Vocal music is a genre of music performed by one or more singers, with or without instrumental accompaniment, in which singing (i.e. vocal performance) provides the main focus of the piece. Music which employs singing but does not feature it prominently is generally considered instrumental music (e.g. the wordless women's choir in the final movement of Holst's The Planets) as is music without singing. Music without any non-vocal instrumental accompaniment is referred to as a cappella.

Vocal music typically features sung words called lyrics, although there are notable examples of vocal music that are performed using non-linguistic syllables or noises, sometimes as musical onomatopoeia. A short piece of vocal music with lyrics is broadly termed a song.

Vocal music is probably the oldest form of music, since it does not require any instrument besides the human voice. All musical cultures have some form of vocal music.

Vocal music without lyrics

World traditions

Elaborate untexted vocal improvisation was and still is an important element in Turkish and Middle Eastern music traditions. Such music existed prior to the 13th century and the First Crusade into Palestine and the city of Jerusalem, possibly even before the year 900.

The modern descendants of the ancient Kung tribes and clans of Southern Africa utilize similar traditional music techniques.

A form of improvisation known as thillana is a very important feature of Carnatic music from South India.

Tuvan throat singing often features wordless and improvised song. The sygyt technique is a particularly good example of this.

The Anglo-Saxon and Gaelic communities.

Hasidic Jews use a form of voice improvisation called nigunim. This consists of wordless tunes vocalized with sounds such as "Bim-bim-bam" or "Ai-yai-yai!” often accompanied by rhythmic clapping and drumming on the table.

Puirt a beul, also known as "Mouth Music", is a Scottish technique based around imitating the sounds of bagpipes, fiddles, and other instruments used in traditional Scottish music. It was popularized in North America by Scottish immigrants, and has been incorporated into many forms of American music from roots music to bluegrass.

European classical vocal music

Solfege, a vocalized musical scale, assigns various syllables such as ‘‘Do-Re-Mi‘‘ to each note. A variety of similar tools are found in traditional Indian music, and scat singing of jazz.

Jazz and popular music

Hip hop music has a very distinct form of vocal percussion known as beatboxing. It involves creating beats, rhythms, and scratching.

The singer of the Icelandic group Sigur Rós, Jón Þór Birgisson, often uses vocals without words, as does Icelandic singer/songwriter, Björk. Her album Medúlla is composed entirely of processed and acoustic vocal music, including beatboxing, choral arrangements and throat singing.

Singer Bobby McFerrin has recorded a number of albums using only his voice and body, sometimes consisting of a texted melody supported by untexted vocalizations.

Vocal music with lyrics

Songs

See Song and : Category: Song forms for short forms of music with sung words.

Extended techniques that involve lyrics

The Second Viennese School, especially Alban Berg and Arnold Schoenberg, pioneered a technique called Sprechstimme in which singers half-talk, half-sing, and only approximate pitches.

Wide-ranging voices

Lucrezia Aguiari: C4 - C7.

*Elizabeth Billington: A3 - A6.

*Maria Callas: F#3 - E6. Some said she have hit an F6. In his review of Callas's June 11, 1951 concert in Florence, music critic Rock Ferris of ''Musical Courier said, "Her high E's and F's are taken full voice." In a 1969 French television interview with Pierre Desgraupes on the program L'invité du dimanche'', La Scala's maestro Francesco Siciliani speaks of Callas's voice going to high F. Manuel Garcia: G or A2 - D5.

*Maria Malibran: G3 - E6.

*Mado Robin: E4 - D7.

*Yma Sumac: her range was said to be "well over four octaves" and was sometimes claimed to span even five octaves at her peak.

