, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 388-401, comprehensive survey

Bond, Bradley G. (2005). French Colonial Louisiana and the Atlantic World, LSU Press, 322 pages ISBN 0-8071-3035-4 (online excerpt)

Brasseaux, Carl A. (1987). The Founding of New Acadia. The Beginnings of Acadian Life in Louisiana, 1765-1803, LSU Press, 229 pages ISBN 0-8071-2099-5

Brault, Gérard-J. (1986). The French-Canadian Heritage in New England, Hanover: University Press of New England, 1986, 282 p. ISBN 0-87451-359-6 (online excerpt)

Brown, Michael. "Franco-American Identity at the University of Maine," Maine History 1997 36(3-4): 106-119

Chartier, Armand, and Claire Quintal (1999). The Franco-Americans of New England. A History, Manchester and Worcester: ACA Assurance and Institut français of Assumption College, 537 p. ISBN 1-880261-05-7. 537pp; encyclopedic coverage, 1860 to 1990s.

Ekberg, Carl J. (2000). French Roots in the Illinois Country. The Mississippi Frontier in Colonial Times, University of Illinois Press, 376 pages ISBN 0-252-06924-2 (online excerpt)

Fedunkiw, Marianne. "French-Canadian Americans", in everyculture.com, retrieved April 24, 2008

Fréchette, Louis (1982). The United States for French Canadians, 345 pages ISBN 0-665-17794-1 (was originally published in the 1890s)

Gagné, Peter J. and Adrien Gabriel Morice (2000). French-Canadians of the West. A Biographical Dictionary of French-Canadians and French Métis of the Western United States and Canada, Quintin Publications, ISBN 1-58211-223-1

Geyh, Patricia Keeney, et al. (2002). French Canadian Sources. A Guide for Genealogists, Ancestry Publishing, 320 pages ISBN 1-931279-01-2 (online excerpt)

Girod André " French-American Class" Publibook

Lagarde, François. (2003). The French in Texas. History, Migration, Culture, University of Texas Press, 330 pages ISBN 0-292-70528-X (online excerpt)

Lamarre, Jean. (2003). The French Canadians of Michigan, Wayne State University Press, 209 pages ISBN 0-8143-3158-0 (online excerpt)

Laflamme, J.L.K., David E. Lavigne and J. Arthur Favreau. (1908)

Louder, Dean R., and Eric Waddell, eds. (1993). French America. Mobility, Identity, and Minority Experience Across the Continent, Louisiana State University Press, 371 pages ISBN 0-8071-1669-6

Lindenfeld, Jacqueline. (2002). The French in the United States. An Ethnograpic Study, Greenwood Publishing Group, 184 pages ISBN 0-89789-903-2 (online excerpt)

Monnier, Alain. "Franco-Americains et Francophones aux Etats-Unis" ("Franco-Americans and French Speakers in the United States). Population 1987 42(3): 527-542. Census study; In the 1980 Census 13 million Americans claimed to be of 'French origin' and one-and-a-half million spoke French at home.

Potvin, Raymond H. "The Franco-American Parishes of New England: Past, Present and Future," American Catholic Studies 2003 114(2): 55-67

Pritchard, James S. (2004). In Search of Empire. The French in the Americas, 1670-1730, Cambridge University Press, 484 pages ISBN 0-521-82742-6 (online excerpt)

Richard, Mark Paul. (2002) "From 'Canadien' to American: The Acculturation of French-Canadian Descendants in Lewiston, Maine, 1860 to the Present", PhD dissertation Duke U. 2002; Dissertation Abstracts International, 2002 62(10): 3540-A. DA3031009, 583p.

Richard, Sacha. (2002) "American Perspectives on 'La Fievre aux Etats-Unis,' 1860-1930: A Historiographical Analysis of Recent Writings on the Franco-Americans in New England," Canadian Review of American Studies 32(1): 105-132

Roby, Yves. (2004). The Franco-Americans of New England. Dreams and Realities, Montreal: Les éditions du Septentrion, 543 pages ISBN 2-89448-391-0 (online excerpt) translated by Mary Ricard.

