An Academy Award is an award bestowed by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)[1] to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry, including directors, actors and writers. The Oscar statuette is officially named the Academy Award of Merit and is one of nine types of Academy Awards.
The formal ceremony at which the Awards of Merit are presented is one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world, and is televised live in more than 100 countries annually. It is also the oldest award ceremony in the media; its equivalents, the Grammy Awards (for music), Emmy Awards (for television), and Tony Awards (for theatre) are modeled after the Academy.
The AMPAS was originally conceived by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio boss Louis B. Mayer as a professional honorary organization to help improve the film industry’s image and help mediate labor disputes. The Oscar itself was later initiated by the Academy as an award "of merit for distinctive achievement" in the industry.[2]
The first Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 16, 1929, at the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to honor the outstanding film achievements of the 1927/1928 film season. The 84th Academy Awards, honoring films in 2011, was held at the Hollywood and Highland Center on February 26, 2012.
The first awards were presented on May 16, 1929, at a private brunch at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post Academy Awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.[3] The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other personalities of the filmmaking industry of the time for their works during the 1927–1928 period.
Winners had been announced three months earlier; however that was changed in the second ceremony of the Academy Awards in 1930. Since then and during the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11 pm on the night of the awards.[3] This method was used until the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the Academy has used a sealed envelope to reveal the name of the winners since 1941.[3]
For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. For example, the 2nd Academy Awards presented on April 3, 1930, recognized films that were released between August 1, 1928 and July 31, 1929. Starting with the 7th Academy Awards, held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31.
The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. The honored professionals were awarded for all the work done in a certain category for the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period. Since the fourth ceremony, the system changed, and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film. As of the 83rd Academy Awards ceremony held in 2011[update], a total of 2,809 Oscars have been given for 1,853 awards.[4] A total of 302 actors have won Oscars in competitive acting categories or have been awarded Honorary or Juvenile Awards.
The 1939 film Beau Geste is the only movie that features as many as four Academy Award winners for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Gary Cooper, Ray Milland, Susan Hayward, Broderick Crawford) prior to any of the actors receiving the Best Actor Award.
At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27, 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category was introduced. Until then, foreign-language films were honored with the Special Achievement Award.
Although there are seven other types of annual awards presented by the Academy (the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, the Gordon E. Sawyer Award, the Scientific and Engineering Award, the Technical Achievement Award, the John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation, and the Student Academy Award) plus two awards that are not presented annually (the Special Achievement Award in the form of an Oscar statuette and the Honorary Award that may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette), the best known one is the Academy Award of Merit more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. Made of gold-plated britannium on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.85 kg) and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader's sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes each represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.[5]
In 1928, MGM's art director Cedric Gibbons, one of the original Academy members, supervised the design of the award trophy by printing the design on a scroll.[6] In need of a model for his statuette, Gibbons was introduced by his future wife Dolores del Río to Mexican film director and actor Emilio "El Indio" Fernández. Reluctant at first, Fernández was finally convinced to pose nude to create what today is known as the "Oscar". Then, sculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain[7] at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Gibbons's design in clay and Sachin Smith cast the statuette in 92.5 percent tin and 7.5 percent copper and then gold-plated it. The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Awards statuettes. Since 1983,[8] approximately 50 Oscars are made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company.[9]
In support of the American effort in World War II, the statuettes were made of plaster and were traded in for gold ones after the war had ended.[10]
The root of the name Oscar is contested. One biography of Bette Davis claims that she named the Oscar after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson;[11] one of the earliest mentions in print of the term Oscar dates back to a Time magazine article about the 1934 6th Academy Awards.[12] Walt Disney is also quoted as thanking the Academy for his Oscar as early as 1932.[13] Another claimed origin is that the Academy's Executive Secretary, Margaret Herrick, first saw the award in 1931 and made reference to the statuette's reminding her of her "Uncle Oscar" (a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce).[14] Columnist Sidney Skolsky was present during Herrick's naming and seized the name in his byline, "Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette 'Oscar'".[15] The trophy was officially dubbed the "Oscar" in 1939 by the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences.[16] Another legend reports that the Norwegian-American Eleanor Lilleberg, executive secretary to Louis B. Mayer, saw the first statuette and exclaimed, "It looks like King Oscar II!".[17] At the end of the day she asked, "What should we do with Oscar, put him in the vault?" and the name stuck.
