.]] The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique (However, the 9-digit SBN code was used in the United Kingdom until 1974.) Currently, the ISO’s TC 46/SC 9 is responsible for the ISBN. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978. and #a checksum character or check digit.

The ISBN separates its parts (group, publisher, title and check digit) with either a hyphen or a space. Other than the check digit, no part of the ISBN will have a fixed number of digits.

The original standard book number (SBN) had no group identifier, but affixing a zero (0) as prefix to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit ISBN. Group identifiers form a prefix code; compare with country calling codes.

Publisher code

The national ISBN agency assigns the publisher number (cf. the :category:ISBN agencies); the publisher selects the item number. Generally, a book publisher is not required to assign an ISBN, nor is it necessary for a book to display its number (except in China; see below). However, most book stores only handle ISBN-bearing merchandise.

A listing of all the 628,000 assigned publisher codes is published, and can be ordered in book form (€558, US$915.46). The web site of the ISBN agency does not offer any free method of looking up publisher codes. Partial lists have been compiled (from library catalogs) for the English-language groups: identifier 0 and identifier 1.

Publishers receive blocks of ISBNs, with larger blocks allotted to publishers expecting to need them; a small publisher may receive ISBNs of one or more digits for the group identifier code, several digits for the publisher, and a single digit for the individual items. Once that block of ISBNs is used, the publisher may receive another block of ISBNs, with a different publisher number. Consequently, a publisher may have different allotted publisher numbers. There also may be more than one group identifier used in a country. This might occur if a popular identifier has used up all of its numbers. The cited list of identifiers shows this has happened in China and in more than a dozen other countries.

By using variable block lengths, a large publisher will have few digits allocated for the publisher number and many digits allocated for titles; likewise countries publishing much will have few allocated digits for the group identifier, and many for the publishers and titles. Here are some sample ISBN-10 codes, illustrating block length variations. :

Pattern

English-language publisher codes follow a systematic pattern, which allows their length to be easily determined, as follows:

Check digits

A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error detection, the decimal equivalent of a binary checksum. It consists of a single digit computed from the other digits in the message.

ISBN-10

The 2001 edition of the official manual of the International ISBN Agency says that the ISBN-10 check digit — which is the last digit of the ten-digit ISBN — must range from 0 to 10 (the symbol X is used instead of 10) and must be such that the sum of all the ten digits, each multiplied by the integer weight, descending from 10 to 1, is a multiple of the number 11. Modular arithmetic is convenient for calculating the check digit using modulus 11. Each of the first nine digits of the ten-digit ISBN — excluding the check digit, itself — is multiplied by a number in a sequence from 10 to 2, and the remainder of the sum, with respect to 11, is computed. The resulting remainder, plus the check digit, must equal 11; therefore, the check digit is 11 minus the remainder of the sum of the products.

For example, the check digit for an ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615-? is calculated as follows: :

Thus the remainder is 9, the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is ISBN 0-306-40615-2.

Formally, the check digit calculation is: :$10x\_1\; +\; 9x\_2\; +\; 8x\_3\; +\; 7x\_4\; +\; 6x\_5\; +\; 5x\_6\; +\; 4x\_7\; +\; 3x\_8\; +\; 2x\_9\; +\; x\_\{10\}\; \backslash equiv\; 0\; \backslash pmod\{11\}.$

The value $x\_\{10\}$ required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

The two most common errors in handling an ISBN (e.g., typing or writing it) are an altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits. Since 11 is a prime number, the ISBN check digit method ensures that these two errors will always be detected. However, if the error occurs in the publishing house and goes undetected, the book will be issued with an invalid ISBN.

Alternative calculation

The simplest way to verify an ISBN number is to compute a running sum of a running sum: // C bool is_isbn_valid(char digits[10]) { int i, a = 0, b = 0; for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { a += digits[i]; // Assumed already converted from ASCII to 0..9 b += a; } return b % 11 == 0; }

// PHP function is_isbn_valid($digits){ $check = 0; for ($i = 0; $i < 9; $i++) $check += (10 - $i) * substr($n, $i, 1); $t = substr($n, 9, 1); // tenth digit (aka checksum or check digit) $check += ($t == 'x' || $t == 'X') ? 10 : $t; return $check % 11 == 0; }

The ISBN-10 check-digit can also be calculated in a slightly easier way: :$x\_\{10\}\; =\; (\; 1x\_1\; +\; 2x\_2\; +\; 3x\_3\; +\; 4x\_4\; +\; 5x\_5\; +\; 6x\_6\; +\; 7x\_7\; +8x\_8\; +\; 9x\_9\; )\backslash ,\; \backslash bmod\backslash ;11.$ This is simply replacing 11 with 0, and each subtraction with its complement: $-10\; \backslash equiv\; 1\; \backslash mod\; 11,$ etc.

For example, the check digit for an ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615-? is calculated as follows: :$(1\; \backslash times\; 0\; +\; 2\; \backslash times\; 3\; +\; 3\; \backslash times\; 0\; +\; 4\; \backslash times\; 6\; +\; 5\; \backslash times\; 4\; +\; 6\; \backslash times\; 0\; +\; 7\; \backslash times\; 6\; +\; 8\; \backslash times\; 1\; +\; 9\; \backslash times\; 5)\; \backslash ,\; \backslash bmod\backslash ;\; 11\; =\; 145\; \backslash ,\; \backslash bmod\backslash ;\; 11\; =\; 2$

ISBN-13

The 2005 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official manual covering some ISBNs issued from January 2007, describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated.

The calculation of an ISBN-13 check digit begins with the first 12 digits of the thirteen-digit ISBN (thus excluding the check digit itself). Each digit, from left to right, is alternately multiplied by 1 or 3, then those products are summed modulo 10 to give a value ranging from 0 to 9. Subtracted from 10, that leaves a result from 1 to 10. A zero (0) replaces a ten (10), so, in all cases, a single check digit results.

For example, the ISBN-13 check digit of 978-0-306-40615-? is calculated as follows: s = 9×1 + 7×3 + 8×1 + 0×3 + 3×1 + 0×3 + 6×1 + 4×3 + 0×1 + 6×3 + 1×1 + 5×3 = 9 + 21 + 8 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 6 + 12 + 0 + 18 + 1 + 15 = 93 93 / 10 = 9 remainder 3 10 – 3 = 7

Thus, the check digit is 7, and the complete sequence is ISBN 978-0-306-40615-7.

