The Gurjar (Sanskrit: गुर्जर Gurjara,, Gujari: गुर्जर, ) or Gujjar ( Prakrit: गुज्जर, ) are an ethnic group in India, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Alternative spellings include Gurjara, Gujar and Gujur.

While the origin of the Gujjars is uncertain, the Gurjar clan appeared in ancient northern India about the time of the Huna invasions of the region. In the 6th to 12th Century, they were primarily classed as Kshatriya and Brahmin, and many of them later converted to Islam during the Muslim rule in South Asia. Today, the Gujjars are classified under the Other Backward Classes (OBC) category in some states in India. The Hindu Gujjars today are assimilated into several varnas of Hinduism.

History

Origin

in the Bharat Upvan (Garden of India) of Akshardham Mandir, New Delhi]] The origin of the Gujjars is uncertain. There are various references talking about their origin. Most of the Gurjars claim descent from Suryavanshi Kshatriyas (Sun Dynasty) and connect themselves with Shri Ram Chandra. Historically, the Gurjars were Sun-worshipers and are described as devoted to the feet of the Sun-god (God Surya).Their copper-plate grants bear an emblem of the Sun and on their seals too, this symbol is depicted. Also the Gurjar title of honor is Mihir which means Sun. Ancient Sanskrit Poet Rajasekhara in his plays styled Gurjar rulers as Raghu-kula-tilaka (Ornament of the race of Raghu), Raghu-gramani (the leader of the Raghus)and so forth.

In Ramayana, it is described that a war was fought among demons and gods.Gurjars fought against demons under the leadership of King Dasharatha. There is also references of gurjar widows in Yoga Vasistha, whose husbands laid down their lives in the battlefield, having their heads tonsured as a mark of their bravement. In Mahabharata war also Gurjars fought and later on along with lord Krishna migrated from Mathura to Dwarka, Gujarat.

The Gurjar clan appeared in northern India about the time of the Huna invasions of northern India. Some scholars, such as V. A. Smith, believed that the Gurjars were foreign immigrants, possibly a branch of Hephthalites ("White Huns"). Mr. Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar (D. B. Bhandarkar) (1875–1950) believed that Gurjars came into India with the Hunas, and the name was sanskritized to "Gurjara". He also believed that several places in Central Asia, such as "Gurjistan", are named after the Gujars and that the reminiscences of Gujar migration is preserved in these names.

General Cunningham and A. H. Bingley consider the Gurjars as descendants of Kushan/Yueh-chi or Tocharians of Indo-Scythian stock. In the past, Gurjars have also been hypothesized to be descended from the nomadic Khazar tribes, although the history of Khazars shows an entirely different politico-cultural ethos In Gazetteer of Bombay Presidency, the British civil servant James M. Campbell identified Gujars with Khazars. Scott Cameron Levi, in his The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and its Trade, 1550-1900, mentions Kazar (Khazar, could also refer to Kassar) and Kujar (Gujar) as two different tribes with links to Central Asia.

Some others claim that the Gurjar caste is related to the Chechens and the Georgians, and argue that Georgia was traditionally called "Gujaristan" (actually Gorjestan). However, there is little evidence for such claims. The word "Georgia" derived from the Arabic and Persian word Gurj, and not Gujjar or Gurjar.

A 2009 study conducted by Tribal Research and Cultural Foundation, under the supervision of Gurjar scholar Dr.Javaid Rahi, claimed that the word "Gujar" has a Central Asian Turkic origin, written in romanized Turkish as Göçer. Study claimed that according to the new research, the Gurjar race "remained one of the most vibrant identity of Central Asia in BC era and later ruled over many princely states in northern India for hundred of years".

According to Scholars such as Baijnath puri, Mount Abu (ancient Arbuda Mountain) region of present day Rajasthan had been abode of the Gurjars during medieval period. The association of the Gurjars with the mountain is noticed in many inscriptions and epigraphs including Tilakamanjari of Dhanpala. These Gurjars migrated from Arbuda mountain region and as eatly as sixth century A.D, they set up one or more principalities in Rajasthan and Gujarat.Whole or a larger part of Rajasthan and Gujarat had been long known as Gurjaratra (country ruled or protected by the Gurjars) or Gurjarabhumi (land of the Gurjars) for centuries prior to Mughal period.