See also

Choir

Human Voice

National Center for Voice and Speech

Phonation

Sweet Adelines International

Vocable

Vocal registration

Vocal learning

References

Vocal music Category:Oral communication Category:Singing

Name	Avicii
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Tim Bergling
Alias	Tim Berg, Avicii
Born	September 08, 1989
Origin	Stockholm, Sweden
Genre	House, Electro house, Progressive house
Occupation	Electronic musician, DJ, record producer
Years active	2008–present
Label	Strike Recordings, Joia Records, Vicious Vinyl, Ministry of Sound Australia
Url

Avicii, (born 8 September 1989) also known as Tim Berg, is a DJ, remixer, and record producer from Sweden. His single "Bromance" has charted in the top 20 on the national Belgium, Netherlands, and Sweden. A new version with lyrics called "Seek Bromance" has also charted on the UK charts and #1 on the international Beatport DJ charts. His most well-known singles include "Bromance" and "My Feelings for You".

In October 2010, he signed with the European A&R; team with EMI Music Publishing, which is the largest music publisher in the world. Based in London and New York City, EMI is the fourth-largest business group and family of record labels in the recording industry, making it one of the "big four" record companies and a member of the RIAA.

Influences

His influences include Laidback Luke, Steve Angello, Axwell, Eric Prydz, and Daft Punk. Avicii's first big track "Manman", was released on Pete Tong's label, Bedroom Bedlam, after winning Pete Tong's Fast Trax with 70 percent of the votes.

World tour

In 2010, Avicii embarked on his first world tour, primarily encompassing North America and western Europe.

In North America, he has played at Club Glow in Washington D.C.; SET and Nikki Beach in Miami; Club Pacha in New York City; Electric Zoo Festival at Randall's Island in New York; Electric Daisy Carnival at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum; Ruby Skye in San Francisco; Vision Night Club in Chicago; The Guvernment in Toronto, Canada; Beta in Waterloo, Canada; Muzique in Montréal, Québec; Club Mansion in London,Ontario, Canada and Wet Republic's Daylife in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Several of his concerts have been recorded for Sirius XM Radio's Trance and Progressive House channel. On 23 October 2010, in support of his world tour, Avicii presented his work in an exclusive hour-long set on Channel 38 of the Electric Area on Sirius XM Radio.

Discography

Singles

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2"|Year ! rowspan="2"|Song ! colspan="7"|Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2"|Album |- !style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"|SWE !style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"|BEL (FLA) !style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"|BEL (WAL) !style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"|NL !style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"|UK !style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"|UK
DAN !style="width:4em;font-size:85%;"|UK
Indie |- |rowspan="2"| 2009 |align="left"| "Ryú" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |rowspan="6"|To be confirmed |- |align="left"| "Alcoholic" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |- |rowspan="4"| 2010 |align="left"| "Tweet It" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |- |align="left"| "Bromance" | 13 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 13 | 3 | 1 |- |align="left"| "My Feelings for You" | 37 | — | — | 51 | 46 | 4 | 7 |- |align="left"| "iTrack" | — | — | — | 72 | — | — | — |- |}

References

External links

Category:Living people Category:Remixers Category:Swedish house musicians Category:Swedish record producers Category:1989 births

Name	The Thrillseekers
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Steve Helstrip
Alias	En Motion, Insigma, Rapid Eye, Morpheus and Hydra
Born	England, United Kingdom
Instrument	Synthesizer, Drum Machine etc.
Genre	Electronica Trance
Occupation	Trance DJ, Trance Producer
Years active	1998-present
Label	Adjusted Music, Neo, ATCR, Y2K and Positiva
Url	www.thethrillseekers.co.uk

The Thrillseekers (born Steve Helstrip) is the name of an English trance DJ, producer and remixer. He has been at the forefront of the trance genre since the release in 1998 of his critically acclaimed track, Synaesthesia. He has also worked under the guises of En Motion, Insigma, Rapid Eye, and Hydra. He is also prominent for his work in remixing, having remixed work by, among others, Tiësto, Ferry Corsten, Timo Maas, Sonique, Chicane, Blank & Jones, and Seb Fontaine. He owns his own record label, Adjusted Music.

Steve Helstrip has worked with pioneers like Trevor Horn, shared co-production credits with Chicane and co-wrote on Ferry Corsten’s Grammy award nominated ‘Right of Way’ album. He has remixed Tiësto and Armin, amongst many others, and reworked Sonique’s ‘Feels So Good’ into a worldwide No. 1 record.