Since 1950, the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that neither winners nor their heirs may sell the statuettes without first offering to sell them back to the Academy for US$1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards not protected by this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.[18] In December 2011, Orson Welles' 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy.[19]
While the Oscar is under the ownership of the recipient, it is essentially not on the open market.[20] The case of Michael Todd's grandson trying to sell Todd's Oscar statuette illustrates that there are some who do not agree with this idea. When Todd's grandson attempted to sell Todd's Oscar statuette to a movie prop collector, the Academy won the legal battle by getting a permanent injunction. Although Oscar sales transactions have been successful, some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.[21]
Since 2004, Academy Award nomination results have been announced to the public in late January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February.
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of 5,783 as of 2012[update].[22]
Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy's composition. Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) for the past 73 annual awards ceremonies.[23]
All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contribution to the field of motion pictures.
New membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing, stricter policies have kept its size steady since then.[24]
In May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting will be implemented in 2013.[25]
Currently, according to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, to qualify (except for the Best Foreign Language Film).[26] For example, the 2010 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was actually first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2009 awards as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2010 awards.
Rule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short subject awards, and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with native resolution not less than 1280x720.
Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all related categories. Then, each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases.
In late December ballots and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6000 active members. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories (i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc.). There are some exceptions in the case of certain categories, like Foreign Film, Documentary and Animated Feature Film, in which movies are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches. In the special case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees for that category. Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit only one film per year.[27]
The members of the various branches nominate those in their respective fields, while all members may submit nominees for Best Picture. The winners are then determined by a second round of voting in which all members are then allowed to vote in most categories, including Best Picture.[28]
81st Academy Awards Presentations, Kodak Theater, Hollywood, 2009
The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, most commonly in February or March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this. (The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast).
The Academy Awards is televised live across the United States (excluding Hawaii; they aired live for the first time in Alaska in 2011), Canada, the United Kingdom, and gathers millions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world.[29] The 2007 ceremony was watched by more than 40 million Americans.[30] Other awards ceremonies (such as the Emmys, Golden Globes, and Grammys) are broadcast live in the East Coast but are on tape delay in the West Coast and might not air on the same day outside North America (if the awards are even televised). The Academy has for several years claimed that the award show has up to a billion viewers internationally, but this has so far not been confirmed by any independent sources. The Awards show was first televised on NBC in 1953. NBC continued to broadcast the event until 1960 when the ABC Network took over, televising the festivities through 1970, after which NBC resumed the broadcasts. ABC once again took over broadcast duties in 1976; it is under contract to do so through the year 2020.[31]
After more than sixty years of being held in late March or early April, the ceremonies were moved up to late February or early March starting in 2004 to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success of the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period. (Some years, the ceremony is moved into early March in deference to the Winter Olympics.) Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The Awards show holds the distinction of having won the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations.[32]
After many years of being held on Mondays at 9:00 p.m. Eastern/6:00 p.m Pacific, in 1999 the ceremonies were moved to Sundays at 8:30 p.m. Eastern/5:30 p.m. Pacific.[33] The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and that an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier.[34] For many years the film industry had opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office.[35]
On March 30, 1981, the awards ceremony was postponed for one day after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.
In 1993, an In Memoriam segment was introduced,[36] honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members.[37] This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names.