The sociologist G. S. Ghurye believes that the name Gujjar is derived from the principal profession followed by the tribe: cattle-breeding (the Sanskrit word for cow is gau and the old Hindi word for sheep is gadar)., though "Gujjar" has come from "Gurjar" which is a sanskrit word which according to Sanskrit Dictionary (Shakabada1181), has been explained thus: Gur+jar; 'Gur' means 'enemy' and 'jar' means 'destroyer'. The word means "Destroyer of the enemy" . The word "Gurjar" predicts the qualities of a warrior community.

Gurjar rulers

kingdom and other contemporary kingdoms.]] According to some historical accounts, the kingdom with capital at Bhinmal (or Srimal) was established by the Gurjars. A minor kingdom of Bharuch was the offshoot of this Kingdom. In 640-41 CE, the Chinese traveller Xuanzang (Hieun Tsang) described the kingdoms of Su-la-cha (identified with Saurashtra) and Kiu-che-lo (identified with Gurjara) in his writings. He stated that the Gurjaras ruled a rich and populous kingdom with capital at Bhinmal (Pilo-mo-lo). According to his expositor, M. Vivien de St. Martin, Su-la-cha represents the modern Gujarat, and Kiu-che-lo (Gurjjara), "the country of the Gujars", represents the region between Anhilwara and the Indus River, i.e. Sindh region.

Vincent Smith believed that the Pratihara dynasty, which ruled a large kingdom in northern India from the 6th to the 11th centuries, and has been mentioned as "Gurjara-Pratiharas" in an inscription, was certainly of Gurjara origin. Smith also stated that there is possibility of other Agnikula Kshatriya clans being of same origin. Dr. K. Jamanadas also states that the Pratihara clan descended from the Gurjars, and this "raises a strong presumption that the other Rajput clans also are the descendants from the Gurjaras or the allied foreign immigrants". D. B. Bhandarkar also believed that Pratiharas were a clan of Gurjars.

H. A. Rose and Denzil Ibbetson stated that there is no conclusive proof that the Agnikula Rajput clans are of Gurjara origin; they believed that there is possibility of the indigenous tribes adopting Gurjara names, when their founders were enfiefed by Gurjara rulers. though from the work of other historians it has been known that Kannauj was capital of Gurjara-Pratihara.

Historian Sir Jervoise Athelstane Baines also stated Gurjars as forefathers of Sisodiyas, chauhan, Parmar, Parihar and Chalukya.

Chavdas, also known as Gurjar Chapas was also one of the ruling clans of Gurjars, who extended the power of the race in the south.

The pratiharas belonged to the same clan that of Gurjaras was proved by the "Rajor inscription".From the phrase "Gurjara Pratiharanvayah" inscribed in the "Rajor inscription". It is known that the Pratiharas belonged to the Gurjara clan.The Rashtrakuta records and the Arabian chronicles also identify the Pariharas with Gurjaras. With the rise of Islam, Muslim Gujjars no longer adhered to their Kshatriya or Brahmin classification but retained clan names as a form of tribal recognition.Places such as Gujranwala, Gujar Khan, Gujar Kot, Gujrat in Pakistan and the state of Gujarat in India are a testament to the Gurjar influence in the past.

British rule

In the eighteenth century, several Gurjar chieftains and small kings were in power. During the reign of Rohilla Nawab Najib-ul-Daula, Dargahi Singh, the Gurjar chieftain of Dadri possessed 133 villages at a fixed revenue of Rs. 29,000. A fort at Parlchhatgarh in Meerut District, also known as Qila Parikishatgarh, is ascribed to a Gurjar Raja Nain Singh. According to a legend, the fort was built by Parikshit and restored by Nain Singh in the eighteenth century. The fort was dismantled in 1857, to be used as a police station.