Helstrip is also a DJ. The Ministry, Gallery, PaSSion and Gatecrasher have all born witness to his mixing, style and performances. Just 12 months after he first put needle to vinyl, he found himself invited to play at Paul van Dyk’s Birthday party. 2004 saw The Thrillseekers crack DJ Mag's Top 100 DJ's chart for the first time, in 2006 and 2007 Thrillseekers landed at positions 45 & 52 respectively.

The Thrillseekers story started back in 1999, where, with a relatively basic home studio Helstrip constructed the trance milestone that is ‘Synaesthesia’. Signed and released by Neo Records in 1999, at the height of the trance explosion, it has gone on to sell over 1,000,000 copies, across its numerous, repeated worldwide releases.

Following the collapse of Neo Records in 2003, Helstrip took charge of his catalogue by launching his own label Adjusted Music. With demand high for the re-releases of 'Synaesthesia' and ‘Affinity’ (which was originally came out under his Hydra moniker), both tracks were brought back out in 2004, to a huge response. As well as releasing his own records, Helstrip also sought out fresh talent for Adjusted. He signed the club hits ‘Safe to Dream’ by Russian act Evolve and ‘Alone Again’ by transatlantic duo Deep Voices. His remix of the former showcased a new housier sound, one which was fully realised with his ‘By Your Side’ release. The track was championed by Paul van Dyk and Pete Tong, being marked up, quite simply, as “Brilliant” by the latter, after he played it on Radio 1.

Artist collaborations have played an important part in Helstrip’s production career. Immediately following the success of ‘Synaesthesia’ Helstrip went on to launch a new moniker for M.O.S. subsidiary, Incentive. En-Motion was born with ‘Truth’ in 2000 and ‘Getting Away with It’ following in 2002. In the adjoining years he also partnered collaborations with Andy ‘Pulser’ Perring as Insigma (‘Insigma’/’Open Our Eyes’/’Avalon’) and with ATCR owner Tim Stark under the name Rapid Eye ('Never Going Back'/"Circa-Forever"/"Stealing Beauty"/'Santa Cruz'/'Absolut').

In late 2005 The Thrillseekers moved into compilation territory, with the release of ‘Night Music Vol 1’. The CD and 30 date world tour that followed it generated Stateside and Russian releases of the comp. Early summer 2007 saw the follow-up hit the stores. ‘NM Volume 2’ again encompassed a world tour (expanded to 40 dates over 5 months) and gained additional territorial releases in China, Taiwan & The Philippines.

Discography

Albums

Nightmusic Volume 1 (2006)

Nightmusic Volume 2 (2007)

Nightmusic Volume 3 (2008)

Singles

As The Thrillseekers:

1999 'Synaesthesia' [Neo]

1999 'Castaway' [Neo]

1999 '36 weeks' [Neo]

2002 'Dreaming of You' [MOS]

2002 'Escape' [Adjusted]

2004 'NewLife' [Adjusted]

2004 'Synaesthesia 2004' [Adjusted]

2005 'By Your Side' [Adjusted]

2005 'Sublime' [Tsunami] with Ferry Corsten

2007 'Waiting Here For You' [Adjusted] featuring Aruna

2008 'The Last Time' [Adjusted] featuring Fisher

2008 'City Of Angels' [Adjusted]

2010 'Savanna' [Armada]

2010 'Effectual' (The Thrillseekers vs. M.I.K.E.) [Armada]

As Rapid Eye:

1999 "Alderaan" [ATCR]

1999 "H.E.I.G.H.T.S." [ATCR]

2000 "Never Going Back" [ATCR]

2002 "Circa Forever" [ATCR]

2003 "Stealing Beauty" [ATCR]

2004 "Santa Cruz" [ATCR]

2004 "Absolut" [ATCR]

2008 "Circa Forever - 2008 Remixes" [ATCR]