Rumily, Robert. (1958) Histoire des Franco Americains. a standard history

Stewart, Alice R. "The Franco-Americans of Maine: A Historiographical Essay," Maine Historical Society Quarterly 1987 26(3): 160-179

Thernstrom, Stephan, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American ethnic groups (1980)

Valdman, Albert. (1997). French and Creole in Louisiana, Springer, 372 pages ISBN 0-306-45464-5 (online excerpt)

Weil, François. "Les Franco-Americains et la France' ("Franco-Americans and France") Revue Francaise d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer 1990 77(3): 21-34

Primary sources

Madore, Nelson, and Barry Rodrigue, eds. Voyages: A Maine Franco-American Reader (2009)

External links

Extensive studies, Documents, Statistics and Resources of Franco American History

Franco American Center

Franco American Women's Institute

Institut français

Dave Martucci, Franco-American flags, in Flags of the World

Vivre en Orange County - French Community in Orange County, California

Bonjour L.A. !- Bonjour L.A. ! Los Angeles with a French touch

Council for the Development of French in Louisiana - a state agency.

Category:Ethnic groups in the United States

Caption	Moore at the 66th Venice International Film Festival in 2009.
Birth name	Michael Francis Moore
Birth date	April 23, 1954
Birth place	Flint, Michigan, United States
Years active	1972–present
Occupation	Actor, director, screenwriter, producer
Spouse	Kathleen Glynn (1991–present)
Alma mater	University of Michigan-Flint (dropped out)
Website	http://michaelmoore.com/

Michael Francis Moore (born April 23, 1954) is an American filmmaker, author and liberal political commentator. He is the director and producer of Bowling for Columbine, Fahrenheit 9/11, Sicko, and , four of the top nine highest-grossing documentaries of all time. In September 2008, he released his first free movie on the Internet, Slacker Uprising, documenting his personal crusade to encourage more Americans to vote in presidential elections. He has also written and starred in the TV shows TV Nation and The Awful Truth.

Moore criticizes globalization, large corporations, assault weapon ownership, the Iraq War, U.S. President George W. Bush and the American health care system in his written and cinematic works.

Early life

Moore was born in Flint, Michigan At that time, the city of Flint was home to many General Motors factories, where his parents and grandfather worked. His uncle LaVerne was one of the founders of the United Automobile Workers labor union and participated in the Flint Sit-Down Strike. Moore has described his parents as "Irish Catholic Democrats, basic liberal good people."

Moore was brought up Roman Catholic, attended parochial St. John's Elementary School for primary school and originally intended to join the seminary. He then attended Davison High School, where he was active in both drama and debate, graduating in 1972. As a member of the Boy Scouts of America, he achieved the rank of Eagle Scout. At the age of 18, he was elected to the Davison school board.

Career

After dropping out of the University of Michigan-Flint following his freshman year (where he wrote for the student newspaper The Michigan Times), Moore worked at the local Buick plant. At 22 he founded the alternative weekly magazine The Flint Voice, which soon changed its name to The Michigan Voice as it expanded to cover the entire state. In 1986, when Moore became the editor of Mother Jones, a liberal political magazine, he moved to California and The Michigan Voice was shut down.

After four months at Mother Jones, Moore was fired. Matt Labash of The Weekly Standard reported this was for refusing to print an article by Paul Berman that was critical of the Sandinista human rights record in Nicaragua. Moore refused to run the article, believing it to be inaccurate. "The article was flatly wrong and the worst kind of patronizing bullshit. You would scarcely know from it that the United States had been at war with Nicaragua for the last five years." Berman described Moore as a "very ideological guy and not a very well-educated guy" when asked about the incident. Moore believes that Mother Jones fired him because of the publisher's refusal to allow him to cover a story on the GM plant closings in his hometown of Flint, Michigan. He responded by putting laid-off GM worker Ben Hamper (who was also writing for the same magazine at the time) on the magazine's cover, leading to his termination. Moore sued for wrongful dismissal, and settled out of court for $58,000, providing him with seed money for his first film, Roger & Me.