Formally, the ISBN-13 check digit calculation is: :$x\_\{13\}\; =\; \backslash big(10\; -\; \backslash big(x\_1\; +\; 3x\_2\; +\; x\_3\; +\; 3x\_4\; +\; \backslash cdots\; +\; x\_\{11\}\; +\; 3x\_\{12\}\backslash big)\; \backslash ,\backslash bmod\backslash ,\; 10\backslash big)\; \backslash ,\backslash bmod\backslash ,\; 10.$

This check system — similar to the UPC check digit formula — does not catch all errors of adjacent digit transposition. Specifically, if the difference between two adjacent digits is 5, the check digit will not catch their transposition. For instance, the above example allows this situation with the 6 followed by a 1. The correct order contributes 3×6+1×1 = 19 to the sum; while, if the digits are transposed (1 followed by a 6), the contribution of those two digits will be 3×1+1×6 = 9. However, 19 and 9 are congruent modulo 10, and so produce the same, final result: both ISBNs will have a check digit of 7. The ISBN-10 formula uses the prime modulus 11 which avoids this blind spot, but requires more than the digits 0-9 to express the check digit.

Additionally, If you triple the sum of the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th digits and then add them to the remaining digits (1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, and 13th), the total will always be divisible by 10 (i.e. end in 0).

Errors in usage

Publishers and libraries have varied policies about the use of the ISBN check digit. Publishers sometimes fail to check the correspondence of a book title and its ISBN before publishing it; that failure causes book identification problems for libraries, booksellers, and readers.

Most libraries and booksellers display the book record for an invalid ISBN issued by the publisher. The Library of Congress catalogue contains books published with invalid ISBNs, which it usually tags with the phrase "Cancelled ISBN". However, book-ordering systems such as Amazon.com will not search for a book if an invalid ISBN is entered to its search engine.

EAN format used in barcodes, and upgrading

Currently, the barcodes on a book's back cover (or inside a mass-market paperback book's front cover) are EAN-13; they may have a separate barcode encoding five digits for the currency and the recommended retail price. The number "978", the Bookland "country code", is prefixed to the ISBN in the barcode data, and the check digit is recalculated according to the EAN13 formula (modulo 10, 1x, and 3x weighting on alternate digits).

Partly because of a pending shortage in certain ISBN categories, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) migrated to a thirteen-digit ISBN (ISBN-13); the process began January 1, 2005 and was to conclude January 1, 2007. Thirteen-digit ISBNs are prefixed with "978" (and the check digit recalculated); as the "978" ISBN supply is exhausted, the "979" prefix will be introduced. This is expected to occur more rapidly outside the United States; originally, "979" was the "Musicland" code for musical scores with an ISMN, however, ISMN codes will differ visually as they begin with an "M" letter; the bar code represents the "M" as a zero (0), and for checksum purposes it will count as a 3.

Publisher identification code numbers are unlikely to be the same in the "978" and "979" ISBNs, like-wise, there is no guarantee that language area code numbers will be the same. Moreover, the ten-digit ISBN check digit generally is not the same as the thirteen-digit ISBN check digit. Because the EAN/UCC-13 is part of the Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) system (that includes the EAN/UCC-14, the UPC-12, and the EAN-8), it is expected that ISBN-generating software should accommodate fourteen-digit ISBNs.

Barcode format compatibility is maintained, because (aside from the group breaks) the ISBN-13 barcode format is identical to the EAN barcode format of existing ISBN-10s. So, migration to an EAN-based system allows booksellers the use of a single numbering system for both books and non-book products that is compatible with existing ISBN-based data, with only minimal changes to information technology systems. Hence, many booksellers (e.g. Barnes & Noble) migrated to EAN barcodes as early as March 2005. Although many American and Canadian booksellers have been able to read EAN-13 barcodes before 2005, most general retailers could not read them. The upgrading of the UPC barcode system to full EAN-13, in 2005, eased migration to the ISBN-13 in North America. Moreover, by January 2007, most large book publishers added ISBN-13 barcodes alongside the ten-digit ISBN barcodes of books published before January 2007.

See also

ESTC (English Short Title Catalogue)

ISSN (International Standard Serial Number)

VD 16 (Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts)

VD 17 (Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachraum erschienenen Drucke des 17. Jahrhunderts)

LCCN (Library of Congress Control Number)

OCLC number (Online Computer Library Center number )

CODEN (serial publication identifier currently used by libraries; replaced by the ISSN for new works)

SICI (Serial Item and Contribution Identifier)

ASIN (Amazon Standard Identification Number)

DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

ISAN (International Standard Audiovisual Number)

ISMN (International Standard Music Number)

ISRC (International Standard Recording Code)

ISWC (International Standard Musical Work Code)

ISWN (International Standard Wine Number)

List of group-0 ISBN publisher codes

List of group-1 ISBN publisher codes

Registration authority

Notes

External links

ISO 2108:2005 at www.iso.org

How to find a book from Wikibooks

ISBN to EAN EAS EBS transition at isbn.org

Description of the ISBN to EAN upgrade process at bookweb.org

;National and international agencies

International ISBN Agency—coordinates and supervises the worldwide use of the ISBN system.

Numerical List of Group Identifiers List of language/region prefixes

;Online tools

, Wikipedia's ISBN search page.

Free conversion tool: ISBN-10 to ISBN-13 & ISBN-13 to ISBN-10 from the ISBN agency. Also shows correct hyphenation & verifies if ISBNs are valid or not.

RFC 3187 Using International Standard Book Numbers as Uniform Resource Names (URN)

ISBN-13 For Dummies

for the 13 digit ISBN code.

Category:1966 introductions Category:Book publishing Category:Bookselling Category:Book terminology Category:Checksum algorithms Category:Identifiers Category:ISO standards Category:Library and information science Category:Universal identifiers

conference.]]

Webster Griffin Tarpley is an author, journalist, lecturer, and critic of US foreign and domestic policy. Tarpley maintains that the September 11 attacks were engineered by a rogue network of the military industrial complex and intelligence agencies. His writings and speeches describe a model of false flag terror operations by a rogue network in the military/intelligence sector working with moles in the private sector and in corporate media, and locates such contemporary false flag operations in a historical context stretching back in the English speaking world to at least the "gunpowder plot" in England in 1605. He also maintains that "The notion of anthropogenic global warming is a fraud."

Education

Tarpley earned a BA at Princeton University in 1966 in English and Italian, summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa. Fulbright Scholar at University of Turin, Italy. Master of Arts in humanities from Skidmore College. He was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts in 1946.

Career

Tarpley was on the editorial board of the National Caucus of Labor Committees' journal, The Campaigner, in 1971, according to its masthead.

As a journalist living in Europe in the 1980s, Tarpley wrote a study commissioned by a committee of the Italian Parliament on the assassination of Prime Minister Aldo Moro. The study claimed that the assassination was a false flag operation orchestrated by the masonic lodge Propaganda Due with the cooperation of senior members of Italian government secret services but blamed on the Red Brigades.