The Imperial Gazetteer of India states that throughout the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Gujars and Musalman (Muslim) Rajputs proved the "most irreconcilable enemies" of the British in the Bulandshahr area. A band of rebellious Gurjars ransacked Bulandshahr after a revolt by the 9th Native Infantry on May 21, 1857. The British officers initially left for Meerut but later sent a small force to retake the town. The British forces were able to retake the town with the help of Dehra Gurkhas, but the Gujars rose again after the Gurkhas marched off to assist General Wilson's column in another area. Under the leadership of Walidad Khan of Malagarh, the British garrison was driven out the district. Walidad Khan held Bulandshahr from July to September, until he was expelled after an engagement with Colonel Greathed's flying column. On October 4, the Bulandshahr District was regularly occupied by the British Colonel Farquhar and measures of repression were adopted against the armed Gujars.

During the revolt of 1857, the Muslim Gujars in the villages of the Ludhiana District showed dissent to the British authorities. The British interests in Gangoh city of Saharanpur District were threatened by the rebel Gujars under the self-styled Raja Fathua. These Gujars rebels were defeated by the British forces under H. D. Robertson and Lieutenant Boisragon, in June 1857. The Gujars of Chundrowli rose against the British, under the leadership of Damar Ram. The Gujars of Shunkuri village, numbering around three thousand, joined the rebel sepoys. According to British records, the Gurjars plundered gunpowder and ammunition from the British and their allies. In Delhi, the Metcalfe House was sacked by the Gurjar villagers from whom the land was taken to erect the building. The British records claim that the Gujars carried out several robberies. Twenty Gujars were reported to have been beheaded by Rao Tula Ram for committing dacoities in July 1857. Some believe that the British classified the nomadic tribes as "criminal tribes" because they considered these tribes to be prone to criminality in the absence of legitimate means of livelihood, and also because of their participation in the revolt of 1857. The Imperial Gazetteer of India stated that the Gujars were impoverished due to their "lawlessness in the Mutiny". and that the Gujars in Delhi had a "bad reputation as thieves". During the World War II, several Gurjars served in the British Indian army. Kamal Ram, a Gurjar sepoy, was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry.

Demographics

Gurjars are mainly concentrated in the Indo-Gangetic plains, the Himalayan region, and eastern parts of Afghanistan, although the Gujjar diaspora is found in other places as well. A majority of Gurjars follow Hinduism and Islam, though small Gujjar communities following other religions exist.

India

In India, Gurjar populations are found mainly in Gujarat, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, western Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, northern Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra. The semi-nomadic Gujjar groups are found in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and north-western Uttar Pradesh. The name for the state of Gujarat has derived from "Gurjar".

Gujari (or Gojri), classified under Rajasthani, has traditionally been the primary language of the Gujjars. But, Gurjars living in different areas speak several other languages including Hindi, Marathi, Urdu, Punjabi, Pothohari, Pahari languages (such as Dogri and Kangri), Pashto language, Dardic languages (such as Kashmiri and Khowar), and Balti.

Gurjars in North India are now considered as a vote bank by some political parties. Rajesh Pilot was a major Gurjar leader in North India. The Gujjars were classified as a Scheduled Tribe in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir, and as Other Backward Class in Rajasthan Haryana and Madhya Pradesh & Uttar Pradesh.

Delhi

There are near about 70 Gurjar dominated villages in Delhi, most of them concentrated in South and East Delhi. The main Gurjar gotras in Delhi are:

Lohmod Lohia: (about 3 - 4 village in South delhi i.e. Aayanagar, Ghitorni & Nathupur)

Dedha: (about 24 villages in East Delhi)

Baisoya :(6 villages mainly in the central zone—Pilanji, Aliganj, Khairpur, Joodbagh, Purani Pilanji, Garhi-Jhariya Marhiya)

Chaprana: 1 village Julaina which was established by Haryana's village Mewla's Gurjars since 150 years ago

Basista/Bosatta: 2 villages in Delhi - Sarai Kale Khan and Khanpur

Tanwar: 7 villages in Delhi namely Chandan Hola, Asola, Fathpur Beri, Mandi, Dera, Choti Bhati and Bhati Mines or Baas

Bidhuri: 5-6 villages in Delhi such as Tughlaqabad, Madanpur Khadar and Jasola.

Khari: 5-6 villages in Delhi such as Sultanpur, Rampura, Chandrawal and Wazirpur

Rankne: 2 villages in Dellhi Aali and badarpur.

Bainsla: Kotla Mubarak Pur one village in Delhi.

Naagar: Hasanpur Nagla in East Delhi.