Directing/producing

; Roger & Me: Moore first became famous for his 1989 film, Roger & Me, a documentary about what happened to Flint, Michigan after General Motors closed its factories and opened new ones in Mexico, where the workers were paid much less. Since then Moore has been known as a critic of the neoliberal view of globalization. "Roger" is Roger B. Smith, former CEO and president of General Motors.

; : (1992) is a short (23-minute) documentary film that was aired on PBS. It is based on the feature-length film Roger & Me (1989) by Michael Moore. The film's title refers to Rhonda Britton, a Flint, Michigan, resident featured in both the 1989 and 1992 films who sells rabbits as either pets or meat.

; Canadian Bacon: In 1995, Moore released a satirical film, Canadian Bacon, which features a fictional US president (played by Alan Alda) engineering a fake war with Canada in order to boost his popularity. It is noted for containing a number of Canadian and American stereotypes, and for being Moore's only non-documentary film. The film is also one of the last featuring Canadian-born actor John Candy, and also features a number of cameos by other Canadian actors. In the film, several potential enemies for America's next great campaign are discussed by the president and his cabinet. (The scene was strongly influenced by the Stanley Kubrick film Dr. Strangelove.) The President comments that declaring war on Canada was as ridiculous as declaring war on international terrorism. His military adviser, played by Rip Torn, quickly rebuffs this idea, saying that no one would care about "... a bunch of guys driving around blowing up rent-a-cars."

; The Big One: In 1997, Moore directed The Big One, which documents the tour publicizing his book Downsize This! Random Threats from an Unarmed American, in which he criticizes mass layoffs despite record corporate profits. Among others, he targets Nike for outsourcing shoe production to Indonesia.

; Bowling for Columbine: Moore's 2002 film, Bowling for Columbine, probes the culture of guns and violence in the United States, taking as a starting point the Columbine High School massacre of 1999. Bowling for Columbine won the Anniversary Prize at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival and France's César Award as the Best Foreign Film. In the United States, it won the 2002 Academy Award for Documentary Feature. It also enjoyed great commercial and critical success for a film of its type and became, at the time, the highest-grossing mainstream-released documentary (a record now held by Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11). the top honor at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival; it was the first documentary film to win the prize since 1956. Moore later announced that Fahrenheit 9/11 would not be in consideration for the 2005 Academy Award for Documentary Feature, but instead for the Academy Award for Best Picture. He stated he wanted the movie to be seen by a few million more people, preferably on television, by election day. Since November 2 was less than nine months after the film's release, it would be disqualified for the Documentary Oscar. Moore also said he wanted to be supportive of his "teammates in non-fiction film." However, Fahrenheit received no Oscar nomination for Best Picture. The title of the film alludes to the classic book Fahrenheit 451 about a future totalitarian state in which books are banned; according to the book, paper begins to burn at 451 degrees Fahrenheit. The pre-release subtitle of the film confirms the allusion: "The temperature at which freedom burns." At the box office, as of 2010 Fahrenheit 9/11 is the highest-grossing documentary of all time, taking in over US$200 million worldwide, including United States box office revenue of almost US$120 million. According to Moore on a letter at his website, "roads that often surprise us and lead us to new ideas—and challenge us to reconsider the ones we began with have caused some minor delays." The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on 19 May 2007, receiving a lengthy standing ovation, and was released in the U.S. and Canada on 29 June 2007. The film was the subject of some controversy when it became known that Moore went to Cuba with chronically ill September 11th rescue workers to shoot parts of the film. The United States is looking into whether this violates the trade embargo. The film is currently ranked the fourth highest grossing documentary of all time

; Captain Mike Across America: Moore takes a look at the politics of college students in what he calls "Bush Administration America" with this film shot during Moore's 60-city college campus tour in the months leading up to the 2004 election. The film was later re-edited by Moore into Slacker Uprising.

