A subpoena ( or ) is a writ by a government agency, most often a court, that has authority to compel testimony by a witness or production of evidence under a penalty for failure. There are two common types of subpoena: # subpoena ad testificandum orders a person to testify before the ordering authority or face punishment. The subpoena can also request the testimony to be given by phone or in person. # subpoena duces tecum orders a person or organization to bring physical evidence before the ordering authority or face punishment. This is often used for requests to mail copies of documents to requesting party or directly to court.

Etymology

The term is from the Middle English suppena and the Latin phrase sub poena meaning "under penalty". The term may also be spelled "subpena", particularly in the United States. The subpoena has its source in English common law and it is now used almost with universal application throughout the English common law world. However, for civil proceedings in England and Wales, it is now described as a witness summons, as part of reforms to replace Latin terms with English terms which are easier to understand. John Waltham, Bishop of Salisbury, is said to have created the writ of subpoena in the reign of Richard II.

Subpoena process

Subpoenas are usually issued by the clerk of the court (see below) in the name of the judge presiding over the case. Additionally, court rules may permit lawyers to issue subpoenas themselves in their capacity as officers of the court. Typically subpoenas are issued "in blank" and it is the responsibility of the lawyer representing the plaintiff or defendant on whose behalf the testimony is to be given to serve the subpoena on the witness.

The subpoena will usually be on the letterhead of the court where the case is filed, name the parties to the case, and be addressed by name to the person whose testimony is being sought. It will contain the language "You are hereby commanded to report in person to the clerk of this court" or similar, describing the specific location, scheduled date and time of the appearance. Some issuing jurisdictions include an admonishment advising the subject of the criminal penalty for failure to comply with a subpoena, and reminding him or her not to leave the court facilities until excused by a competent authority. In some situations the person is paid.

Pro se litigants who represent themselves, unlike lawyers, must ask a court clerk to officially issue them subpoena forms when they need to call witnesses by phone or in person, or when they need to officially request documents to be sent to them and/or directly to court (any documents that have not been subpoenaed to court or verified by a witness can be dismissed by the opposite party as hearsay).

Some states (as is the case in Florida) require the subpoenaing party to first file a Notice of Intent to Serve Subpoena, or a Notice of Production from Non-Party 10 days prior to issuing the subpoena, so that the other party may have ample time to file any objections.

Notes

See also

Summons

Subpoena duces tecum

Subpoena ad testificandum

Additional reading

"The Press and Subpoenas: An Overview," by Marlena Telvick and Amy Rubin, PBS Frontline, February 20, 2010.PBS.org

Category:Latin legal terms Category:Legal documents

Name	Ron Paul
Image name	Ron Paul, official Congressional photo portrait, 2007.jpg|thumb|Paul's Congressional portrait
Imagesize	220px
Birth date	August 20, 1935
Birth place	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
State	Texas
District	14th
Term start	January 3, 1997
Preceded	Greg Laughlin
State2	Texas
District2	22nd
Term start2	January 3, 1979
Term end2	January 3, 1985
Preceded2	Robert Gammage
Succeeded2	Tom DeLay
Term start3	April 3, 1976
Term end3	January 3, 1977
Preceded3	Robert R. Casey
Succeeded3	Robert Gammage
Party	Republican (1976–1988)Libertarian (1988 Presidential Election)Republican (1988–present)
Spouse	Carolyn "Carol" Paul
Children	Ronald "Ronnie" Paul, Jr.Lori Paul PyeattRandal "Rand" PaulRobert PaulJoy Paul-LeBlanc
Alma mater	Gettysburg College (B.S.)Duke University School of Medicine (M.D.)
Profession	Physician, Politician
Residence	Lake Jackson, Texas
Religion	BaptistUnited States Air National Guard
Serviceyears	1962–19651965–1968

Ronald Ernest "Ron" Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American physician and Republican Congressman for the 14th congressional district of Texas. Paul serves on the House Foreign Affairs Committee, the Joint Economic Committee, and the Committee on Financial Services, where he has been an outspoken critic of American foreign and monetary policy. He has gained prominence for his libertarian positions on many political issues, often clashing with both Republican and Democratic Party leaders. He is the Chairman of the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy. He received a B.S. degree in biology at Gettysburg College in 1957. He was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. That same day, the young physician decided to enter politics, saying later, "After that day, all money would be political money rather than money of real value. I was astounded."