Tarpley was president of the Schiller Institute of the United States in the 1980s and in 1993. In 1986 Tarpley attempted to run on Lyndon LaRouche's U.S. Labor Party platform in the New York State Democratic Party primary for the U.S. Senate, but was ruled off the ballot because of a defect in his nominating petitions. He was a frequent host of "The LaRouche Connection" which its producer LaRouche's Executive Intelligence Review News Service describes as "a news and information cable television program."

Tarpley first gained attention for co-authoring, with Anton Chaitkin, ("history editor of Executive Intelligence Review") a 1992 book on George H. W. Bush, George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography, which was published by Executive Intelligence Review, run by Lyndon LaRouche. He has expounded the "Versailles Thesis" laying the blame for the great wars of the 20th century on intrigues by Britain to retain her dominance. He gained experience as a political operative during his years with the LaRouche movement but broke away sometime after 1995.

In 2005, Tarpley published 9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA. He speaks at length about the themes in the book during an interview in the film Oil, Smoke, Mirrors.

Since March, 2006, Tarpley has had a weekly online talk radio show called World Crisis Radio, currently hosted on GCNLive.com. Tarpley is a member of the "world anti-imperialist conference" Axis for Peace, of Scholars for 9/11 Truth and of a research Netzwerk of German 9/11 authors founded in September 2006. He is featured in the film, Zero: an investigation into 9/11 (2007–2008).

Tarpley is a critic of the Dalai Lama; in 2010 he told the state-funded Russia Today that "pre-1959 Tibet ... was probably the closest thing to hell on earth that you had ... social reform was impossible." In the interview he criticizes US funding of pro-Dalai Lama organizations, which he says amounts to US$2 million per year, saying "this is a bad deal for the American taxpayers."

Bibliography

Chi ha ucciso Aldo Moro? (Who Killed Aldo Moro?), a study commissioned by a member of the Italian government and published in Rome in 1978 The Larouchian, Partito Operaio Europeo http://www.movisol.org/moro.htm, which broke open the affiliation of the Red Brigades with the neofascist lodge P2.

(1992) (co-authored with Anton Chaitkin, son of the lawyer who indicted Prescott Bush under the Trading with the Enemy Act for collaboration with Nazi Germany.) Reprinted 2004, ISBN 0-930852-92-3.

Against Oligarchy (1996)

Surviving the Cataclysm: Your Guide through the Worst Financial Crisis in Human History (1999); updated edition, 2009.

9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA - Myth of the 21st Century (2005), Foreword by Thierry Meyssan, ISBN 0-930852-31-1, Fourth edition ISBN 0-930852-37-0 (April 2007).

Version française: La Terreur Fabriquée, Made in USA : 11 Septembre, le mythe du XXIe siècle (Sept. 2006). ISBN 2952557144

In Italiano: La Fabbrica del Terrore (Sept. 2007). ISBN 978-88-87307-36-6

En Español: 11-S, El Falso Terrorismo Jan. 2008 ISBN 0-930852-98-2.

Obama - The Postmodern Coup: Making of a Manchurian Candidate (Apr. 2008) ISBN 0-930852-88-5.

Deutsche Fassung: Barack Obama: Wie ein US-Präsident gemacht wird (Aug. 2008) ISBN 978-3-938516-74-4.

Japanese Edition: Obama: Dangerous Geometry (Nov. 2008) ISBN 4880862398

Barack H. Obama: The Unauthorized Biography (Aug. 2008) ISBN 0930852818; Japanese edition, March 2009.

References

External links

Tarpley's Website

Tarpley's Show on the Genesis Network

Ground Zero Grassy Knoll - Feature article in New York Magazine (March 20, 2006)

Publisher's web site

Amazon.com's Webster Griffin Tarpley page

Audio and Video Links:

Webster Tarpley lecture and interview videos

Category:LaRouche movement Category:Conspiracy theorists Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:U.S. Labor Party politicians

Name	Stephen William Hawking
Caption	Stephen Hawking at NASA, 1980's.
Birth name	Stephen William Hawking
Birth date	January 08, 1942
Birth place	Oxford, England
Residence	England
Nationality	British
Religion	Agnostic
Fields	Applied mathematicsTheoretical physicsCosmology
Workplaces	University of CambridgeCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Alma mater	University of OxfordUniversity of Cambridge
Doctoral advisor	Dennis Sciama
Academic advisors	Robert Berman
Doctoral students	Bruce AllenRaphael BoussoFay DowkerMalcolm PerryBernard CarrGary GibbonsHarvey ReallDon PageTim PrestidgeRaymond LaflammeJulian Luttrell
Known for	Black holesTheoretical cosmologyQuantum gravityHawking radiation
Influences	Dikran Tahta
Awards
Spouse	Jane Hawking

Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) In 1950, Hawking and his family moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire, where he attended St Albans High School for Girls from 1950 to 1953. (At that time, boys could attend the Girls' school until the age of ten.) When asked later to name a teacher who had inspired him, Hawking named his mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta. Inspired by his mathematics teacher, he originally wanted to study the subject at university. However, Hawking's father wanted him to apply to University College, Oxford, where his father had attended. As University College did not have a mathematics fellow at that time, it would not accept applications from students who wished to read that discipline. Hawking therefore applied to read natural sciences, in which he gained a scholarship. Once at University College, Hawking specialised in physics. His interests during this time were in thermodynamics, relativity, and quantum mechanics. His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said in The New York Times Magazine:

Hawking was passing, but his unimpressive study habits He left Oxford for Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he engaged in the study of theoretical astronomy and cosmology.

Career in theoretical physics

Almost as soon as he arrived at Cambridge, he started developing symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, known colloquially in the United States as Lou Gehrig's disease), a type of motor neurone disease which would cost him almost all neuromuscular control. During his first two years at Cambridge, he did not distinguish himself, but, after the disease had stabilised and with the help of his doctoral tutor, Dennis William Sciama, he returned to working on his Ph.D.

Hawking was elected as one of the youngest Fellows of the Royal Society in 1974, was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1982, and became a Companion of Honour in 1989. Hawking is a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

In 1974, he accepted the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) to work with his friend, Kip Thorne, who was a faculty member there.

Personal life

Hawking revealed that he did not see much point in obtaining a doctorate if he were to die soon. Hawking later said that the real turning point was his 1965 marriage to Jane Wilde, a language student. After gaining his Ph.D. at Trinity Hall, Stephen became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College.

Jane Hawking (née Wilde), Hawking's first wife, cared for him until 1991 when the couple separated, reportedly because of the pressures of fame and his increasing disability. They had three children: Robert (b. 1967), Lucy (b. 1969), and Timothy (b. 1979). Hawking then married his nurse, Elaine Mason (who was previously married to David Mason, the designer of the first version of Hawking's talking computer), in 1995. In October 2006, Hawking filed for divorce from his second wife amid claims by former nurses that she had abused him.