; : On September 23, 2009, Moore released a new movie titled Capitalism: A Love Story, which looks at the financial crisis of 2007–2010 and the U.S. economy during the transition between the incoming Obama Administration and the outgoing Bush Administration. Addressing a press conference at its release, Moore said, "Democracy is not a spectator sport, it's a participatory event. If we don't participate in it, it ceases to be a democracy. So Obama will rise or fall based not so much on what he does but on what we do to support him."

Acting

Moore has dabbled in acting, following a 2000 supporting role in Lucky Numbers as the cousin of Lisa Kudrow's character, who agrees to be part of the scheme concocted by John Travolta's character. He also had a cameo in his Canadian Bacon as an anti-Canada activist. In 2004, he did a cameo, as a news journalist, in The Fever, starring Vanessa Redgrave in the lead.

Television

Between 1994 and 1995, he directed and hosted the BBC television series TV Nation, which followed the format of news magazine shows but covered topics they avoid. The series aired on BBC2 in the UK. The series was also aired in the US on NBC in 1994 for 9 episodes and again for 8 episodes on Fox in 1995.

His other major series was The Awful Truth, which satirized actions by big corporations and politicians. It aired on Channel 4 in the UK, and the Bravo network in the US, in 1999 and 2000.

Another 1999 series, Michael Moore Live, was aired in the UK only on Channel 4, though it was broadcast from New York. This show had a similar format to The Awful Truth, but also incorporated phone-ins and a live stunt each week.

In 1999 Moore won the Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award in Arts and Entertainment, for being the executive producer and host of The Awful Truth, where he was also described as "muckraker, author and documentary filmmaker".

Music videos

Moore has directed several music videos, including two for Rage Against the Machine for songs from The Battle of Los Angeles: "Sleep Now in the Fire" and "Testify". He was threatened with arrest during the shooting of "Sleep Now in the Fire", which was filmed on Wall Street; the city of New York had denied the band permission to play there, although the band and Moore had secured a federal permit to perform.

He also directed the video for R.E.M. single "All the Way to Reno (You're Gonna Be a Star)" in 2001.He also directed the video for the System of a Down song, "Boom!".

Appearances in other documentaries

Moore appeared in The Drugging of Our Children, a 2005 documentary about over-prescription of psychiatric medication to children and teenagers, directed by Gary Null a proponent of Alternative Medicine. In the film Moore agrees with Gary Null that Ritalin and other similar drugs are over-prescribed, saying that they are seen as a "pacifier".

Moore appeared on fellow Flint natives Grand Funk Railroad's edition of Behind The Music.

Moore appeared as an off-camera interviewer in Blood in the Face, a 1991 documentary about white supremacy groups. The film centers around a neo-Nazi gathering in Michigan.

Moore appeared in The Yes Men, a 2003 documentary about two men who pose as the World Trade Organization. He appears during a segment concerning working conditions in Mexico and Latin America.

Moore was interviewed for the 2004 documentary, The Corporation. One of his highlighted quotes was: "The problem is the profit motive: for corporations, there's no such thing as 'enough'".

Moore appeared briefly in Alex Jones's 2005 film Martial Law 9/11: Rise of the Police State. Jones criticises Moore for not going into depth about 9/11 in his documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 and portraying Bush as an unassuming front man as opposed to an active conspirator in 9/11.

Moore featured prominently in the 2005 documentary This Divided State, which followed the heated level of controversy surrounding his visit to a conservative city in the United States two weeks before the 2004 election.

Moore appeared in the 2006 documentary I'm Going to Tell You a Secret, which chronicles Madonna during her 2004 Re-Invention World Tour. Moore attended her show in New York City at Madison Square Garden.