First campaigns

Inspired by his belief that the monetary crisis of the 1970s was predicted by the Austrian School and caused by excessive government spending on the Vietnam War He also proposed legislation to decrease Congressional pay by the rate of inflation; he was a regular participant in the annual Congressional Baseball Game; and he continued to deliver babies on Mondays and Saturdays during his entire 22nd district career.

During his first term, Paul founded a think tank, the Foundation for Rational Economics and Education (FREE). and spoke against the banking mismanagement that led to the savings and loan crisis. The U.S. Gold Commission created by Congress in 1982 was his and Jesse Helms's idea, and Paul's commission minority report was published by the Cato Institute in The Case for Gold; and was succeeded by former state representative Tom DeLay.

In 2009, Paul was featured by CBS on Up to the Minute as one of two members of the U.S. Congress that have pledged not to receive pension from the United States government. The other is Howard Coble of North Carolina. Paul criticized Ronald Reagan as a failure and cited high deficits as exhibit A. On the ballot in 46 states and the District of Columbia, behind Republican winner George H. W. Bush and Democrat Michael Dukakis. Kent Snyder, Paul's 2008 campaign chair, first worked for Paul on the 1988 campaign. He traveled the country for a year speaking about issues such as free market economics and the rising government deficits: "That's why we talk to a lot of young people. They're the ones who are paying these bills, they're the ones who are inheriting this debt, so it's most likely these young people who will move into this next generation in government." He worked with FREE on such projects as establishing the National Endowment for Liberty, producing the At Issue public policy series that aired on Discovery Channel and CNBC, and continuing publication of Dr. Ron Paul's Freedom Report.

Inter-congressional years

Ron Paul & Associates (RP&A;), Inc. was founded in 1984 by Paul, who served as President. Llewellyn H Rockwell Jr. served as Vice President, Ron Paul's wife Carol served as Secretary and Lori Pyeatt as Treasurer. The corporation was dissolved in 2001. and occasional editor) Paul won the primary with support from baseball pitcher, constituent, and friend Nolan Ryan (as honorary campaign chair and ad spokesman), as well as tax activist Steve Forbes and conservative commentator Pat Buchanan (both of whom had run presidential campaigns that year).

Paul's Democratic opponent in the fall general election, trial lawyer Charles "Lefty" Morris, received assistance from the AFL-CIO, but Paul's wider contributor base out-raised Morris two-to-one, giving the third-highest amount of individual contributions received by any House member (behind Gingrich and Bob Dornan). some of which were characterized as racially charged. Upon his returning to Washington, Paul quickly discovered "there was no sincere effort" by Republicans toward their declared goal of small government.

Later campaigns

In 1998 and again in 2000, Paul defeated Loy Sneary, a Democratic Bay City rice farmer and former Matagorda County judge, running ads warning voters to be "leery of" Sneary. Paul accused Sneary of voting to raise his pay by 5%, increasing his travel allotment by 400% in one year, and using increased taxes to start a new government bureaucracy to handle a license plate fee he enacted. Sneary's aides said he had voted to raise all county employees' pay by five percent in a cost-of-living increase. Paul countered that he had never voted to raise Congressional pay.

An online grassroots petition to draft Paul for the 2004 presidential election garnered several thousand signatures. Paul opposes farm subsidies because they are paid to large corporations rather than small farmers. in a survey, 54% of his constituency agreed with his goal of eliminating the U.S. Department of Education. Paul compared his practice to objecting to the tax system yet taking all one's tax credits: "I want to get their money back for the people." traveling over daily to attend civic ceremonies for veterans, graduates, and Boy Scouts, often accompanied by his grandchildren. His staff helps senior citizens obtain free or low-cost prescription drugs through a little-known drug company program; procures lost or unreceived medals for war veterans, holding dozens of medal ceremonies annually; is known for its effectiveness in tracking down Social Security checks; and sends out birthday and condolence cards.