Daak: 1 village tamur nagar.

Maavi: 1 village Tekhand

Koli: 1 village Zamrudpur

Haryana

Haryana has a big population of Gurjars, most of whom are engaged in farming. The main gotras of Gurjars of Haryana are:Ambavata(1 village in Gurgaon Ullawass and 2nd is Jonapur in Delhi), Chaprana (1 Village Mevla-Maharajpur), Basista/Bosatta (2 villages- Siha & Khatela), Bhadana (14 villages), Tanwar ( villages- Karna, Rampur), Kasana, Mavi (10 Village), Nagar (84 villages), Khatana (village Rithauz and 11 more), Dhakar (7 Village), Baisla (26 village), Phagna (1 Village) and Poswal (3 village), Chhokar 51 village in Panipat Rawal (81 village),Mundan(panwar),Devdhar,Rawat in yamunanagar,ambala disst., Chandila (5 villages)n chechi(25 villages), Chauhans (near Hissar).

The Gurjar community in Haryana has set elaborate guidelines for solemnizing marriages and holding other functions. They also highly concentrated in Yamunanagar, Ambala, Krukshetra, Karnal, Panipat, Gurgaon, Kaithal, Hissar, and in many other cities. In a mahapanchayat ("the great panchayat"), the Gujjar community decided that those who sought dowry would be excommunicated from the society. Dasrath Bhadana, a Commando is now an officer in Indian Navy from Village Mandori near Mandkola awarded Saurya Chakra in Kashmir Valley.

Jammu and Kashmir

In the Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir, the concentration of Gujjars is observed in the districts of Rajouri and Poonch, followed by, Ananatnag, Udhampur and Doda districts. It is believed that Gujjars migrated to Jammu and Kashmir from Gujarat (via Rajasthan) and Hazara district of NWFP. Another group called Bakarwal (or Bakerwal) belongs to the same ethnic stock as the Gujjars, and inter-marriages freely take place among them.

The Gujjars and the Bakarwals in Jammu and Kashmir were notified as the Scheduled Tribes vide the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 1991.

The Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir in 2007 demanded to treat this tribal community as a linguistic minority in the State and provide constitutional safeguards to their language Gojri. They also impressed upon the state government to take up the matter with Delhi for inclusion of Gojri in the list of official languages of India.

In 2002, some Gujjars and Bakarwals in J&K; demanded a separate state (Gujaristan) for Gujjar and Bakerwal communities, under the banner of All India Gujjar Parishad.

Van Gujjars

The Van Gujjars("forest Gujjars") are found in the Shivalik hills area of North India. The Van Gujjars follow Islam, and they have their own clans, similar to the Hindu gotras. They are a pastoral semi-nomadic community, practising transhumance. In the winter season, the Van Gujjars migrate with their herds to the Shiwalik foothills, and in summer, they migrate to pastures high up in the mountains. The Van Gujjars have had conflicts with the forest authorities, who prohibited human and livestock populations inside a reserved park, and blamed the Van Gujjar community for poaching and timber smuggling. Later, a community forest management (CFM) programme aiming to involve the Van Gujjars in forest management was launched.

Rajasthan

are organized two times in a year at Demali, Maalasheri, Asind and Jodhpuriya]] , one of the 24 Gurjar brothers collectively known as Bagaravats, at Dev Dham Jodhpuriya temple.]]

There is close connection between Pushkar and Gurjar community.Pushkar is considered one of the holiest place to visit.According to Rajputana Gazetteer Pushkar was held by Chechi Gujjars (Gurjars) till about 700 years ago. According to a legend consort of Brahma, Goddess Gayatri, belonged to Chechi clan of the Gurjars. There are still priests from Gurjar community in Pushkar temple known as Bhopas.

Songs pertaining to lord Krishna and Gurjars are well famous in Gurjar inhibited areas as Nand Mihir, the foster father of Lord Krishna, is said to belong to the Gurjars. and Radha, the consort of Lord Krishna was also a Gurjari, belonging to village Barsana, near Mathura.

The Rajasthani Gurjars worship the Sun God, God Devnarayan, Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva and Goddess Bhavani. Major focus is given to worship lord Devnarayan as incarnation of lord Vishnu.