Moore featured in the 2008 documentary "Shooting Michael Moore", which follows up on the lives of subjects featured in Moore's films.

Books

Moore has authored three best-selling books:

Downsize This! (1996), about politics and corporate crime in the United States,

Stupid White Men (2001), ostensibly a critique of American domestic and foreign policy but, by Moore's own admission, "a book of political humor," and

Dude, Where's My Country? (2003), an examination of the Bush family's relationships with Saudi royalty, the Bin Laden family, and the energy industry, and a call-to-action for liberals in the 2004 election.

Political views

Though Moore rejects the label "political activist", he has been active in promoting his political views. According to John Flesher of the Associated Press, Moore is known for his "fiery left-wing populism," and some have hailed him as the "new Tom Paine."

Moore was a high-profile guest at both the 2004 Democratic National Convention and the 2004 Republican National Convention, chronicling his impressions in USA Today. He was criticized in a speech by Republican Senator John McCain as "a disingenuous film-maker." Moore laughed and waved as Republican attendees jeered, later chanting "four more years." Moore gestured his thumb and finger at the crowd, which translates into "loser."

During September and October 2004, Moore spoke at universities and colleges in swing states during his "Slacker Uprising Tour". The tour gave away ramen and underwear to young people who promised to vote. This provoked public denunciations from the Michigan Republican Party and attempts to convince the government that Moore should be arrested for buying votes, but since Moore did not tell the "slackers" involved for whom to vote, just to vote, district attorneys refused to get involved. Quite possibly the most controversial stop during the tour was Utah Valley State College in Orem, Utah. A fight for his right to speak ensued and resulted in massive public debates and a media blitz. Death threats, bribes and lawsuits followed. The event was chronicled in the documentary film This Divided State.

Despite having supported Ralph Nader in 2000, Moore urged Nader not to run in the 2004 election so as not to split the left vote. On Real Time with Bill Maher, Moore and Maher knelt before Nader to plead with him to stay out of the race. In June 2004, Moore stated that he is not a member of the Democratic party. Although Moore endorsed General Wesley Clark for the Democratic nomination on January 14, Clark withdrew from the primary race on February 11.

Moore drew attention when charging publicly that Bush was AWOL during his service in the National Guard, describing Bush as "The Deserter" (see George W. Bush military service controversy).

On April 21, 2008, Moore endorsed Barack Obama for President, stating that Hillary Clinton's recent actions had been "disgusting."

In December 2010, Moore publicly offered to contribute $20,000 in cash to the bail of Julian Assange, then held in custody in Britain after Swedish prosecutors sent a European Arrest Warrant, wanting to question Assange for alleged sex crimes. Moore also wrote an open letter to the Swedish government, citing statistics on the increasing number of reported rape cases in Sweden. Some of these statistics appear to have been misinterpreted.

Personal life

Since 1990, Moore has been married to producer Kathleen Glynn, with whom he has a stepdaughter named Natalie. They live in Traverse City, Michigan.

Moore is a Catholic, but has said he disagrees with church teaching on subjects such as abortion and same-sex marriage.

In 2005 Time magazine named him one of the world's 100 most influential people. Also in 2005, Moore started the annual Traverse City Film Festival in Traverse City, Michigan.

Published work

Bibliography

Filmography

Roger & Me (1989)

(1992) (TV)

Canadian Bacon (1995)

The Big One (1997)

And Justice for All (1998) (TV)

Lucky Numbers (2000) (as actor)

Bowling for Columbine (2002)

Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) "Palme d'Or" in Cannes

Sicko (2007)

Captain Mike Across America (2007)

Slacker Uprising (2008)

(2009)

Television series

TV Nation (1994)

The Awful Truth (1999)

Michael Moore Live (1999)

References

External links

Michael Moore Official website

Michael Moore on YouTube

The Populist: Michael Moore Can Make You Cry / New Yorker (16 February 2004)

America's Teacher by Naomi Klein, The Nation, September 23, 2009

A 2007 NOW on PBS interview with Michael Moore What makes him tick, and why our health care system ticks him off

Michael Moore on His Life, His Films and His Activism - video interview by Democracy Now!