In 1999, Jane Hawking published a memoir, Music to Move the Stars, detailing her own long-term relationship with a family friend whom she later married. Hawking's daughter, Lucy, is a novelist. Their oldest son, Robert, emigrated to the United States, married, and has one child, George Edward Hawking. Reportedly, Hawking and his first family were reconciled in 2007.

Hawking was asked about his IQ in a 2004 newspaper interview, and replied, "I have no idea. People who boast about their I.Q. are losers."

Religious views

In his early work, Hawking spoke of "God" in a metaphorical sense, such as in A Brief History of Time: "If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason — for then we should know the mind of God." In the same book he suggested the existence of God was unnecessary to explain the origin of the universe. His 2010 book The Grand Design and interviews with the Telegraph and the Channel 4 documentary Genius of Britain, clarify that he does "not believe in a personal God". Hawking writes, "The question is: is the way the universe began chosen by God for reasons we can't understand, or was it determined by a law of science? I believe the second." He adds, "Because there is a law such as gravity, the Universe can and will create itself from nothing."

His ex-wife, Jane said during their divorce proceedings that he was an atheist. Hawking has stated that he is "not religious in the normal sense" and he believes that "the universe is governed by the laws of science. The laws may have been decreed by God, but God does not intervene to break the laws." Hawking compared religion and science in 2010, saying: "There is a fundamental difference between religion, which is based on authority [imposed dogma, faith], [as opposed to] science, which is based on observation and reason. Science will win because it works."

Selected publications

Technical

Singularities in Collapsing Stars and Expanding Universes with Dennis William Sciama, 1969 Comments on Astrophysics and Space Physics Vol 1 #1

The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with George Ellis, 1973 ISBN 0521099064

The Nature of Space and Time with Roger Penrose, foreword by Michael Atiyah, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-691-05084-8

The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind, (with Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Roger Penrose), Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-56330-5 (hardback), ISBN 0-521-65538-2 (paperback), Canto edition: ISBN 0-521-78572-3

Information Loss in Black Holes, Cambridge University Press, 2005

God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History, Running Press, 2005 ISBN 0762419229

Popular

A Brief History of Time, (Bantam Press 1988) ISBN 055305340X

Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, (Bantam Books 1993) ISBN 0553374117

The Universe in a Nutshell, (Bantam Press 2001) ISBN 055380202X

On The Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy, (Running Press 2002) ISBN 076241698X

A Briefer History of Time, coauthored with Leonard Mlodinow, (Bantam Books 2005) ISBN 0553804367

The Grand Design, coauthored with Leonard Mlodinow, (Bantam Press 2010) ISBN 0553805371

Footnote: On Hawking's website, he denounces the unauthorised publication of The Theory of Everything and asks consumers to be aware that he was not involved in its creation.

Children's fiction

These are co-written with his daughter Lucy.

George's Secret Key to the Universe, (Random House, 2007) ISBN 9780385612708

George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt, (Simon & Schuster, 2009) ISBN 9781416986713

Films and series

A Brief History of Time (1991)

Stephen Hawking's Universe (1997)

Horizon: The Hawking Paradox (2005)

Masters of Science Fiction (2007)

Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe (2008)

Into The Universe with Stephen Hawking (2010) A list of Hawking's publications through the year 2002 is available on his website.

See also

Basic concepts of quantum mechanics

George Ellis

Gravitational singularity

Many-worlds interpretation, or flexiverse

Stephen Hawking in popular culture

Susskind–Hawking battle

Sydney Selwyn, another distinguished British scientist who suffered from a progressively debilitating illness

References

Further reading

A layman's guide to Stephen Hawking.

Ferguson, Kitty (1991). Stephen Hawking: Quest For A Theory of Everything. Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-553-29895-X.

. Highly influential in the field. . A much cited centennial survey.

Pickover, Clifford, Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0195336115

External links

Stephen Hawking's web site

Stephen Hawking's page on Academia.edu

TED profile Talks: 2008: Stephen Hawking asks big questions about the universe

Video: Stephen Hawking – discussion of two views of the universe

Videos: Stephen Hawking's concept of God, The role of God within the no boundary cosmology and Imaginary time

The Life of Stephen Hawking - slideshow by The First Post

;Dated

Stephen Hawking says universe not created by God

Public Lectures, including debate with Roger Penrose 1996-2006

Hawking celebrates own brief history, 7 January 2002, BBC

"Leaping the Abyss", interview in Reason by Gregory Benford 2002-04-01

2002-03-24

, 22 July 2004, BBC">Black holes turned "inside out", 22 July 2004, BBC

Return of the time lord, Interview about "A Brief History of Time", 27 September 2005, The Guardian.

Stephen Hawking touches on God and science – Physicist says Pope John Paul told scientists not to study universe's origins msnbc. com 15 June 2006

Transcript of Stephen Hawking's lecture "The Origin Of The Universe" in the Hebrew University In Jerusalem, 14 December 2006

Press Release from the Catholic League on misquote of Pope by Hawking 2006-06-16

BBC interview 2008-12-05

Category:1942 births Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge Category:Adams Prize recipients Category:Albert Einstein Medal recipients Category:Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford Category:Calculating prodigies Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Cosmologists Category:English astronomers Category:English physicists Category:English science writers Category:Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Former pupils of St Albans School, Hertfordshire Category:Honorary Fellows of University College, Oxford Category:Lucasian Professors of Mathematics Category:Members of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Category:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences Category:People from Oxford Category:People from St Albans Category:People with motor neurone disease Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society Category:Religious skeptics Category:Theoretical physicists Category:20th-century philosophers Category:21st-century philosophers Category:Wolf Prize in Physics laureates Category:Living people Category:English atheists

Name	George Galloway
Caption	Galloway at a Stop The War protest in London, 24 February 2007
Birth date	August 16, 1954
Birth place	Dundee, Scotland
Residence	London, England, UK
Office	Vice President of the Stop The War Coalition
Term start	21 September 2001
President	Tony Benn
Predecessor	Office created
Constituency mp1	Bethnal Green and Bow
Majority1	823 (1.9%)
Term start1	5 May 2005
Term end1	12 April 2010
Predecessor1	Oona King
Successor1	Rushanara Ali
Term start2	1 May 1997
Term end2	5 May 2005
Predecessor2	Constituency created
Successor2	Constituency abolished
Constituency mp2	Glasgow Kelvin
Majority2	7,260 (27.1%)
Term start3	11 June 1987
Term end3	1 May 1997
Predecessor3	Roy Jenkins
Successor3	Constituency abolished
Constituency mp3	Glasgow Hillhead
Majority3	4,826 (12.3%)
Party	Respect (2004–present)Labour (1967–2003)
Nationality	Scottish
Citizenship	British
Website	www.georgegalloway.com

George Galloway (born 16 August 1954) is a British politician, author, and broadcaster who was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1987 to 2010. He was formerly an MP for the Labour Party, first for Glasgow Hillhead, and later for Glasgow Kelvin, before his expulsion from the party in October 2003, Galloway is known in the US for his testimony in the Senate in 2005, where he turned a defence of allegations against him into an attack against US foreign policy.