The Gurjars form two divisions here.They are Laur or Lava Gurjars, who claim to be descendant from Lava, son of lord Ramchandra and Khari Gurjars, who claim to be descendant from Kush, other son of lord Ramchandra.Lor Gurjars usually don't intermarry with Khari Gurjars, though both enjoy same social status.

Gurjars form one of the major communities in Rajashtan, and are seen as a vote bank by political parties. The Gurjars of Rajasthan are predominantly rural, pastoral and agriculturist community. They keep cows, buffalo, goats and sheep for milk products.The Gujars lead a technologically simple life in close harmony with its natural environment. In Rajasthan, some members of the Gurjar community resorted to violent protests over the issue of reservation in 2006 and 2007. The more powerful and more influential Jat community had been included under the Other Backward Classes (OBC) category, which prompted the Gurjars to demand Scheduled Tribe (ST) status. During the 2003 election to the Rajasthan assembly, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) promised them ST status. However, the party failed to keep its promise after coming to the power, resulting in protests by the Gujjars in September 2006.

In May 2007, during violent protests over the reservation issue, the members of the Gurjar community clashed with the police twenty six people (including two policemen). Subsequently, the Gurjars protested violently, under various groups including the Gurjar Sangarsh Samiti, Gujjar Mahasabha and the Gujjar Action Committee The protestors blocked roads and set fire to two police stations and some vehicles. Presently, the Gurjars in Rajasthan are classified as Other Backward Classes (OBCs).

On June 5, 2007 the Gurjar rioted over their desire to be added to the governments of India list of tribes who are given preference in India government job selection as well as placement in the schools sponsored by the states of India. This preference is given under a system designed to help India's poor and disadvantaged citizens. However, other tribes on the list oppose this request as it would make it harder to obtain the few positions already set aside.

In December 2007, the Akhil Bhartiya Gurjar Mahasabha ("All-India Gurjar Council") stated that the community would boycott BJP, which is in power in Rajasthan. But now in 2009 all Gurjars were supporting BJP so that they can be politically benefitted. Kirori Singh Bainsala fought and lost at BJP ticket. In early 2000s, the Gujjar community in Rajasthan was also in news for the falling sex ratio, unavailability of brides and the resulting polyandry.

In Rajasthan, a guest, even if he is total stranger, is treated with great courtesy and looked after with much warmth which is specially characteristic of rural people.

Uttar Pradesh

, Indian freedom fighter of the Indian Rebellion of 1857.]] In Uttar Pradesh, the Gurjar populations are found mainly in the western U.P. region. This includes Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Bijnor, Moradabad, Ghaziabad, Noida, Bulandshahar, Pilibhit and Bareilly. In Noida to a lesser extent, they are also found in Rampur, Agra and Bundelkhand (Baghpat).

Generally, the Gurjars in Western U.P. and N.C.R. are well-off; their economy depends on agriculture, milk trade and production, and to a minor extent, real estate. Recently, the current generation boys & girls have started doing well in the field of education as well. Villages like Bhagout, Bhaidapur, Shaklpura, Dagarpur & Jawli have started progressing mainly because they are granting good education to their children.

Madhya Pradesh

According to the British records, the Gurjar population in Central India was around 56,000 in 1911. Most of these Gurjars were concentrated in the Nimar and Hoshangabad regions of the Narmada vallery. Most of these were migrants from the Gwalior region, Bhind Dist. in Gurjar Villages Kanathar, Kairora, Kaimokhari, Dandaraoa (famous Hanuman Temple), Katarol, Etayada, Bagarai, Habipura, Kadhuma, Karaua, like samething 50-60 villages in Bhind dist. in Madhya Pradesh. While some of the Gurjars in Nimar area were immigrants from Gujarat.

Gujarat and Maharashtra

A few scholars believe that the Leva Kunbis (or Kambis) of Gujarat, a section of the Patidars, are possibly of Gurjar origin. However, several others state that the Patidars are Kurmis or Kunbis (Kanbis); the National Commission for Backward Classes of India lists Leva Patidars (or Lewa Petidars) as a sub-caste of Kunbis/Kurmis. Dode Gujar and Dore Gujar are listed as separate caste in Maharastra and Gujjar are included in OBC list in Gujarat but Patidars are not. Most of Patidar associations clearly mention in their history that they are the part of Kurmi Samaj.