As Insigma:

2000 "Insigma/Evolution" [ATCR]

2000 "Open our Eyes" [ATCR]

2003 "Avalon" [ATCR]

As En-Motion:

2000 'Truth" [IDJ]

2002 "Getting Away With It" [Incentive]

2002 "Getting Away With It (Don't Be Afraid)" [Incentive]

As Hydra:

2003 "Affinity" [Discover]

As Morpheus:

2003 'Signs/Magnetica' [Captivating Sounds]

Remixes

As The Thrillseekers:

1999 Free Radical - "Unity Theme" [ATCR]

1999 Force Majeure - "Redemption" [Additive Three]

1999 Rapid Eye - "Alderaan" (as Thrillseekers v. Rapid Eye) [ATCR]

1999 Alice Deejay - "Back In My Life" [Positiva]

1999 Silhouette - "Cant Wait To Find Love" [Neo]

1999 Cequenza - "Cequenza" (as Rapid Eye v. Thrillseekers) [Spot On]

1999 Compulsive - "Movin'" [Amato International]

1999 Digitale - "New York Doll" [Y2K]

1999 Chicane - "Saltwater (Ambient Mix)" [Xtravaganza]

1999 Taskforce - "Touch Me" [Y2K]

2000 Blank & Jones - "Beyond Time" [Gang Go]

2000 Rhythm of Life - "You Put Me In Heaven With Your Touch" [Xtravaganza]

2000 Ascension - "Someone" [Code Blue]

2000 Chicane - "Autumn Tactics" [Xtravaganza]

2000 Tiesto & Armin van Buuren pres. Alibi - "Eternity" [Vandit/Armind]

2001 Vincent de Moor - "Fly Away" [Virgin]

2001 Orinoko - "Island" [Positiva]

2002 En Motion - "Getting Away With It (Instrumental Mix)" [Incentive]

2002 Chicane - "Saltwater 2002 (House Mix)" [Xtravaganza]

2002 Matt Schwartz pres. Sholan - "Can You Feel (What I'm Going Thru)" [Ministry of Sound]

2003 Jan Johnston - "Calling Your Name" [Platipus]

2003 Alizee - "A Countre Courant" [Universal]

2003 Alizee - "J'en Ai Marre" (as Soft Skin) [Universal]

2003 Hydra - "Affinity" [Discover]

2004 Usual Aspect - "Mr Blue" [Motion Recordings]

2004 Ferry Corsten - "Sweet Sorrow" [Tsunami]

2004 Rapid Eye - "Circa Forever" (Ambient Mix) [ATCR]

2004 8 Wonders - "The Morning After" [Somatic Sense]

2004 Witness of Wonder - "Emotions in Motion" [ATCR]

2004 Evolve - "Safe To Dream" [Adjusted]

2004 Reflekt feat Delline Bass - "Need To Feel Loved" [Positiva]

2005 Pulser - "Square One" [ATCR]

2005 Lange ft. Kirsty Hawkshaw - "Sincere for You" (re-released 2008) [Adjusted]

2005 Ferry Corsten vs. The Thrillseekers - "Sublime" [Tsunami]

2009 Solarstone ft. Elizabeth Fields - "Part of Me" [Solaris]

2009 Chicane - "Poppiholla" [Armada]

2010 Arcane Science - "Still Feel (You Here)" [Adjusted]

As En-Motion:

1998 York - "Farewell To The Moon" [Positiva]

1998 Aurora - "Hear You Calling" [Additive]

1999 The Thrillseekers - "Synaesthesia" [Neo]

1999 Starparty "I'm In Love" [Incentive]

2000 Sonique - "It Feels So Good" [Serious]

2000 Free Radical - "Surreal" [ATCR]

2004 The Thrillseekers - "Synaesthesia 2004" (Re-edit) [Adjusted]

As Rapid Eye:

1999 Cequenza - "Cequenza [Spot On]

1999 Compulsive - "Movin" [Spot On]

2000 Timo Maas - "Der Sheiber" [Perfecto]

2000 Blank & Jones - "The Nightfly" [Gang Go]

2000 Gee Motion - "Blue Angel" [Perfecto]

2002 Rapid Eye - "Circa Forever" [ATCR]

2004 Rapid Eye - "Absolut" [ATCR]

References

External links

thethrillseekers.co.uk, Helstrip's homepage

Adjusted Music, record label owned by Helstrip

Steve Helstrip's Twitter

Category:British DJs Category:English record producers Category:English trance musicians Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people

Name	Guru Josh
Birthname	Paul Walden
Born	June 09, 1964
Background	non_performing_personnel
Genre	Acid House, Techno, Electro house
Years active	1981–present
Label	Deconstruction, Ministry of Sound,
Associated acts	Seal and Adamski
Url	Official Website

Paul Walden (born 6 June 1964), commonly known as Guru Josh, is an English musician currently part of the electronic band The Guru Josh Project. Guru Josh was an original music icon of the British post-acid house music scene in 1990, most recognised for his debut single "Infinity," initially released in 1989 on Walden's record label, Infinity Records. The song was later re-released in 1990 by BMG Records, and remixed for re-release in 2008 by the German artist DJ Klaas.

Early life

Walden is the son of a Jersey dentist, Harold Walden. After studying dentistry in 1981, he began his career as an entertainer and keyboard player at the Sands nightclub in Jersey, performing under the name of Syndrone and Animal and his Crazy Organs. Soon after, he joined forces with the likes of Seal and Adamski.

"Infinity"

In 1989, Guru Josh released "Infinity," also known as "Infinity (1990s... Time for the Guru)," from the album of the same name. The song achieved widespread success in Europe, especially in Germany, the UK, Portugal and Austria. The song was later re-mixed and re-released on multiple occasions (the most popular remix by Klaas), still receiving particular success in 2008.

Other work

Guru Josh released several other singles in 1990 including "Freaky Dreamer," "Holographic Dreams," and "Whose Law (Is It Anyway?)," which reached #26 and #12 in the United Kingdom and Germany, respectively. "Hallelujah" was released in 1991. Shortly after this, Guru Josh diversified into also doing multimedia production creating the Dance in Cyberspace series of music videos under the name of Dr. Devious and also VR, in collaboration with Darrel Jameson, Guy Labbé, Dave 'Flipping Mental' Evans, Marcus Pennell and others.

Guru Josh has been performing worldwide since 1989 at venues including Manumission, Es Paradis, Eden, Guaraná, and Atlántico. His music has also been featured on many of the leading music compilations released between 1990 and the present day.

Guru Josh Project

In 2007, Guru Josh Project was formed and signed by Big City Beats. The group consisted of Walden, Anders Nyman, and Darren Bailie. In 2008, "Infinity" was re-released as "Infinity 2008", which was remixed by the German DJ Klaas. It experienced widespread success, peaking at No. 1 on the Belgian, Dutch and French and Danish singles charts, the Czech airplay chart and the Eurochart Hot 100. !width="30"|GER
!width="30"|AUT
!width="30"|SUI
!width="30"|FRA
!width="30"|NED
!width="30"|SWE
!width="30"|ITA
!width="30"|FIN
!width="30"|NOR
!width="30"|ICE
|- bgcolor="#f0f0ff" |1990 |Infinity (1990s...Time For The Guru) |align="center"| 5 |align="center"| 2 |align="center"| 5 |align="center"| 4 |align="center"| — |align="center"| 3 |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| 5 |align="center"| — |- |1990 |Whose Law (Is It Anyway?) |align="center"| 26 |align="center"| 12 |align="center"| 18 |align="center"| 14 |align="center"| — |align="center"| 30 |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |- bgcolor="#f0f0ff" |2008 |Infinity 2008 (as Guru Josh Project) |align="center"| 3 |align="center"| 4 |align="center"| 1 |align="center"| 2 |align="center"| 1 |align="center"| 1 |align="center"| 8 |align="center"| 20 |align="center"| 6 |align="center"| 3 |align="center"| 1 |- |2009 |Crying In The Rain (as Guru Josh Project) |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |align="center"| — |- | align="center" colspan="13"| "—" denotes a single that did not chart |- |}