In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced that winners' acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed "the single most hated thing on the show" – overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion.[38]
The Academy has also had recent discussions about moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing TV viewers' fatigue with the film industry's long awards season. But such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers (as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail). Also, a January ceremony may have to compete with National Football League playoff games.[39]
The following is a listing of all Academy Awards ceremonies since 1929.[40][41][42]
| Ceremony |
Date |
Best Picture winner |
Length of broadcast |
Number of viewers |
Rating |
Host(s) |
Venue |
| 1st Academy Awards |
May 16, 1929 |
Wings |
No broadcast |
— |
— |
Douglas Fairbanks, William C. deMille |
Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel |
| 2nd Academy Awards |
April 3, 1930 |
broadway !The Broadway Melody |
— |
— |
— |
William C. deMille |
Ambassador Hotel/Millennium Biltmore Hotel |
| 3rd Academy Awards |
November 5, 1930 |
All Quiet on the Western Front |
— |
— |
— |
Conrad Nagel |
| 4th Academy Awards |
Nov 10, 1931 |
Cimarron |
— |
— |
— |
Lawrence Grant |
| 5th Academy Awards |
Nov 18, 1932 |
Grand Hotel |
— |
— |
— |
Lionel Barrymore, Conrad Nagel |
| 6th Academy Awards |
Mar 16, 1934 |
Cavalcade |
— |
— |
— |
Will Rogers |
| 7th Academy Awards |
Feb 27, 1935 |
It Happened One Night |
— |
— |
— |
Irvin S. Cobb |
| 8th Academy Awards |
Mar 5, 1936 |
Mutiny on the Bounty |
— |
— |
— |
Frank Capra |
| 9th Academy Awards |
Mar 4, 1937 |
great z !The Great Ziegfeld |
— |
— |
— |
George Jessel |
| 10th Academy Awards |
Mar 10, 1938 |
life of emile !The Life of Emile Zola |
— |
— |
— |
Bob Burns |
| 11th Academy Awards |
Feb 23, 1939 |
You Can't Take It With You |
— |
— |
— |
None |
| 12th Academy Awards |
Feb 29, 1940 |
Gone with the Wind |
— |
— |
— |
Bob Hope |
| 13th Academy Awards |
Feb 27, 1941 |
Rebecca |
— |
— |
— |
| 14th Academy Awards |
Feb 26, 1942 |
How Green Was My Valley |
— |
— |
— |
None |
| 15th Academy Awards |
Mar 4, 1943 |
Mrs. Miniver |
— |
— |
— |
Bob Hope |
| 16th Academy Awards |
Mar 2, 1944 |
Casablanca |
— |
— |
— |
Jack Benny |
Grauman's Chinese Theater |
| 17th Academy Awards |
Mar 15, 1945 |
Going My Way |
— |
— |
— |
Bob Hope, John Cromwell |
| 18th Academy Awards |
Mar 7, 1946 |
lost w !The Lost Weekend |
— |
— |
— |
Bob Hope, James Stewart |
| 19th Academy Awards |
Mar 13, 1947 |
best years !The Best Years of Our Lives |
— |
— |
— |
Jack Benny |
Shrine Auditorium |
| 20th Academy Awards |
Mar 20, 1948 |
Gentleman's Agreement |
— |
— |
— |
Agnes Moorehead, Dick Powell |
| 21st Academy Awards |
Mar 24, 1949 |
Hamlet |
— |
— |
— |
Robert Montgomery |
Pantages Theatre |
| 22nd Academy Awards |
Mar 23, 1950 |
All the King's Men |
— |
— |
— |
Paul Douglas |
| 23rd Academy Awards |
Mar 29, 1951 |
All About Eve |
— |
— |
— |
Fred Astaire |
| 24th Academy Awards |
Mar 20, 1952 |
american in p !An American in Paris |
— |
— |
— |
Danny Kaye |
| 25th Academy Awards |
Mar 19, 1953 |
greatest show !The Greatest Show on Earth |
— |
40 million |
— |
Bob Hope, Conrad Nagel |
NBC International Theatre |
| 26th Academy Awards |
Mar 25, 1954 |
From Here to Eternity |
— |
43 million |
— |
Donald O'Connor, Fredric March |
NBC Century Theatre |
| 27th Academy Awards |
Mar 30, 1955 |
On the Waterfront |
— |
— |
— |
Bob Hope, Thelma Ritter |
| 28th Academy Awards |
Mar 21, 1956 |
Marty |
— |
— |
— |
Jerry Lewis, Claudette Colbert, Joseph L. Mankiewicz |
| 29th Academy Awards |
Mar 27, 1957 |
Around the World in 80 Days |
— |
— |
— |
Jerry Lewis, Celeste Holm |
| 30th Academy Awards |
Mar 26, 1958 |
bridge !The Bridge on the River Kwai |
— |
— |
— |
Bob Hope, David Niven, James Stewart, Jack Lemmon, Rosalind Russell |
Pantages Theatre |
| 31st Academy Awards |
Apr 6, 1959 |
Gigi |
— |
— |
— |