In 1981, Galloway wrote an article in Scottish Marxist supporting Communist Party affiliation with the Labour Party. In response, Denis Healey, deputy leader of the Labour Party, tried and failed to remove Galloway from the list of Prospective Parliamentary Candidates. Galloway successfully argued that this was his own personal viewpoint, not that of the Labour Party. Healey lost his motion by 13 votes to 5. He once quipped that, in order to overcome a £1.5 million deficit which had arisen in the city budget, he, Ernie Ross and leading councillors should be placed in the stocks in the city square: "we would allow people to throw buckets of water over us at 20p a time."

Member of Parliament, Glasgow

He fought for a place on the Labour Party National Executive Committee in 1986; in a large field of candidates he finished second from the bottom. At the 1986 Labour Party Conference, he made a strong attack on the Labour Party's Deputy Leader and Shadow Chancellor Roy Hattersley for not favouring exchange controls.

In the 1987 election, Galloway won Glasgow Hillhead constituency for the Labour Party from Roy Jenkins of the Social Democratic Party (who had briefly led that party earlier in the decade) with a majority of 3,251. Although known for his left-wing views, Galloway was never a member of Labour's leftist groupings of MPs, the Tribune Group or the Campaign Group.

Troubles within the Labour Party

Asked about a War on Want conference on Mykonos, Greece during his previous job, the new MP Galloway notoriously replied "I travelled to and spent lots of time with people in Greece, many of whom were women, some of whom were known carnally to me. I actually had sexual intercourse with some of the people in Greece."

He went on to win re-selection over Trish Godman (wife of fellow MP Norman Godman) in June 1989, but failed to get a majority of the electoral college on the first ballot. This was the worst result for any sitting Labour MP who was reselected; 13 of the 26 members of the Constituency Party's Executive Committee resigned that August, indicating their dissatisfaction with the result.

Although facing a challenge for the Labour nomination for the seat of Glasgow Kelvin in 1997, Galloway successfully defeated Shiona Waldron. He was unchallenged for the nomination in 2001.

In the 1997 and 2001 elections Galloway was the Labour candidate for the seat of Glasgow Kelvin, winning with majorities of over 16,000 and 12,000 respectively. During the 2001 Parliament, he voted against the Whip 27 times. During the 2001-02 session he was the 9th most rebellious Labour MP.

Expulsion from the Labour Party

Galloway became the Vice President of the Stop the War Coalition in 2001. He is actively involved, often speaking on StWC platforms at anti-war demonstrations. From this position Galloway made many aggressive and controversial statements in opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. These were the formal reasons for his expulsion from the Labour Party. He reportedly said in a 28 March 2003 interview with Abu Dhabi TV that Tony Blair and George W. Bush had "lied to the British Air Force and Navy, when they said the battle of Iraq would be very quick and easy. They attacked Iraq like wolves...." and added, "... the best thing British troops can do is to refuse to obey illegal orders."

On 3 February 2006, Galloway was refused entry to Egypt at Cairo Airport and was detained "on grounds of national security", where he had been invited to 'give evidence' at a 'mock trial' of Bush and Blair. After being detained overnight, he said Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak "apologised on behalf of the Egyptian people", and he was allowed to enter the country. After initial derogatory comments from Galloway and a spokesman from his Respect party regarding Mubarak's pro-Western stance and ties to Bush and Blair, Galloway later commented: "It was a most gracious apology which I accept wholeheartedly. I consider the matter now closed." On 8 April 2009, Galloway joined Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic to launch Viva Palestina US. and: "You are confusing me with someone who gives a fuck". When the students tried to get Galloway to apologise, he asked for them to be removed from the room, but they left of their own accord. His assistant, Kevin Ovenden, alleged that the students Galloway swore at carried offensive placards, which was the cause of his behaviour, although the students denied this. His comments were criticised by several MPs, including Boris Johnson, who said: "there’s no need to swear" and Stephen Pound said: "If he wishes to be respected by anyone other than Fidel Castro he should apologise." A response to the incident on the Oxford Student website can be found. On 30 March 2009, the Federal Court of Canada upheld the decision of the Canada Border Services Agency. Subsequently, Galloway canceled his Canadian tour and instead, delivered his speech over video link from New York to his Canadian audiences. The Foreign Ministry of Egypt released a statement reading: "George Galloway is considered persona non grata and will not be allowed to enter into Egypt again". Shortly after his deportation Galloway said, "It is a badge of honour to be deported by a dictatorship" and "I've been thrown out of better joints than that." He also vowed to go back to the Gaza strip. The Daily Record described his mood as "defiant".

Publishing / media activities

Autobiography

His autobiography, I'm Not The Only One, was published on 28 April 2004. The book's title is a quotation from the song "Imagine" by John Lennon. Armed Forces Minister Adam Ingram applied for an interim interdict to prevent the book's publication. Ingram asserted that Galloway's text, which stated that Ingram "played the flute in a sectarian, anti-Catholic, Protestant-supremacist Orange Order band", was in bad faith and defamatory, although Ingram's lawyers conceded that for a year as a teenager he had been a member of a junior Orange Lodge in Barlanark, Glasgow, and had attended three parades. The Judge, Lord Kingarth, decided to refuse an interim interdict, that the balance of the arguments favoured Galloway's publisher, and that the phrase "sectarian, anti-Catholic, Protestant-supremacist" was fair comment on that organisation. Although Ingram was not and never had been a flute-player, the defending advocate observed that "playing the flute carries no obvious defamatory imputation ... it is not to the discredit of anyone that he plays the flute." The judge ruled that Ingram should pay the full court costs of the hearing.

Fidel Castro Handbook

Galloway also published the Fidel Castro Handbook, a biography of the former Cuban President in 2006 (MQ Publications. ISBN 1-84072-688-1).

Friction Books

In 2005 Galloway established Friction Books, an imprint for fiction and non-fiction, with longstanding associate Ron McKay. Friction claimed its purpose was to publish "books that burn, books that cause controversy and get people talking". it has released at least two books: Paco Ignacio Taibo II novel An Easy Thing and Topple the Mighty by Leon Kuhn and Colin Gile.

Celebrity Big Brother

In January 2006 Galloway appeared on the fourth series of the reality show for three weeks.

Big Brother's Big Mouth

Galloway acted as the guest presenter for the E4 companion programme to the 2007 edition of Big Brother, Big Brother's Big Mouth, from 5 June to 8 June 2007.

talkSPORT

Show name	The Mother of All Talk Shows
Italic title	no
Format	Political discussion
Runtime	Friday 22:00-01:00Saturday 22:00-01:00
Country	UK
Language	English
Home station	talkSPORT
Syndicates	Talk 107
Presenter	George Galloway
Rec location	Central London
Opentheme	The theme from Top Cat

On 11 March 2006, Galloway started broadcasting on Britain's biggest commercial radio station, the UTV-owned talkSPORT, and two weeks later started a simultaneous broadcast on Talk 107, TalkSPORT's Edinburgh-based sister station.