Among Marathas, one of the major clans is called "Bargujar". Prataprao Gujar was the third royal Sarnaubat (Commander-in-chief) of Maratha ruler Shivaji's army. Sidhoji Bargujar was a notable admiral in Shivaji's navy. The Khandesh region in Maharashtra has a sizable Gujar population, the major sub-castes being Dode Gujar, Leva Gujar, Bargujar etc.

A community using Gurjar and Gurjarpadhye as their surnames resides in the coastal Konkan region of Maharashtra, inhabiting Pangre, Hasol, and other villages in Ratnagiri District. Originally bearing the name "Gurjarpadhye", many now prefer to call themselves Gurjar. The community may have been living in the Konkan region for at least three centuries, although this estimate may be inaccurate. The community is a sub-caste of the larger Karhade Brahmin group and speaks the Marathi language. This community might be a part of the bigger Gujar community. However, it is difficult to explain how they settled down in the Konkan region and are Brahmins rather than Kshatriyas. Local pandits claim that the Gurjars are essentially a priestly community and that it is only the subcastes that assumed Kshatriya status in order to earn a livelihood in other more practical professions.

Gujar are also found in some clans of Kshtriya Dhangar.Dode Gujar and Dore Gujar are listed as separate caste in Maharastra and are included in OBC list in Maharashtra.

Gujars of Nagpur form one of the leading clan of Satghare or Seven Houses.Last prince of Nagpur was from Gurjar clan.

There is also one another separate caste in Maharashtra called as "Reve Gujars". Dode Gujars and Reve Gujars speak a special kind of language called as "Gujari" or "Gujrau".

Pakistan

The Muslim Gujjars are considered to be a major tribe in Pakistan; in fact, they compromise as much as twenty percent of the country's entire populaion. Gujjars have given their names to several places in Pakistan, including Gujranwala, Gujjar Nallah, Gujar Khan, Gojra and Gujrat. The Gujjars have migrated and settled in many urban areas of Pakistan. Islamabad, Sialkot, Lahore, Faisalabad and Karachi has now large Gujjar population. Some population is also present in urban and rural areas of Sindh and Balochistan. Male Gujjars are entitled to use the prefix Ch. (abbreviation for Chaudhury) in front of their first name. This acts as a courtesy title.

Pakistan Administered Kashmir

There are many prominent Gujjar families in the Pakistan Administered Kashmir , in the following places: Pramekot, Rahimkot, Riat, Dadyal, Mirpur, Bhalot Chowk (Mirpur), Mandi Village (Ddayal),Sahalia (Dadyal) Saliah Village (Dayal), Kund (Dadyal), Kotli (Khoi Ratta, Anderla Kothera, Shaheen Abad, Dakkhana, Phalini, Khor, Ghayeen, Kerjai, Barali Gala, Nidi Sohana. In the Nakiyal District, Kotli the Gujjars are majority, in population, business, education, and politics the majority of Gujjars families are settled in America, England, France, Canada and other European countries, the common Gujjars villages in Teh Nakiyal are Nirgal, Karaila, Lanjot, Mhandethar, Balmi, Narran ni Tarrar, Bhandi, Tharkundi, Palani, Jair, Mohrha sharief, Khandhar, Supply, Phanag, Sehnsa, Bagh (Haveli), Hajirah, Abbaspour Bura Jungle, Muzaffarabad and Neelum District.

Afghanistan

According to Asiatick Society (Calcutta, India), before the reign of ACHAR, all the Zamindaar (landlords) of Mandar Afghanistan were of the Gujar race.The Gujars of Afghanistan are still brave and most of them are pastoral.They are numerous in Hashtnagar district. A significant number of Gujjars are also found in eastern Kunar province of Afghanistan. In fact, they are mentioned in the national anthem of Afghanistan in the list of the names of the people. The Gujjars of Afghanistan speak Pashto as they have settled in Pashtuns dominated areas and have adopted their language.

See also

List of Gujjars

List of Gujjar Clans

Gurjara Pratihara, Gurjar pratihars ruled much of Northern India from the 6th to the 11th centuries.