Bob Hope, David Niven, Tony Randall, Mort Sahl, Laurence Olivier, Jerry Lewis |
| 32nd Academy Awards |
Apr 4, 1960 |
Ben-Hur |
1 hour, 40 minutes |
— |
— |
Bob Hope |
| 33rd Academy Awards |
Apr 17, 1961 |
apartment !The Apartment |
— |
— |
— |
Santa Monica Civic Auditorium |
| 34th Academy Awards |
Apr 9, 1962 |
West Side Story |
2 hours, 10 minutes |
— |
— |
| 35th Academy Awards |
Apr 8, 1963 |
Lawrence of Arabia |
— |
— |
— |
Frank Sinatra |
| 36th Academy Awards |
Apr 13, 1964 |
Tom Jones |
— |
— |
— |
Jack Lemmon |
| 37th Academy Awards |
Apr 5, 1965 |
My Fair Lady |
— |
— |
— |
Bob Hope |
| 38th Academy Awards |
Apr 18, 1966 |
sound of m !The Sound of Music |
— |
— |
— |
| 39th Academy Awards |
Apr 10, 1967 |
man for all !A Man for All Seasons |
2 hours, 31 minutes |
— |
— |
| 40th Academy Awards |
Apr 10, 1968 |
In the Heat of the Night |
— |
— |
— |
| 41st Academy Awards |
Apr 14, 1969 |
Oliver! |
— |
— |
— |
None |
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion |
| 42nd Academy Awards |
Apr 7, 1970 |
Midnight Cowboy |
2 hours, 25 minutes |
— |
43.40 |
| 43rd Academy Awards |
Apr 15, 1971 |
Patton |
— |
— |
— |
| 44th Academy Awards |
Apr 10, 1972 |
french !The French Connection |
— |
— |
— |
Helen Hayes, Alan King, Sammy Davis, Jr., Jack Lemmon |
| 45th Academy Awards |
Mar 27, 1973 |
godfather1 !The Godfather |
2 hours, 38 minutes |
— |
— |
Carol Burnett, Michael Caine, Charlton Heston, Rock Hudson |
| 46th Academy Awards |
Apr 2, 1974 |
sting !The Sting |
3 hours, 23 minutes |
— |
— |
John Huston, Burt Reynolds, David Niven, Diana Ross |
| 47th Academy Awards |
Apr 8, 1975 |
godfather2 !The Godfather Part II |
3 hours, 20 minutes |
— |
— |
Sammy Davis, Jr., Bob Hope, Shirley MacLaine, Frank Sinatra |
| 48th Academy Awards |
Mar 29, 1976 |
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest |
3 hours, 12 minutes |
— |
— |
Goldie Hawn, Gene Kelly, Walter Matthau, George Segal, Robert Shaw |
| 49th Academy Awards |
Mar 28, 1977 |
Rocky |
3 hours, 38 minutes |
— |
— |
Warren Beatty, Ellen Burstyn, Jane Fonda, Richard Pryor |
| 50th Academy Awards |
Apr 3, 1978 |
Annie Hall |
3 hours, 30 minutes |
39.73 million |
31.10 |
Bob Hope |
| 51st Academy Awards |
Apr 9, 1979 |
deer hunter !The Deer Hunter |
3 hours, 25 minutes |
— |
— |
Johnny Carson |
| 52nd Academy Awards |
Apr 14, 1980 |
Kramer vs. Kramer |
3 hours, 12 minutes |
— |
— |
| 53rd Academy Awards |
Mar 31, 1981 |
Ordinary People |
3 hours, 13 minutes |
— |
— |
| 54th Academy Awards |
Mar 29, 1982 |
Chariots of Fire |
3 hours, 24 minutes |
— |
— |
| 55th Academy Awards |
Apr 11, 1983 |
Gandhi |
3 hours, 15 minutes |
— |
— |
Liza Minnelli, Dudley Moore, Richard Pryor, Walter Matthau |
| 56th Academy Awards |
Apr 9, 1984 |
Terms of Endearment |
3 hours, 42 minutes |
— |
38.00 |
Johnny Carson |
| 57th Academy Awards |
Mar 25, 1985 |
Amadeus |
3 hours, 10 minutes |
— |
— |
Jack Lemmon |
| 58th Academy Awards |
Mar 24, 1986 |
Out of Africa |
3 hours, 02 minutes |
38.65 million |
25.71 |
Alan Alda, Jane Fonda, Robin Williams |
| 59th Academy Awards |
Mar 30, 1987 |
Platoon |
3 hours, 19 minutes |
39.72 million |
25.94 |
Chevy Chase, Goldie Hawn, Paul Hogan |
| 60th Academy Awards |
Apr 11, 1988 |
last emperor !The Last Emperor |
3 hours, 33 minutes |
42.04 million |
27.80 |
Chevy Chase |
Shrine Auditorium |
| 61st Academy Awards |
Mar 29, 1989 |
Rain Man |
3 hours, 19 minutes |
42.77 million |
28.41 |
None |
| 62nd Academy Awards |
Mar 26, 1990 |
Driving Miss Daisy |
3 hours, 37 minutes |
40.22 million |
26.42 |
Billy Crystal |
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion |
| 63rd Academy Awards |
Mar 25, 1991 |
Dances with Wolves |
3 hours, 35 minutes |
42.79 million |
28.06 |
Shrine Auditorium |
| 64th Academy Awards |
Mar 30, 1992 |
silence of !The Silence of the Lambs |
3 hours, 33 minutes |
44.44 million |
29.84 |
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion |
| 65th Academy Awards |
Mar 29, 1993 |
Unforgiven |
3 hours, 30 minutes |
45.84 million |
32.85 |
| 66th Academy Awards |
Mar 21, 1994 |
Schindler's List |