Billed as "The Mother Of All Talk Shows", Galloway began every broadcast by playing the theme from the Top Cat cartoon series. UTV said that Galloway was pulling in record call numbers and the highest ever ratings for its weekend slots, even pulling in more than the station's Football First programme.

On 3 January 2009, after Galloway was manhandled by riot police in London at the demonstration in protest over the Israeli offensive in the Gaza strip, the director of programming replaced Galloway with Ian Collins, saying that this would allow for more balanced reporting of the situation.

Galloway halted presenting the show on March 27, 2010, due to campaign commitments in the 2010 UK General Election. During this time, he was replaced by Mike Graham.

In August 2010, Galloway returned to the radio station with a new show bearing a similar format to his original, but this time titled The Week with George Galloway, described by the station as a "No-holds barred review of the past seven days around the world". The show is broadcast during the 10pm-1am slot on Friday nights .

The Real Deal

On 21 May 2007, Galloway began presenting a programme titled The Real Deal on Raj TV, a satellite channel, broadcasting on Sky 171, primarily aimed at the British Asian community. Following a break, the show was resurrected on 10 February 2008 on Press TV, a Tehran-based news channel controlled by the government of Iran.

Comment

Galloway also hosts a 45-minute weekly current affairs show that invites the viewers to engage in lively debate on international political issues. The show is also filmed and broadcast from the London-bureau of Iranian state-controlled news channel Press TV. In 2009, the british telecommunications regulator Ofcom criticised Galloway "for breaking impartiality rules" regarding his coverage of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict and accused him of promoting "Iranian propaganda".

Mazher Mahmood

In March 2006 Galloway claimed in a statement that Mazher Mahmood, an undercover reporter for the News of the World who uses a disguise as a sheikh to frame celebrities, targeted him in an alleged sting operation. Galloway claims that Mahmood and an accomplice tried but failed to implicate him in illegal party funding, and to agree with anti-Semitic statements. Galloway wrote to the Metropolitan police commissioner and the Speaker of the House of Commons about the incident. He also released photographs of Mahmood and revealed other aspects of his activities. The News of the World lost a High Court action to prevent publication of photographs of Mahmood.

Asian Voice

Galloway has been involved in several publishing companies. He owned Asian Voice, which published a newspaper called East from 1996. It later transpired that the Pakistan Government was funding Galloway's company Asian Voice with several hundred-thousand-pounds. "Documents show that the Pakistan government agreed an initial budget for the weekly newspaper of £547,000. According to a memorandum dated 2 January 1996, the Pakistan government proposed to "covertly sponsor" the publication, with money allocated to "the Secret Fund of the High Commissioner for Pakistan in the UK as a special grant for the project". The Commons Committee cleared Galloway of any wrongdoing in this matter.

Daily Record column

As of 25 June 2007, Galloway has contributed a weekly column in the Daily Record giving his views on politics and popular culture. He used this column to reveal he is considering running for a seat in the Scottish Parliament in the May 2011 election.

The Guardian

Galloway is also a regular contributor to The Guardian, writing for both the newspaper and Comment Is Free, its sister political opinion forum at guardian.co.uk.

TV and film appearances

INN World Report (US) (2009) (TV)

Question Time (numerous appearances) - Panellist answering questions

As a policeman, in Ugly Rumours "War", 25 February 2007

Our Story Our Voice (2007)

The Friday Night Project (2007)

Offside (BBC Scotland football talk show) (2006-12-04)

30 Greatest Political Comedies (2006) (TV)

The Wright Stuff - Panellist

The Late Late Show (1 programmes, 2006)

Richard & Judy (2 programmes, 2006)

Tubridy Tonight (2006)

Celebrity Big Brother (23 episodes, 2006)

Have I Got News For You - Panellist (2003)

As an orator

According to the Boston Globe, Galloway is "known, even in the highly articulate world of British politics, for his memorable turns of phrase", whereas The Times finds that he has "the gift of the Glasgow gab, a love of the stage and an inexhaustible fund of self-belief." The Guardian finds him "renowned for his colourful rhetoric and combative debating style" and the Spectator once awarded him Debater of the Year.).

See also

Oil-for-Food Program Hearings

References

External links

Video

George Galloway interviews David Strahan author of “The Last Oil Shock – A Survival Gide to the Imminent Extinction of Petroleum Man”

Galloway speaks at Manchester Town Hall, UK, 29 February 2004 about launch of Respect. Video, Chris Edwards

Galloway speaks in Manchester, UK, 22 November 2003 on future of anti-war movement. Video, Chris Edwards

Galloway speaks in Manchester, UK, 8 November 2003 about next steps for the anti-war movement. Video, Chris Edwards

George Galloway speaks in Manchester, UK, 9 May 2003 about media witch hunt. Video, Chris Edwards

The Fruitceller - Huge Video archive for the Anti-War Movement

Galloway talking about war with Iran

Galloway speaks at Manchester University, UK, 26 November 2006 about British politics after Blair. Video, Chris Edwards

Galloway speaks in Manchester, UK, 21 February 2006 about local elections. Video, Chris Edwards

Galloways speaks in Manchester, UK, 6 October 2004 about European Social Forum. Video, Chris Edwards

INN World Report Interviews Galloway US, 16 February 2009

Documentary featuring George Galloway about the 2010 election in Poplar and Limehouse by Catch21

General

GeorgeGalloway.com Official website.

RESPECT RENEWAL Official party website

RESPECT - The Unity Coalition The previous Official party website.

Official George Galloway MySpace page

CouchTripper Unofficial forum, high quality downloads & large archive of Galloway on radio and TV, where other sites come to stock up.

George Galloway's talkSPORT page

Galloway downloads on SpideredNews.com. George Galloway media downloads (including talkSPORT shows).

Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: George Galloway MP

TheyWorkForYou.com - George Galloway MP

The Public Whip - George Galloway MP voting record

George Galloway interviewed by eyebrow magazine September 2007

mp3s of Galloway speaking at London International Peace Conference, 10 December 2005

Galloway's participation at the International Peace Conference December 2005

IMDB Profile

Christopher Hitchens' attack leaflet of selected Galloway statements, including quotes admiring unelected dictators.

George Galloway Is Gruesome, Not Gorgeous by Christopher Hitchens, Slate.com, 13 September 2005.