Devnarayan, a folk deity worshiped as incarnation of Lord Vishnu mostly in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

Devnarayan Ki Phad, Cloth paintings which depicts the legend of Shri Devnarayan.

Gujari, Traditional language of the Gurjars.

Bakarwal, a group closely related to the Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir.

Rajasthani people

References

External links

Report of NDTV on Baisoya Gurjars of Kalka Garhi (a village in central Delhi) and their traditions including their ruling monarchs

Most active Gujjar discussion forum with almost every possible information on Gujjars

Gujjar International Forum

Website telling about Gurjar history and their origin

First web platform for Gurjars with more than 1000 registered members

Article on Gujjars from book People of India Volume XXIV Himachal Pradesh

Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir

Further reading

Ratanlala Varma, Bhāratīya saṃskr̥ti ke rakshaka, Bharatiya Gurjara Parishad, 1987

Rana Ali Hasan Chauhan, A short history of the Gurjars: (past and present), Begum Akbar Jahan Foundation of Gurjar Desh Charitable Trust, 2001

Jayasimha, Gurjara aura Unakā Itihāsa meṃ Yogadāna Vishaya para Prathama Itihāsa Sammelana, Volume 1,Bharatiya Gurjara Parishad, 1993

Ganapati Simha, 1857 ke Gūjara śahīda: Bhāratīya itihāsa kā śānadāra adhyāya, Cau. Jñānendra Siṃha Bhaḍānā, 1984

Mulatānasiṃha Varmā, Deśa, videśa meṃ Gurjara kyā haiṃ tathā kyā the?: Gurjara itihāsa, Akhila Bhāratīya Gurjara Samāja Sudhāra Sabhā, 1984

Category:Gurjar Category:Ethnic groups in India Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan Category:Indo-Scythian peoples Category:Social groups of Pakistan Category:Social groups of Rajasthan Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir Category:Kashmiri tribes Category:Punjabi tribes Category:Hindkowan tribes Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh Category:Social groups of Haryana Category:Social groups of Punjab (Pakistan) Category:Social groups of Himachal Pradesh Category:Ethnic groups in Kunar Province Category:Ruling Hindu clans Category:Kshatriya Category:Indo-Aryan peoples Category:Indian warriors Category:Demographic history of India

Name	Sultan Rahi
Birthname	Sultan Muhammad
Birthdate	1938 – 9 January 1996
Occupation	actor
Yearsactive	1959–1996

Sultan Muhammad (Punjabi:سلطان محمد) (popularly known as Sultan Rahi) (1938 - 9 January 1996) was a Pakistani film actor who was prominent in Pakistan in Punjabi films during the 1970s and 1980s. He was mostly popular among people in Punjab, Pakistan and among Sikh and Punjabi community of India.. He appeared in more than 700 Punjabi and Urdu-language movies, and is named in the Guinness Book of Records as the most prolific actor. Some of his major films include Maula Jatt, Sher Khan, Chan Veryam, Kaley Chore, and The Godfather. At the time of death, he was 58 years old.

Professional career

He was an Urdu-speaking Muhajir whose family migrated from India Sultan Rahi was an extra in the 1959 film Baghi. Although he struggled for a few years in the early 1960s, playing only a few supporting roles. The turning point came in 1972, when three of his films celebrated diamond jubilees. In 1975 he became an action icon for the lovers of Punjabi films. The year 1979, changed his whole life as his film Maula Jatt became the most successful Pakistani film to date. It broke all records and did wonders for the Pakistani film industry. Rahi worked most often with directors Masood Rana and Younas Malik. He appeared in over 750 Punjabi and Urdu-language films. Rahi dominated the film industry for decades until his murder on 9 January 1996; he was shot dead on the main highway in Pakistan known as GT Road. Sultan Rahi liker and likeness name Abdul Shakoor from Lahore.

Box office records

Rahi is so far the only actor in Pakistan who appeared in diamond jubilee films as both hero and villain. He is the only leading actor whose films (Maula Jatt and Sher Khan) celebrated diamond jubilees in Karachi in their second runs.