3 hours, 18 minutes |
46.26 million |
31.86 |
Whoopi Goldberg |
| 67th Academy Awards |
Mar 27, 1995 |
Forrest Gump |
3 hours, 35 minutes |
48.87 million |
33.47 |
David Letterman |
Shrine Auditorium |
| 68th Academy Awards |
Mar 25, 1996 |
Braveheart |
3 hours, 38 minutes |
44.81 million |
30.48 |
Whoopi Goldberg |
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion |
| 69th Academy Awards |
Mar 24, 1997 |
english !The English Patient |
3 hours, 34 minutes |
40.83 million |
25.83 |
Billy Crystal |
Shrine Auditorium |
| 70th Academy Awards |
Mar 23, 1998 |
Titanic |
3 hours, 47 minutes |
57.25 million |
35.32 |
| 71st Academy Awards |
Mar 21, 1999 |
Shakespeare in Love |
4 hours, 02 minutes |
45.63 million |
28.51 |
Whoopi Goldberg |
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion |
| 72nd Academy Awards |
Mar 26, 2000 |
American Beauty |
4 hours, 04 minutes |
46.53 million |
29.64 |
Billy Crystal |
Shrine Auditorium |
| 73rd Academy Awards |
Mar 25, 2001 |
Gladiator |
3 hours, 23 minutes |
42.93 million |
25.86 |
Steve Martin |
| 74th Academy Awards |
Mar 24, 2002 |
beautiful mind !A Beautiful Mind |
4 hours, 23 minutes |
40.54 million |
25.13 |
Whoopi Goldberg |
Kodak Theatre |
| 75th Academy Awards |
Mar 23, 2003 |
Chicago |
3 hours, 30 minutes |
33.04 million |
20.58 |
Steve Martin |
| 76th Academy Awards |
Feb 29, 2004 |
lord of !The Lord of the Rings:
The Return of the King |
3 hours, 44 minutes |
43.56 million |
26.68 |
Billy Crystal |
| 77th Academy Awards |
Feb 27, 2005 |
Million Dollar Baby |
3 hours, 14 minutes |
42.16 million |
25.29 |
Chris Rock |
| 78th Academy Awards |
Mar 5, 2006 |
Crash |
3 hours, 33 minutes |
38.64 million |
22.91 |
Jon Stewart |
| 79th Academy Awards |
Feb 25, 2007 |
departed !The Departed |
3 hours, 51 minutes |
39.92 million |
23.65 |
Ellen DeGeneres |
| 80th Academy Awards |
Feb 24, 2008 |
No Country for Old Men |
3 hours, 21 minutes |
31.76 million |
18.66 |
Jon Stewart |
| 81st Academy Awards |
Feb 22, 2009 |
Slumdog Millionaire |
3 hours, 30 minutes |
36.94 million |
21.68 |
Hugh Jackman |
| 82nd Academy Awards |
Mar 7, 2010 |
hurt locker !The Hurt Locker |
3 hours, 37 minutes |
41.62 million |
24.75 |
Steve Martin, Alec Baldwin |
| 83rd Academy Awards |
Feb 27, 2011 |
kings !The King's Speech |
3 hours, 15 minutes |
37.63 million |
21.97 |
James Franco, Anne Hathaway |
| 84th Academy Awards |
Feb 26, 2012 |
The Artist |
3 hours, 14 minutes |
39.30 million |
25.50 |
Billy Crystal |
Hollywood and Highland Center |
| 85th Academy Awards |
Feb 24, 2013[43] |
- |
— |
— |
— |
- |
Dolby Theatre |
| Ceremony |
Date |
Best Picture winner |
Length of broadcast |
Number of viewers |
Rating |
Host(s) |
Venue |
Historically, the "Oscarcast" has pulled in a bigger haul when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture trophy. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated close to US$600 million at the North American box office pre-Oscars.[44] The 76th Academy Awards ceremony in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368 million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture drew 43.56 million viewers.[45] The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture Midnight Cowboy) which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.[46]
By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budgeted, independent film Crash (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 million) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91%.[47] In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest rated and least watched ceremony to date, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards.[48] The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another low-budget, independently financed film (No Country for Old Men).
In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930–1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.
Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theater at what was the Academy's headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.[49]