: (Prequel to Galloway vs Hitchens debate held at CUNY)

Articles and news reports

George Galloway's interview with The Third Estate

Galloway, George Respect at the Crossroads

Channel 4 News - ''Galloway:"I'm no punchbag" - July 2007

FactCheck - ''"That's a fact." With all due respect, George... - April 2005

Al-Jiran. Iraqi author Fadhil Rashad: George Galloway, You Will Be Tried Just Like Your Friend and Benefactor Saddam Hussein. 30 November 2005.

The Independent George Galloway vs. Christopher Hitchens, 16 September 2005.

Zirin, Dave. Mr. Galloway Goes to Washington. Znet 13 September 2005

Sunday Herald George Galloway - personal interview 7 August 2005.

BBC. George Galloway interview on "What's the problem?". 10 June 2005.

McKay, Ron. Galloway Beats New Labour and the Ghost Voters. Sunday Herald. 8 May 2005.

Greenslade, Roy. No need for balance. The Guardian. 13 May 2005.

BBC. Galloway Wins Saddam Libel Case. 2 December 2004.

Abu Dhabi TV. ">British MP Galloway: US and British Governments Will Burn in "Hell-Fires". 20 November 2004.

The Scotsman. Galloway Iraq appeal cleared of impropriety over funds. 29 June 2004.

The Guardian. Special Report: George Galloway Expulsion from the Labour Party. 25 April 2004.

Al Jazeera. So what do I believe in? transcript of speech. 30 October 2003.

Watson, Richard. Why the MP went begging to Pakistan. The Daily Telegraph, 26 April 2003.

The Scotsman. Indefatigably yours. Personal interview, 19 May 2003.

New Worker. End the blockade on Iraq 1998 interview

Alliance for Workers Liberty. ">Would You Vote For This Man?: "Respect" and George Galloway. Solidarity 3/70. 31 March 2005.

Tatchell, Peter. Galloway's Iranian propaganda? The Guardian, 26 March 2008.

US Congressional testimony & related

mp3s of Galloway's speeches made during his tour of US, 13-24 December 2005

Unspinning the US’s web of lies against Galloway, Socialist Worker, 5 November 2005

mp3 of George Galloway vs. Christopher Hitchens, 14 September 2005

Galloway lied over Iraqi oil payments, says Congress report, Rupert Cornwell, The Independent, 25 October 2005

Christopher Hitchens' documentation of the Oil for Food issue, September 2005

Unmitigated Galloway, Christopher Hitchens, Weekly Standard, 30 May 2005

"Galloway and the mother of all invective", The Guardian newspaper, 18 May 2005

Link to full video recording of hearing in this BBC News report:Galloway takes on US oil accusers, BBC, 17 May 2005

UK's Galloway blisters US policy on Iraq on MSNBC Crooks & Liars: audio and video

Two Fox News reports: one short and sceptical; the other is a longer recording of Galloway's testimony, Fox News, 18 May 2005

Transcript of Galloway's comments, CNN

Full Text of Galloway's statements, Times online

Galloway's statements including senators questions

US Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 12 May 2005, "Report on oil allocations granted to Charles Pasqua & George Galloway"

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Category:Anti-Iraq War activists Category:Anti-poverty advocates Category:Anti-Zionism Category:Big Brother UK contestants Category:British anti-war activists Category:British radio personalities Category:British republicans Category:Labour Party (UK) politicians Category:Labour Party (UK) MPs Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for Scottish constituencies Category:People from Dundee Category:People from Glasgow Category:Personae non gratae Category:Respect Party politicians Category:Scottish Christian socialists Category:Scottish columnists Category:Scottish political writers Category:Scottish people of Irish descent Category:UK MPs 1987–1992 Category:UK MPs 1992–1997 Category:UK MPs 1997–2001 Category:UK MPs 2001–2005 Category:UK MPs 2005–2010 Category:United Nations Oil-for-Food scandal Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:Deported people

Carlo Ginzburg is a noted historian and pioneer of microhistory. He is most famous for his ground-breaking book, The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth Century Miller, which examined the beliefs of an Italian heretic, Menocchio, from Montereale Valcellina.

Biography

The son of Natalia Ginzburg and Leone Ginzburg, he was born in 1939 in Turin, Italy. He received a PhD from the University of Pisa in 1961. He has subsequently held teaching positions at the University of Bologna and at the University of California, Los Angeles (1988–2006); currently he teaches at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. His fields of interest range from the Italian Renaissance to early modern European History, with contributions to art history, literary studies, and the theory of historiography.

In 1979, Ginzburg formally requested that then-new Pope John Paul II open the Inquisition Archives. Whilst the immediate response of those in the Vatican to his request has not come to light yet, by 1991 a limited group of scholars were already allowed access to review the material in the archives. In January 1998 the archives were formally opened to "qualified researchers." Cardinal Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI, credited Ginzburg, and his 1979 letter, as having been instrumental in the Vatican's decision to open these archives.

Along with Paul Ginsborg, Marcello Flores, Sergio Luzzato, Claudio Pavone, Enzo Traverso, etc., Ginzburg signed a call in January 2007 against a law project, presented by Justice Minister Clemente Mastella, which was to specifically penalize Holocaust denial. They argued that Italy's legislation was sufficient to cope with such acts. The amended law project finally restricted itself to reinforcing sentences concerning hate speech.

In 2010 he was awarded the Balzan Prize.

Works

In The Night Battles and Ecstasies, he traced a complex path from certain European witch persecutions to the Benandanti to a wide variety of practices which he describes as evidence of a substrate of shamanic cults in Europe. His 1999 work, The Judge and the Historian, sought to expose injustice in the trial of Adriano Sofri, but failed to win a new trial. His book was not only about Sofri, but was also a general reflection on the scientific methods used by a historian, and their similarity to the work of a judge, who also has to correlate testimonies with material evidence in order to deduce what really happened. Thus, he explains how the judicial model of early historiography made it focus on easily verifiable facts, resulting in studies that centered on individuals or on what Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch called in the Annales d'histoire économique et sociale an "evenemential history."

Bibliography

The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth Century Miller, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1980, ISBN 0-8018-4387-1. First published in Italian as Il formaggio e I vermi, 1976.

The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1983, ISBN 0-8018-4386-3. First published in Italian as I benandanti, 1966.

The Enigma of Piero, London, 1985 (revised edition, 2000), ISBN 0-86091-904-8.

Clues, Myths and the Historical Method, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1989, ISBN 0-8018-4388-X.

Ecstasies. Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath, New York, 1991, ISBN 0-226-29693-8. First published in Italian as Storia notturna: Una decifrazione del Sabba, 1989.

Wooden Eyes, Milan, 1998, ISBN 0-231-11960-7.

The Judge and the Historian. Marginal Notes and a Late-Twentieth-century Miscarriage of Justice, London 1999, ISBN 1-85984-371-9. First published in Italian as Il giudice e la storico (1991).

History, Rhetoric, and Proof. The Menachem Stern Jerusalem Lectures, London and Hanover 1999, ISBN 0-87451-933-0.