In 2001, he was one of only eight doctors in the House; even fewer had continued to practice while in office. He is occasionally approached by younger area residents to thank him for attending and assisting their deliveries at birth.

Legislation

Paul authors more bills than the average representative, such as those that impose term limits, or abolish the income tax or the Federal Reserve; many do not escape committee review. He has written successful legislation to prevent eminent domain seizure of a church in New York, and a bill transferring ownership of the Lake Texana dam project from the federal government to Texas. By amending other legislation, he has barred funding for national identification numbers, funding for federal teacher certification, International Criminal Court jurisdiction over the U.S. military, American participation in any U.N. global tax, and surveillance on peaceful First Amendment activities by citizens.

Paul says his fellow members of Congress have increased government spending by 75 percent during George W. Bush's administration. He is a founding member of the Congressional Rural Caucus, which deals with agricultural and rural issues, and the 140-member Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus. These publications would later create political problems for Paul.

At the end of 2007, both the New York Sun and the New York Times Magazine reprinted passages from early 1990s publications of Paul's newsletters, attacking them for content deemed racist. These were the same newsletters that had been used against Paul in his 1996 congressional campaign.

On January 8, 2008, the day of the New Hampshire primary, The New Republic published a story by James Kirchick quoting from selected newsletters published under Paul's name. Paul's presidential campaign took the position that the Kirchick story was simply a "rehash" of a political attack received during his 1996 campaign.

Responding to the charges in a CNN interview, Paul denied any involvement in authoring the passages. Additionally, Paul's campaign claimed through a press release that the quotations had come from an unnamed ghostwriter and without Paul's consent. Paul again denounced and disavowed the "small-minded thoughts," citing his 1999 House speech praising Rosa Parks for her courage; he said the charges simply "rehashed" the decade-old Morris attack. Although Rockwell denies this charge, and "has characterized discussion of the newsletters as 'hysterical smears aimed at political enemies.'" However, Paul requested on September 11 that Montana take his name off the ballot, He also suggested the Party list official Constitution Party nominee Baldwin on the Montana ballot instead. Five days later the Montana Secretary of State denied Paul's request for withdrawal, They are pledged to Paul for President and Barry Goldwater, Jr. for Vice President.

The same day, Paul made a brief press statement: "On the heels of his historic three-day rally in Minneapolis that drew over 12,000 attendees, Congressman Ron Paul will make a major announcement next week in Washington at the National Press Club." His nickname "Dr. No" on his office wall. He regularly votes against almost all proposals for new government spending, initiatives, or taxes; He has pledged never to raise taxes He says his years as an obstetrician led him to believe life begins at conception; his abortion-related legislation, like the Sanctity of Life Act, is intended to negate Roe v. Wade and to get "the federal government completely out of the business of regulating state matters." Paul also believes that the notion of the separation of church and state is currently misused by the court system: "In case after case, the Supreme Court has used the infamous 'separation of church and state' metaphor to uphold court decisions that allow the federal government to intrude upon and deprive citizens of their religious liberty."

He opposes federal regulation of the death penalty, of education, and of marriage, and supports revising the military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy to focus on disruptive sexual behavior (whether heterosexual or homosexual). As a free-market environmentalist, he asserts private property rights in relation to environmental protection and pollution prevention. He also opposes the federal War on Drugs, and thinks the states should decide whether to regulate or deregulate drugs such as medical marijuana. Paul pushes to eliminate federal involvement in and management of health care, which he argues would allow prices to drop due to the fundamental dynamics of a free market. He is an outspoken proponent for increased ballot access for 3rd party candidates and numerous election law reforms which he believes would allow more voter control. Ron Paul has also stated that “The government shouldn't be in the medical business." He is also opposed to government flu inoculation programs.