From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood's Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the 1953–1957 awards took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre (1954–1957), after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center.
In 2002, the Kodak Theatre became the permanent home of the award ceremonies. However, due to Eastman Kodak's bankruptcy issues, this theatre was renamed the Hollywood and Highland Center in the days preceding the February 26, 2012, awards ceremony.
In the first year of the awards, the Best Director award was split into two separate categories (Drama and Comedy). At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction, Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were likewise split into two separate categories (black-and-white films and color films).
Another award, entitled the Academy Award for Best Original Musical, is still in the Academy rulebooks and has yet to be retired. However, due to continuous insufficient eligibility each year, it has not been awarded since 1984 (when Purple Rain won).[50]
The Board of Governors meets each year and considers new awards. To date, the following proposed awards have not been approved:
- Best Casting: rejected in 1999
- Best Stunt Coordination: rejected in 1999; rejected in 2005;[51] rejected in 2011[52]
- Best Title Design: rejected in 1999
These awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on a consistent annual basis.
Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the "Oscar season". This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than quality. William Friedkin, an Academy Award-winning film director and former producer of the ceremony, expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009, describing it as "the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself".[53]
In addition, some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers' Guild.[54] George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for Patton) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a 'meat parade', saying 'I don't want any part of it."[55][56][57] The third winner, Marlon Brando, refused his award (Best Actor in 1972 for The Godfather), citing the film industry's discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando sent Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech detailing his criticisms.[54]
Tim Dirks, editor of AMC's filmsite.org, has written of the Academy Awards,
Unfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence, and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight. Especially since the 1980s, moneymaking "formula-made" blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd-pleasing titans (and Best Picture winners), but they haven't necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure.
[58]
Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for sentimental reasons,[59] personal popularity,[60] atonement for past mistakes,[61] or presented as a "career honor" to recognize a distinguished nominee's entire body of work.[62]
The following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards ceremony:
- Nominees luncheon
- Governors Awards
- The 25th Independent Spirit Awards (in 2010), usually held in Santa Monica the Saturday before the Oscars, marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live.
- The 8th annual "Night Before", traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel (eight years running in 2010) and generally known as THE party of the season, benefits the Motion Picture and Television Fund, which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley.
- Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center.
- The Governors' Ball is the Academy's official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is held adjacent to the awards-presentation venue. In 2012, the three course meal was replaced by appetizers.
- The Vanity Fair after-party, historically held at the former Morton's restaurant, since 2009 has been held at the Sunset Tower.