References

External links

Guru Josh Official website

Guru Josh at Discogs

The Guru Josh Project at Discogs

TranceSound interview, May 2010

Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:British electronic musicians

Subject name	Eddie James
Image name	Edward James mugshot.jpg
Birth date	August 04, 1961
Birth place	Bristol, Pennsylvania, United States
Conviction	First-degree murder, aggravated child abuse, attempted sexual battery, kidnapping
Conviction penalty	Death
Conviction status	Incarcerated at Union Correctional Institution, Raiford, Florida

For the Canadian football player of the same name see Eddie James (Canadian football). Eddie James (born on August 4, 1961 in Bristol, Pennsylvania) is an American murderer and sex offender. His appearance on the national television show America's Most Wanted led to his capture and conviction for the killings of an 8-year-old girl and her grandmother in September 1993.

Biography

James believed his last name was Matlack until the age of 10, when he discovered that the man raising him was his stepfather. At 11, James met and went to live with his biological father, who introduced him to drugs. Ironically, his father was a drug counselor. In his mid teens, James returned to live with his mother in Casselberry, Florida. His life now revolved around fighting and drugs, and he claimed to be having blackouts. His mother sought assistance from a mental health counselor; however, his violence and anger continued.

James dropped out of high school in his junior year and joined the army when he was 17. He was stationed in Germany but was soon discharged for "failure to conform". James returned to Casselberry, where he became friends with a man named Tim Dick. James was welcomed into Dick's extended family, and, in the summer of 1993, he rented a room from Dick's mother, Betty.

Murders

On September 20, 1993, James returned home from a party to find Betty Dick's four grandchildren sleeping in the living room. This angered James because he felt that Dick's daughter and the children's mother, Lisa Neuner, was taking advantage of Dick by often asking her to watch the children. He grabbed 8-year-old Toni Neuner by the neck and choked her, then took her to his bedroom and raped her, after which he put her body between his bed and the wall.

James proceeded to Dick's bedroom, where he hit her in the head with a candlestick and repeatedly stabbed her with a knife. Dick screamed, waking up Toni's sister, Wendi, who came to the bedroom. James tied her up and put her in the bathroom. He got a butcher knife from the kitchen and returned to Dick's bedroom, sticking the knife in her back. After showering and taking jewelry from Dick's bedroom, James fled in her car.

On April 5, 1995, James pleaded guilty to two counts of first-degree murder, and one count each of aggravated child abuse, attempted sexual battery, kidnapping, grand theft and grand theft auto. He also pleaded no contest to two counts of capital sexual battery charged by separate information.

On August 18, 1995, James was sentenced to death for the murders of Toni Neuner and Betty Dick, as well sentences ranging from 15 years to life on the other charges. He is incarcerated at Union Correctional Institution in Raiford, Florida.

Footnotes

References

Category:Living people Category:American people convicted of murder Category:1961 births Category:American sex offenders Category:American rapists Category:American prisoners sentenced to death Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by Florida Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Florida Category:American murderers of children Category:People convicted of murder by Florida Category:United States Army soldiers

Name	Adam
Imagesize	350px
Caption	Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam, a fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Adam is the figure on the left, and God the figure on the right.
Birth date	3760 BC (Hebrew calendar) 4004 BC (Ussher chronology)
Birth place	Garden of Eden
Death date	2830 BC (Hebrew calendar) [aged 930] 3074 BC (Ussher chronology)
Death place	Unknown
Spouse	Lilith Eve
Children	Cain Abel Seth more sons and daughters

Adam (Hebrew: אָדָם‎, Arabic: آدم‎) is a prominent figure in Abrahamic religions. He is the first man created by God in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He appears originally in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Genesis. His wife was Eve [Hawa حوآء (Quran) Hawa].