Michael Moore on 2010 Midterm Elections, the Tea Party, and the Future of the Democratic Party

Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from Michigan Category:American alternative journalists Category:American anti-Iraq War activists Category:American anti-war activists Category:American documentary filmmakers Category:American film actors Category:American film directors Category:American health activists Category:American political writers Category:American Roman Catholic writers Category:American social commentators Category:American writers of Irish descent Category:César Award winners Category:Documentary film directors Category:Eagle Scouts Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Michigan Democrats Category:National Rifle Association members Category:People from Flint, Michigan Category:University of Michigan alumni Category:Writers from Michigan Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners Category:Youth empowerment individuals Category:Youth rights individuals Category:Roman Catholic activists

Name	Cyril Takayama
Caption	In front of ION Orchard in Singapore.
Birthdate	September 27, 1973 ( Age: 37 )
Birthplace	Hollywood, California

Cyril Takayama (born September 27, 1973) is an American illusionist of Ryukyuan and French descent. He is perhaps best known for his magic performances around Japan.

Early life

Cyril Takayama was born and raised in Hollywood, California. His father is a native Ryukyuan from Okinawa prefecture in Japan, while his mother is Moroccan, both of whom were beauticians. Cyril Takayama had an eventful yet troubled upbringing. A recent profile in Magic (“The Magazine for Magicians”) describes him being expelled from school at 15 and then dropping out of school at the age of 16. Cyril's father, upset at his behavioral problems, sent him to Japan. While traveling he got off the plane during a stopover in Tokyo and never got back on. Cyril wound up busking on the streets of Shinjuku, and at times had so little money that he could afford just one meal a day. He attempted to contact Japan magic circles though they viewed him as an outsider. At the age of 17, Cyril met a rich Japanese businessman who saw his talent and employed him to work in his hotel paying him for each short range performance 4 to 5 days a week. For two years Cyril performed as a magician for weddings and parties. Within 2 months Cyril created his own stage magic show. Ito, impressed at Cyril's progress, sent Cyril to magic assemblies and competitions. In 1991, Cyril's dedication began to pay off. He was awarded a top prize by magic's international governing body, the International Federation of Magic Societies, as well in 1994. In 1992, he joined the International Brotherhood of Magicians. In 2001, he and his partner Jane won the Golden Lion Award at Siegfried and Roy’s World Magic Seminar in Las Vegas. He is a member of the short-lived television series T.H.E.M.(2004). In 2007 he won first place in The Magic Woods Awards, Best Magician Category.

Career

Takayama became interested in magic when he was six years old when he went to a magic show in Las Vegas where he saw a guest magician levitate a woman and cut himself in half. The first time Cyril ever performed magic in front of people was during his junior high school's talent show. At the age of 12, he entered the junior program at the Magic Castle in Hollywood.

Some of Cyril's signature tricks include the hamburger in the menu trick, having his head fall off his shoulders, and the card through window trick. His most dramatic trick was above the Circus Circus hotel, where he bungee jumps into the hotel pool with a sword and spears the chosen card of his co host from a deck floating in the water. To promote , Cyril performed magic with the game itself, surprising the audience. Because of his large popularity in Japan, Cyril frequently goes out in a disguise, his most notable one being or Old Man Cyril.

Since 2005 Cyril has been steadily increasing in popularity in Japan as well as on the Internet, due to many of his magic shows being uploaded and viewed on the popular video-sharing site YouTube. He has been dubbed Magic's first cyber celebrity.

Appearances

In his 2006 magic specials, Cyril visited Thailand to put on a show for orphans with HIV. He also did the same with orphans in Nepal.