Selected filmography

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="3" background: #f9f9f9; |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- |1971 |Dil aur Dunia | |- |rowspan=3|1972 |Khan Chacha | | |- |Sultan | | |- |Bashira | | |- |rowspan=3|1973 |Banarsi Thag | | |- |Zarq Khan | | |- |Bala Gujjar | | |- |rowspan=4|1974 |Dillagi | | |- |Ultimatum | | |- |Rastay ka Pather | | |- |Sidha Rasta | | |- |rowspan=3|1975 |Dada | | |- |Wehshi Jatt | | |- |Shareef Badmash | | |- |rowspan=2|1976 |Toofan | | |- |Jagga Gujjar | | |- |rowspan=3|1977 |Lahori Badsha | | |- |Qanoon | | |- |Jeera sain | | |- |1978 |Ranga Daku | | |- |rowspan=4|1979 |Jatt Soorma | | |- |Maula Jatt | | |- |Goga Sher | | |- |Wehshi Gujjar | | |- |rowspan=3|1980 |Behram Daku | | |- |Boycot | | |- |Hitler (also: Hitlar) | | |- |rowspan=10|1981 |Anokha Daaj | | |- |Sher Maidan Da | | |- |Miley Ga Zulm Da Badla | | |- |Jeedar | | |- |Jatt in London | | |- |Veryaam | | |- |Athra Puttar | | |- |Sher Khan | | |- |Sala Sahib | | |- |Chan Veryam | | |- |rowspan=3|1982 |Do Bigha Zameen | | |- |Muftber | | |- |Rustam | | |- |rowspan=7|1983 |Raka | | |- |Lawaris | | |- |Dara Baloch | | |- |Rustam Khan | | |- |Murad Khan | | |- |Shan | | |- |Baghi Sher | | |- |rowspan=4|1984 |Kalia | | |- |Sholay | | |- |Qatil Hasina | | |- |Jabar Khan | | |- |rowspan=3|1985 |Qismat | | |- |Ajab Khan | | |- |Jagga | | |- |rowspan=2|1986 |Qaidi | | |- |Queemat | | |- |rowspan=5|1987 |Sangal | | |- |Allah Rakha | | |- |Dulari | | |- |Badal | | |- |Nache Nagan | | |- |rowspan=4|1988 |Mola Bakhsh | | |- |Mafroor | | |- |Hasina 420 | | |- |Roti | | |- |rowspan=9|1989 |Hakumat | | |- |Super Girl | | |- |Kalka | | |- |Balawal | | |- |Sultana | | |- |Dakait | | |- |Rangiley Jasoos | | |- |Mujram | | |- |Khuda Bux | | |- |rowspan=2|1990 |Siren | | |- |Sher Dil | | |- |rowspan=5|1991 |Sher Dil | | |- |Kaley Chore | | |- |Chiraghbali | | |- |Badmash Thug | | |- |Qatil Qaidi | | |- |1992 |Majhoo | | |- |1994 |Bala Pere Da | | |- |1996 |Sakhi Badsha | | |}

References

External links

Sultan Rahi & his 804 films

Category:Pakistani film actors Category:1938 births Category:1996 deaths Category:People from Lahore Category:Nigar Award winners Category:Muhajir people Category:Pakistani Muslims

Mustafa Qureshi (Urdu: مصطفی قریشی) was born in Bannu before partition of India. He is a Pakistani film actor. He gained popularity from Punjabi films. His iconic role as the villain Noori Nat in the movie Maulajut became a trademark and he went on to adapt similar roles for many years to come. He did regret being typecast as he wished to show his versatility in acting.

Filmography

2008 Basanti. Suhagan. 2007 Soha Jora. 2000 Angaray. 1996 Chief Sahib. Mummy. Jeeva 1995 Sargam. Chaahat. 1992 Nag Devta. 1991 International Gorillay. Loha. Shadmani 1988 Aag Hi Aag. Choron Ka Badshah. 1985 Hong Kong Key Sholay. 1984 Sholay. 1980 Hitlar. 1979 Maulajut. He started his film career as villain from film "Lakhoon Main Aik" in seventies.

He is also considered to be a big supporter of Pakistan Peoples Party. He has worked with Benazir Bhutto and shows a real dedication towards the manifesto of the party. his mother language is sindhi

External links

Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Pakistani people Category:Pakistani actors Category:Pakistani film actors Category:Nigar Award winners Category:Pakistani Muslims