Essex () is a
ceremonial and non-metropolitan
county in the
East region of
England, and one of the
home counties. It is located to the northeast of
Greater London and is one of the most populous counties in England.
Essex County Council is the principal local authority for much of the county, sharing functions with twelve district councils. The
county town is
Chelmsford. The southern Essex boroughs of
Thurrock and
Southend-on-Sea are governed separately as
unitary authorities. It was
established in antiquity and formed the eastern portion of the
Kingdom of Essex. Sections of the county closer to London are part of the
Metropolitan Green Belt, which prohibits development. It is the location of the regionally significant
Lakeside Shopping Centre and
London Stansted Airport; and the
new towns of
Basildon and
Harlow.
History
Toponomy
The name
Essex originates in the
Anglo-Saxon period of the
Early Middle Ages and has its root in the
Old English Ēastseaxe (i.e. the "East Saxons"), the eastern kingdom of the
Saxons.
Ancient origins
In pre-
Roman Britain the territories of
Suffolk and Essex were home to the
Trinovantes tribe, which had grown wealthy through intensive trade with the
Roman Empire, contemporary to the decline of Atlantic sea trade as roads and better in-land trade-routes were established in Romanized
Gaul. Catuvellaunian and Trinovantian territory was the first to be annexed by the Roman Emperor
Claudius in AD 43 when he began his invasion of Britain (Cunliffe, 2001).
Colchester was the capital of the province of Britannia, but was attacked and destroyed during
Boudica's rebellion in AD 61. Sometime after the destruction,
London became the capital of the province of Britannia.
The East Saxon lands bordered those of the Angle peoples of East Anglia (the latter comprising Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire). The Kingdom of Essex was traditionally founded by Aescwine in 527 AD, occupying territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating much of what would later become Middlesex and Hertfordshire, though its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lee. were transferred to form the London boroughs of Barking, Havering, Newham, Redbridge and Waltham Forest. Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. In 1998, the districts of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were separated from the shire county of Essex becoming unitary districts.
Governance
The county of Essex is divided into a number of local government districts. They are
Harlow,
Epping Forest,
Brentwood,
Basildon,
Castle Point,
Rochford,
Maldon,
Chelmsford,
Uttlesford,
Braintree,
Colchester,
Tendring,
Thurrock, and
Southend-on-Sea.
by
John Constable shows the Essex landscape on the right bank]]
The traditional county flower of Essex is the cowslip (Primula veris), locally known as the paigle or peggle, and frequently mentioned in the writings of Essex bucolic authors such as Samuel Bensusan and C. H. Warren. In 2002, the Common Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) was named the county wildflower after a poll of residents (which excluded the cowslip) by the plant conservation charity Plantlife. Samuel Bensusan and others have suggested that if Essex had a county bird, it would be the lapwing (known locally as the peewit) whose lonely cry characterises the Essex marshes known as saltings.
Essex is also home to the Dunmow Flitch Trials a traditional ceremony that takes place every four years and consists of a test of a married couples devotion to one another. A common claim of the origin of the Dunmow Flitch dates back to 1104 and the Augustinian Priory of Little Dunmow, founded by Lady Juga Baynard. Lord of the Manor Reginald Fitzwalter and his wife dressed themselves as humble folk and begged blessing of the Prior a year and a day after marriage.
The Prior, impressed by their devotion bestowed upon them a Flitch of Bacon. Upon revealing his true identity, Fitzwalter gave his land to the Priory on the condition a Flitch should be awarded to any couple who could claim they were similarly devoted.
By the 14th century, the Dunmow Flitch Trials had achieved far-reaching notoriety. The author William Langland, who lived on the Welsh borders, mentions it in his 1362 book 'The Vision of Piers Plowman' in a manner that implies general knowledge of the custom among his readers.
Most English counties have nicknames for people from that county, such as a Tyke from Yorkshire and a Yellowbelly from Lincolnshire; the traditional nickname for a person from Essex is an Essex Calf, so named because the county was famous for rearing beef cattle for sale in London meat markets; calves from the county were famed for their large size and known as 'Essex lions'. Essex is known for being the origin of the political term Essex man, and of the Essex girl joke.
Notable musicians such as Alison Moyet and the electronic dance music group The Prodigy hail from Essex.
Sport
The county is also home to three
Football League clubs, ,
Dagenham & Redbridge FC (situated in the
London Borough of Barking & Dagenham) and . Non-league football clubs
Chelmsford City,
Braintree Town and
Thurrock who compete in the
Conference South are also based in Essex.
The county also has a successful cricket team in the Cricket County Championship. They have won the Championship six times and other one day cricket trophies. England's leading Test Match run scorer Graham Gooch played for the county between 1973 and 1997.
Cultural references
The satirical puppet show Spitting Image once produced a song titled "Essex is Crap", claiming it was the only UK county with no redeeming features, and describing it as "a boil on the bum of the nation" and "where Page 3 girls buy their mum a bungalow".
"Essex Dogs" was the title of a 1997 Blur song.
Essex Boys was the title of a 2000 film starring Sean Bean about the demise of a group of Essex gangsters.
Essex Wives was a 2002 LWT reality TV series starring Jodie Marsh.
The Only Way Is Essex
Landmarks
Over 14,000 buildings have
listed status in the county, and around 1000 of those are recognised as of Grade I or II* importance. The buildings range from the 7th century Saxon church of
St Peter-on-the-Wall, to the
Royal Corinthian Yacht Club which was the United Kingdom's entry in the "International Exhibition of Modern Architecture" held at the
Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1932.
Places of interest
Abberton Reservoir
Arena Essex Raceway
Ashingdon (The site of the Battle of Ashingdon in 1016)
Audley End
Clacton-On-Sea
Colchester Castle
Colchester Zoo
Colne Valley Railway
East Anglian Railway Museum
Epping Forest
Frinton-on-Sea
Great Bentley Home to the Largest Village green in England
Harlow New Town
Hedingham Castle
Ingatestone Hall
Kelvedon Hatch (Secret Nuclear Bunker)
Maldon Historic market town site of the Battle of Maldon
Mangapps Railway Museum (
Burnham-on-Crouch)
Marsh Farm Country Park
Mersea Island
Mistley towers
Mountfitchet Castle
North Weald Airfield
Orsett Hall
St Peter-on-the-Wall
Saffron Walden
Southend Pier
Thaxted
University of Essex (Wivenhoe Park, Colchester)
Waltham Abbey
Notable persons
See :Category:People from Essex.
Sister counties and regions
Jiangsu,
China
Picardy,
France
Thuringia,
Germany
Henrico County,
Virginia
Accra,
Ghana
See also
The Earl of Essex
Q Camp : WWII camp in Essex
List of civil parishes in England
Notes and references
External links
Visit Essex
Essex County Council
Seax - Essex Archives Online
Digital Images of Essex
Essex Registration Service
Dunmow Flitch Trials
Essex Gigs 2010
BBC Essex
British History Online
Essex Forums
Essex Churches
Category:Non-metropolitan counties