Individual/humanity and etymology

Adam (Hebrew: אָדָם‎, Arabic: آدم‎) in Biblical (as well as modern) Hebrew is sometimes used as the personal name of an individual and at other times in a generic sense meaning "mankind", in the same way as the earlier Canaanite 'adam. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, its use in is wholly generic. The generic usage in Genesis meaning "mankind" reflects the view that Adam was the ancestor of all men. Etymologically it is the masculine form of the word adamah meaning ground or earth and related to the words adom (red), admoni (ruddy) and dam (blood) Gen. ii. 7 explains that the man was called Adam because he was formed from the ground (adamah). Her story was greatly developed, during the Middle Ages, in the tradition of Aggadic midrashim, the Zohar and Jewish mysticism. The resulting Lilith legend is still commonly used as source material in modern culture, literature, occultism, fantasy and horror.

Expulsion

Adam and Eve were subsequently expelled from the Garden of Eden, were ceremonially separated from God, and lost their immortality after they broke God's law about not eating of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. This occurred after the serpent (understood to be Satan in many Christian traditions) told Eve that eating of the tree would result not in death, but in Adam and Eve's eyes being opened, resulting in their being "as gods, knowing good and evil" (Gen. 3.4-5). Convinced by the serpent's argument, Eve eats of the tree and has Adam do likewise (Gen. 3.6).

As a result, both immediately become aware of the fact that they are naked, and thus cover themselves with garments made of fig leaves (Gen. 3.7). Then, finding God walking in the Garden of Eden, Adam and Eve hide themselves from God's presence (Gen. 3.8). God calls to Adam "Where art thou?" (Gen. 3.9, KJV) and Adam responds "I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself" (Gen. 3.10, KJV). When God then asks Adam if he had eaten of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, Adam responds that his wife had told him to (Gen. 3.11-12).

As a result of their breaking God's law, the couple were removed from the garden (Gen. 3.23) (the Fall of Man according to Christian doctrine) and both receive a curse. Adam's curse is contained in Gen. 3.17-19: "Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life; Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field: In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return" (KJV).

Post-expulsion

After his expulsion from Eden, Adam was forced to work hard for his food for the first time. According to the Book of Genesis, he bore three children with Eve named as Cain, Abel, and Seth. The Book of Jubilees, a second century BC text which is not considered canon by most Abrahamic faiths, gives Adam the daughters Azura and Awan, who married Seth and Cain, respectively, in incestuous unions.

According to the Genealogies of Genesis, Adam died at the age of 930. With such numbers, calculations such as those of Archbishop Ussher would suggest that Adam would have died only about 127 years before the birth of Noah, nine generations after Adam. In other words, Adam's lifespan would have overlapped that of Lamech (father of Noah), at least fifty years. Ussher and a group of theologians and scholars in 1630 performed calculations and created a study that reported the creation of Adam on October 23, 4004 BC at 9:00 am and lived until 3074 BC. There was controversy over the fact that Ussher believed the whole creation process occurred on that day.

Although the Book of Joshua mentions a "City of Adam" at the time that the Israelites crossed the Jordan River on entering Canaan, it doesn't suggest any relationship between this city and the first man of Genesis. Traditional Jewish belief, on the other hand, says that following his death, Adam was buried in the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron.

He appears to an extent in both Eastern and Western Christian liturgies.

The New Testament

The relevance of Adam is not solely with the Old Testament. In the New Testament, the first Adam is compared with the second Adam. The first Adam brought about the Fall of Man, which cursed man with the knowledge of sin. Adam and Eve were cast out of the Garden of Eden and out of God's presence. The second Adam (Jesus) came to the world to save mankind from Adam's original sin that everyone inherits. With the first Adam there is death, but with the second Adam there is life.

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses view Adam and Eve as the ones who brought sin, and thus death, into the world by committing the original sin. That sin was not sexual relations, of which Jehovah had already commanded that they have, but disobeying Jehovah's clear command not to eat of the fruit of knowledge of good and evil.