Lists:
Nationality:
Race:
General:
- ^ "About the Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on April 7, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070407234926/http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/index.html. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ Essex, Andrew (May 14, 1999). "The Birth of Oscar". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,273341,00.html. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
- ^ a b c "History of the Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/about/history.html.
- ^ "A Brief History of the Oscar". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/about/awards/oscar.html. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ "Oscar Statuette: Legacy". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/about/awards/oscar.html/?pn=statuette. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "Academy to Commemorate Oscar Designer Cedric Gibbons" (Press release). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. May 3, 2007. http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2000/00.05.03.html. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "Muse Fountain". http://www.hollywoodbowl.com/about/history.cfm.
- ^ "Eladio Gonzalez sands and buffs Oscar #3453". The Boston Globe. February 20, 2009. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/02/at_work.html#photo14. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
- ^ Babwin, Don (January 27, 2009). "Oscar 3453 is 'born' in Chicago factory". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 27, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5e8JdSe3B.
- ^ "Oscar Statuette: Manufacturing, Shipping and Repairs". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927134712/http://www.oscars.com/legacy/?pn=statuette&page=2. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "Bette Davis biography". The Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000012/bio. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "Cinema: Oscars". Time. March 26, 1934. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,747239,00.html.
- ^ "Oscar®-Winning Walt". Disney.Go.com. http://d23.disney.go.com/news/2010/03/oscar-winning-walt/. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ "Oscar" in The Oxford English Dictionary, June 2008 Draft Revision.
- ^ Levy, Emanuel (2003) All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards Continuum, New York. ISBN 0-8264-1452-4
- ^ "OSCAR.com – 80th Annual Academy Awards – Oscar Statuette". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://www.oscar.com/oscarhistory/?pn=statuette.
- ^ In Honor of King Oscar II of Norway by Jørn K. Baltzersen, LewRockwell.com
- ^ (Levy 2003, pg 28)
- ^ Duke, Alan (December 12, 2011). "Orson Welles' 'Citizen Kane' Oscar for sale". CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/12/showbiz/orson-welles-oscar/index.html. Retrieved = December 12, 2011.
- ^ Lacey Rose (February 28, 2005). "Psst! Wanna Buy An Oscar?". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2005/02/28/cx_lr_0228oscarsales.html. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ (Levy 2003, pg 29)
- ^ Sandy Cohen (January 30, 2008). "Academy Sets Oscars Contingency Plan". AOL News. http://news.aol.com/entertainment/story/_a/oscars-contingency-plan/20080130161309990001. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
- ^ Jackie Finlay (March 3, 2006). "The men who are counting on Oscar". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4769730.stm. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "Academy Invites 115 to Become Members". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on August 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070827031611/http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2007/07.06.18.html. Retrieved September 4, 2007.
- ^ Cieply, Michael (May 23, 2011). "Electronic Voting Comes to The Oscars (Finally)". The New York Times. http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/electronic-voting-comes-to-the-oscars-finally.
- ^ "Rule Two: Eligibility". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/rules/rule02.html. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "The Academy and its Oscar Awards – Reminder List of Eligible Releases". http://www.youbioit.com/en/article/shared-information/949/academy-and-its-oscar-awards.
- ^ "Rule Five: Balloting and Nominations". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/rules/rule05.html. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ "International Broadcasters from Oscars.com". Oscars.com. http://oscar.com/oscarnight/?pn=internationalbroadcasters. [dead link]
- ^ Nielsen – Press Release: The Nielsen Company's 2008 Guide to the Academy Awards
- ^ "ABC and Academy Extend Oscar Telecast Agreement" (Press release). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. February 24, 2011. http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2011/20110224b.html. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
- ^ Tom O'Neil (July 12, 2010). "Emmys love for Oscars continues with 12 nominations". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2010/07/emmys-love-for-oscars-continues-with-12-nominations.html. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ^ Bill Carter (April 8, 1998). "TV Notes; Moving Oscar Night". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/08/movies/tv-notes-moving-oscar-night.html. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ^ Academy Awards will move to Sunday night Reading Eagle – July 1, 1998; From Google News Archive
- ^ Never Say Never: Academy Awards move to Sunday The Item – March 19, 1999; From Google News Archive
- ^ Child, Ben (March 10, 2010). "Farrah Fawcett:Oscars director apologises for 'In Memoriam' omission". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/mar/10/oscars-farrah-fawcett. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ^ Cohen, Sandy (March 3, 2010). "Oscar's 'In Memoriam' segment is touching to watch, painful to make". USA Today. Associated Press. http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2010-03-03-oscar-memorial-segment_N.htm. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ^ Jones, Sam (February 16, 2010). "Cut … all change at Oscars as winners are given just 45 seconds to say thanks". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/feb/16/oscar-winners-speeches-cut.