He appeared on the MTV series called Room 401 (2007) where magicians prank unsuspecting victims. On May 31, 2008 he hosted the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards in Japan.

Cyril doesn't limit his work to television only. He travels around Japan performing grand magic stage shows known as "Magic Revolution: The Xperience".

He also appeared in the movie Redbelt, playing a minor role as the magician.

He has started appearing in a new show called "Cyril Simply Magic" on AXN.

He was a speaker and performer at the 2010 Essential Magic Conference, that took place in Portugal.

Performances on TV

Cyril has been very active in Japan. Since 2004, he appeared in

Four "Super Street Magic Magazine" episodes (broadcast on TV Tokyo)

* Date Unknown

* Date Unknown

* June 21, 2004

* Best Selection (September 12, 2004)

Three "Super Street Magic CYRIL MAGAZINE" DVD Product

* September, 2004

* October, 2004

* November, 2004

12 "Magic Revolution" episodes (broadcast on FujiTV)

* September 12, 2004

* January 4, 2005

* June 30, 2005

* January 10, 2006

* June 20, 2006

* September 30, 2006

* January 23, 2007

* July 24, 2007

* September 29, 2007

* May 27, 2008

* December 12, 2008 (Live performance; including previous episodes)

* February 24, 2009

Two 90 minute Korean magic specials

* October 6, 2006

* September 25, 2007

Three "Simply Magic" episodes (broadcast on AXN-Asia)

* November 19, 2009

* November 26, 2009

* December 3, 2009

Guest Appearance(s)

*January 6, 2007- What a cool weare! (Mecha Ike)

*July 19, 2007- Marumaru Chibi Maruko chan

*July 23, 2007- SMAP SMAP

*September 13, 2008- TBS Japan

*January 8, 2009- BAKA-TONO (A Stupid Lord)

*June 18, 2009- Guest at the release of the Sony Ericsson phone.

In the whole Asia:

premiered on AXN Asia in 2009.

References

Official website of Cyril Takayama

External links

Cyril Takayama Official English Website Cyril Takayama Official Japanese Website Cyril Takayama Official Twitter Website Cyril Takayama at the Internet Movie Database

Category:1973 births Category:American buskers Category:American magicians Category:Living people Category:American people of French descent Category:American people of Japanese descent Category:Magician of the year Award winner Category:People from Los Angeles, California

Name	Audie L. Murphy
Born	June 20, 1924
Died	May 28, 1971
Placeofbirth	Kingston, Hunt County, Texas
Placeofdeath	Brush Mountain near Catawba or Roanoke, Virginia
Placeofburial	Arlington National Cemetery
Placeofburial label	Place of burial
Allegiance	United States
Branch	United States Army
Serviceyears	1942–1945 (US Army)1950–1966 (Texas National Guard)
Rank	First Lieutenant (USA) Major (TNG)
Unit	15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division (USA) 36th Infantry Division (TNG)
Battles	World War II: Sicily (July 1943), Salerno, Anzio, Rome, France: Operation Anvil-Dragoon (August 1944), Holtzwihr (January 1945) was the most decorated American soldier of World War II and a celebrated movie star for over two decades in the post-war era, appearing in 44 films. He also found some success as a country music composer.
Name	Murphy, Audie Leon
Short description	American soldier in World War II, who later became an actor
Date of birth	June 20, 1925
Place of birth	Kingston, Texas, U.S.
Date of death	May 28, 1971
Place of death	Brush Mountain near Catawba, Virginia, U.S.}}

Category:1925 births Category:1971 deaths Category:Accidental deaths in Virginia Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:American film actors Category:Army Medal of Honor recipients Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (Belgium) Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) Category:American military personnel of Irish descent Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Category:People from Hunt County, Texas Category:Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal Category:Recipients of the Combat Infantryman Badge Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit Category:Recipients of the Purple Heart medal Category:Recipients of the Silver Star Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent Category:United States Army officers Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States