Eve's sin is counted as deliberate disobedience, as she did know that Jehovah had commanded them not to eat, but she is held to have been deceived by the Serpent. (She was deceived only about the effect of their disobedience, not about the will of God on the matter.) Adam's sin is considered even more reproachable, as he had not been deceived. Rather, when confronted with his sin, he attempted to blame both his wife Eve, and Jehovah himself. Genesis 3:12 NWT - "The woman who you gave to be with me, she gave me fruit from the tree and so I ate.". By his sin, he forfeited human perfection and was therefore unable to pass it on to his offspring.

Latter Day Saint (LDS) view

The Latter Day Saint movement holds that Adam and Michael the archangel are the same individual. Michael the archangel fought against and cast out Lucifer (who became Satan), "that old serpent", at the conclusion of the war in heaven during pre-mortal existence (see Book of Revelation ). "Michael" was born into this mortal existence as the man "Adam, the father of all, the prince of all, the ancient of days" (see Doctrine and Covenants and ). Mormons also consider Adam to be the first among all the prophets on earth. Brigham Young and other early leaders spoke favorably about the Adam-God theory but it did not become church doctrine.

The Latter Day Saints hold the belief that the "Fall" was not a tragedy, but a necessary part of God's plan. They believe that Adam and Eve had to partake of the forbidden fruit in order to fulfill God's will, and that it is good that they did so.

Seventh-day Adventist view

Seventh-day Adventist believe that the importance of the literal creation time-line is pivotal to the story of humanity, their relationship to God, and the plan of salvation and atonement for Adam and Eve’s transgression (fall), by which all their descendants are under subjugation. The Bible states, “Since by man (Adam) came death, by man (Jesus the Christ) came also the resurrection... (I Cor. 15:21).” To disavow a literal creation and our first parents (Adam and Eve) nearly 6,000 years ago negates a fundamental, orthodox doctrine and the supremacy of the Holy Bible that the sovereign, triune God --“Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth,” (Genesis 1:26 NASB)—according to His own purpose and counsel and for His own glory, created humanity in the Biblical/Torah account.

Islamic view

In Islam, Adam (آدم) is considered the first Prophet of God and the husband of Eve (Arabic: Hawwa' حواء) who was also created by the will of God. Satan(The Devil) had lured Adam and Eve into disobeying God by tasting from the forbidden tree (although no reference is necessary as to what he may have tasted). This was the first act of revenge from Satan for being banished from heaven due to mankind. An important point to note here is that the Qur'an states or implies that it was not Eve who tempted Adam to disobey God. They were both tempted by Satan and therefore equally guilty:

"Then began Satan to whisper suggestions to them, bringing openly before their minds all their shame that was hidden from them (before): he said: 'Your Lord only forbade you this tree, lest ye should become angels or such beings as live for ever.' And he swore to them both, that he was their sincere adviser. So by deceit he brought about their fall: when they tasted of the tree, their shame became manifest to them, and they began to sew together the leaves of the garden over their bodies. And their Lord called unto them: Did I not forbid you that tree, and tell you that Satan was an avowed enemy unto you?"

The Qur'an also mentions that Adam was misled by deception and was in fact pardoned by God after much repentance.

"Then Adam received (some) words from his Lord, so He turned to him mercifully; surely He is Oft-returning (to mercy), the Merciful."

Bahá'í view

In the Bahá'í view, Adam was the first Manifestation of God in recorded history. He is believed by Bahá'ís to have started the Adamic cycle 6000 years ago, which has culminated with Bahá'u'lláh. The Biblical story of Adam and Eve, according to Bahá'í belief, is allegorical and is explained by `Abdu'l-Bahá in Some Answered Questions.

See also

Adam Kadmon

Banu (Arabic)

Paradise Lost

Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions

Y-chromosomal Adam

Notes

Category:Burials in Hebron Category:Gnosticism Category:Hebrew Bible people Category:Old Testament saints Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar Category:Prophets of Islam

Category:Book of Genesis