- ^ John Horn (October 5, 2010). "Academy looks to move 2012 Oscar ceremony up several weeks". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/oct/05/entertainment/la-et-oscars-20101005. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
- ^ Scott Bowles (February 26, 2008). "Low Oscar Ratings Cue Soul-Searching". USAToday. http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2008-02-26-oscar-ratings_N.htm. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
- ^ Nikki Finke (February 26, 2007). "UPDATE: 39.9 Million Watch 79th Oscars". Nikki Finke's Deadline Hollywood Daily (LA Weekly). http://www.deadline.com/2007/02/overnights-show-2-nielsen-oscar-ratings/. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
- ^ Bill Gorman (March 8, 2010). "Academy Awards Averages 41.3 Million Viewers; Most Since 2005". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/03/08/academy-awards-averages-41-3-million-viewers-most-since-2005/44217. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
- ^ http://www.thewrap.com/awards/column-post/academy-sets-date-next-years-oscars-36245
- ^ James, Meg (February 23, 2008). "Academy's red carpet big stage for advertisers". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2004196530_oscarads23.html.
- ^ Bowles, Scott (January 26, 2005). "Oscars lack blockbuster to lure TV viewers". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/movieawards/oscars/2005-01-26-oscar-telecast_x.htm. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
- ^ Charts and Data: Top 100 TV Shows of All Time by Variety
- ^ Levin, Gary (March 7, 2006). "Low Ratings Crash Party". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2006-03-07-nielsen-analysis_x.htm. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
- ^ "Oscar ratings worst ever". The Washington Post. http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080227/LIFE/802270307.
- ^ "Oscars Award Venues". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on December 12, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061212063803/http://www.oscars.org/aboutacademyawards/venues.html. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/rules/rule16.html
- ^ Michael Hiltzik (August 4, 2005). "One stunt they've been unable to pull off". Los Angeles Times. http://theenvelope.latimes.com/movies/env-fi-stunts4aug04,0,3864314.story?coll=env-movies. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
- ^ Handel, Jonathan (June 15, 2011). "Academy Votes Against Creating Oscar Category for Stunt Coordinators". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/academy-votes-creating-oscar-category-202123.
- ^ Friedkin, William (Director) (February 24, 2009). Director William Friedkin at the Hudson Union Society. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. http://fora.tv/2009/02/24/Director_William_Friedkin_at_the_Hudson_Union_Society#William_Friedkin_Says_Oscars_Simply_a_Promotion_Scheme. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
- ^ a b "The Oscars Did You Know?". Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. http://www.biography.com/oscars/oscars_didyouknow.jsp. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
- ^ "George C Scott: The man who refused an Oscar". BBC News. September 23, 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/obituaries/455563.stm.
- ^ "Show Business: Meat Parade". Time. March 8, 1971. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904789,00.html.
- ^ "Fast Facts – Did You Know?". Biography.com. May 16, 1929. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. http://www.biography.com/oscars/oscars_didyouknow.jsp. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
- ^ "Academy Awards – The Oscars". http://www.filmsite.org/oscars.html. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
- ^ "Taylor, Elizabeth". http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Taylor,+Elizabeth. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
- ^ "What’s the worst Best Actor choice of all time?". http://incontention.com/?p=1045. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
- ^ "Being an Oscar voter *doesn't* mean never having to say you're sorry". The Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/files/2009/02/being-a-member.html. Retrieved October 4, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ All about Oscar: the history and politics of the Academy Awards – The Career Oscars. 2003. ISBN 978-0-8264-1452-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=dH2Lb_YhIhAC&pg=RA1-PA268&lpg=RA1-PA268&dq=Career+Oscars+particular+performance+for+which+an+artist+wins+serves+as+a+vehicle+to+reward+a+body+of+stellar+work.#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
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