Das Schwert und die Glühbirne. Eine neue Lektüre von Picassos Guernica, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-518-12103-0.

No Island is an Island. Four Glances at English Literature in a World Perspective, New York 2000, ISBN 0-231-11628-4.

Un dialogo, Milano, 2003.

Articles in Past and Present, Annales, Quaderni storici, Rivista storica italiana, Critical Inquiry, Elementa etc.

Latitude, Slaves and the Bible: An Experiment in Microhistory (PDF) Online paper by Carlo Ginzburg.

See also

Leone Ginzburg (father), Natalia Ginzburg (mother)

Vatican Secret Archives

Menocchio, accused of heresy

References

External links

Ginzburg UCLA Homepage

On the Dark Side Ginzburg interview.

Category:Italian historians Category:Microhistorians Category:Jewish historians Category:Italian Jews Category:People of Jewish descent Category:People from Turin (city) Category:1939 births Category:Living people Category:Viareggio Prize winners

Region	Western philosophy
Era	20th- / 21st-century philosophy
Color	#B0C4DE
Image name	Alex_Callinicos.jpg
Name	Alexander Theodore Callinicos
Birth date	July 24, 1950
Birth place	Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia
School tradition	Marxism
Main interests	Politics Political economy social theory
Influences	Hegel Marx Lenin Luxemburg Trotsky Lukács Gramsci Cliff Althusser Harman

Alexander Theodore Callinicos (born 24 July 1950, Southern Rhodesia - now Zimbabwe) is a Trotskyist political theorist, a member of the Central Committee of the Socialist Workers Party and its International Secretary, and is Director of the Centre for European Studies at King's College London. He is also editor of International Socialism, the SWP's theoretical journal.

Biography

Callinicos is a descendant, through his mother, of the 19th century English historian Lord Acton. During World War II his Greek father was active in the Greek Resistance to Nazi occupation, whilst his mother, the Hon. Ædgyth Bertha Milburg Mary Antonia Frances Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, was the daughter of the 2nd Lord Acton. a fellow Oxford doctoral student. He received his DPhil at Oxford.

His writings soon established him in socialist and academic circles as an expert on southern Africa and the French structuralist-Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser. In the early 1980s Callinicos, who is regarded as a talented public speaker, was elected to the central committee of the SWP, a position he still retains. In recent years he has been responsible for the SWP’s international work, but he has seen a number of splits in the International Socialist Tendency’s affiliated groups.

Callinicos participated in the Counter-Summit to the IMF/World Bank Meeting in Prague, September 2000 and the demonstration against the G8 in Genoa, June 2001. He has also been involved in organising the Social Forum movement in Europe. He was a contributor to Dictionnaire Marx Contemporain (2001), and has written a number of articles in New Left Review. Callinicos has also been a scathing critic of postmodernism.

He was Professor of Politics at the University of York before being appointed Professor of European Studies at King's College London in September 2005. A prolific writer for both the revolutionary and the academic presses, he succeeded the late Chris Harman as editor of International Socialism in January 2010 and is a British correspondent for Actuel Marx.

Works

Books

1976: Althusser's Marxism (London: Pluto Press) ISBN 0-90438-302-4

1977: Southern Africa after Soweto (with John Rogers) (London: Pluto Press), ISBN 0-90438-342-3

1981: Southern Africa after Zimbabwe (London: Pluto) ISBN 0-86104-336-7

1982: Is there a future for Marxism? (London: Macmillan). ISBN 0-33328-477-1

1983: Marxism and Philosophy (Oxford Paperbacks) (Oxford: Clarendon). ISBN 0-19876-126-0

1983: The revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx (London: Bookmarks). ISBN 0-90622-409-8

1985: South Africa: the road to revolution (Toronto: International Socialists). ISBN 0-90599-855-3

1985: The great strike : the miners’ strike of 1984-5 and its lessons (London: Socialist Worker) ISBN 0-90599-850-2

1986: The revolutionary road to Socialism (London: Socialist Workers Party). ISBN 0-90599-853-7

1987: The changing working class: essays on class structure today (with Chris Harman) (London: Bookmarks) ISBN 0-90622-440-3

1988: South Africa between reform and revolution (London: Bookmarks). ISBN 0-90622-446-2

1988: Making history: agency, structure, and change in social theory (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press). ISBN 0-80142-121-7

1989: Marxist Theory (editor) (Oxford: Oxford University Press). ISBN 0-19827-294-4

1990: Trotskyism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press). ISBN 0-81661-904-2

1991: The revenge of history: Marxism and the East European revolutions ISBN 0-27100-767-2

1991: Against Postmodernism: a Marxist critique (Cambridge: Polity Press). ISBN 0-31204-224-8

1992: Between apartheid and capitalism: conversations with South African socialists (editor) (London: Bookmarks). ISBN 0-90622-468-3

1994: Marxism and the New Imperialism (London ; Chicago, Ill. : Bookmarks). ISBN 0-90622-481-0

1995: Theories and narratives (Cambridge: Polity Press). ISBN 0-74561-201-6

1995: Race and class (London: Bookmark Publications). ISBN 0-90622-483-7

1995: Socialists in the trade unions (London: Bookmarks) ISBN 1-89887-601-0

1999: Social theory: historical introduction (New York: New York University Press). ISBN 0-81471-593-1

2000: Equality (Themes for the 21st Century) (Cambridge: Polity Press). ISBN 0-74562-324-7

2002: Against the Third Way (Cambridge: Polity Press). ISBN 0-74562-674-2

2003: An anti-Capitalist manifesto (Cambridge: Polity Press). ISBN 0-74562-903-2

2003: New mandarins of American power: the Bush administration’s plans for the world (Cambridge: Polity Press). ISBN 0-74563-274-2

2006: The resources of critique (Cambridge: Polity). ISBN 0-74563-160-6

2009: Imperialism and Global Political Economy (Cambridge, Polity). ISBN 0-74564-045-1

2010: Bonfire of Illusions: The Twin Crises of the Liberal World (Polity). ISBN 0-74564-876-2

Articles

"The Anti-Capitalist Movement And The Revolutionary Left"

"The 'New Middle Class' and socialists" (1983)

"The grand strategy of the American Empire"

"Plumbing the depths: Marxism and the Holocaust"

"Interview with Alex Callinicos: The Imperial Assault on the Middle East"

"Imperialism and Global Political Economy", International Socialism, 108, Autumn 2005.

"Where is the radical left going?", International Socialism, 120, Autumn 2008.

References

External links

Alex Callinicos Internet Archive

Category:Academics of King's College London Category:Academics of the University of York Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford Category:British Marxists Category:British political writers Category:British Trotskyists Category:Marxist theorists Category:Marxist writers Category:Socialist Workers Party (Britain) members Category:1950 births Category:Living people Category:People from Harare