Paul takes a critical view of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, arguing that it was unconstitutional and did not improve race relations.

Books authored

Other contributions

References

External links

Ron Paul's Personal Website, books, articles, links to political sites connected with Ron Paul

RonPaul.com speeches, essays, interviews, photos and videos

Ron Paul Library articles and speeches by Ron Paul

Ron Paul Forums

;Congress

U.S. House of Representatives Office of Ron Paul

Congressional campaign website

;Organizations Founded

Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty

Ron Paul's Liberty PAC

Ron Paul's F.R.E.E. Foundation – The Foundation for Rational Economics and Education

;Presidential campaign

NOW on PBS "Ron Paul and Internet Politics". Also, a September 2008 NOW on PBS interview with Ron Paul

PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer — Vote 2008: Ron Paul

Category:1935 births Category:Living people Category:American anti-Iraq War activists Category:American foreign policy writers Category:American libertarians Category:American physicians Category:American political writers Category:American writers of German descent Category:Baptists from the United States Category:Classical liberals Category:Conservatism in the United States Category:Drug policy reform activists Category:Duke University alumni Category:Gettysburg College alumni Category:Internet memes Category:Libertarian Party (United States) presidential nominees Category:Libertarian theorists Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Texas Category:Military physicians Category:People from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Category:People from Brazoria County, Texas Category:Physicians from Texas Category:Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Category:Texas Republicans Category:Texas Libertarians Category:United States Air Force officers Category:United States presidential candidates, 1988 Category:United States presidential candidates, 2008 Category:University of Pittsburgh people

Name	Todd Palin
Caption	Palin at the 2010 Time 100 Gala
Birth date	September 06, 1964
Birth place	Dillingham, Alaska, U.S.
Occupation	Oil field production workerCommercial fishermanSnowmobile racer
Order1	First Gentleman of Alaska
Term start1	December 4, 2006
Term end1	July 26, 2009
Predecessor1	Nancy Murkowski
Successor1	Sandra Parnell
Alma mater	Wasilla High School - (High school diploma, 1982)
Religion	Evangelical Christian
Spouse	Sarah Palin (m. 1988)
Children	Track (b. 1989) Bristol (b. 1990) Willow (b. 1994) Piper (b. 2001) Trig (b. 2008)
After	Sandra Parnell|years=December 4, 2006 – July 26, 2009}}

Category:1964 births Category:American evangelicals Category:Palin family Category:American fishers Category:American people of Native American descent Category:BP people Category:First Ladies and Gentlemen of Alaska Category:Living people Category:People from Wasilla, Alaska Category:Sarah Palin Category:Sportspeople from Alaska Category:Spouses of United States mayors

Name	Patrick Leahy
Nationality	American
Jr/sr	Senior Senator
State	Vermont
Party	Democratic
Term start	January 3, 1975
Alongside	Bernie Sanders
Preceded	George Aiken
Order2	Chairman of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary
Term start2	January 4, 2007
Preceded2	Arlen Specter
Term start3	June 6, 2001
Term end3	January 3, 2003
Preceded3	Orrin Hatch
Succeeded3	Orrin Hatch
Term start4	January 3
Term end4	January 20, 2001
Preceded4	Orrin Hatch
Succeeded4	Orrin Hatch
Order5	Chairman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
Term start5	January 4, 1987
Term end5	January 3, 1995
Preceded5	Jesse Helms
Succeeded5	Richard Lugar
Birth date	March 31, 1940
Birth place	Montpelier, Vermont
Occupation	AttorneyPolitician
Residence	Burlington, Vermont
Spouse	Marcelle Pomerleau
Alma mater	St. Michael's College (B.A.)Georgetown University (J.D.)
Religion	Roman Catholic
Signature	Pat Leahy Signature.svg
Website	Senator Patrick Leahy

Patrick Joseph Leahy (;

Leahy has stated the importance of increasing the prevalence of public health care during times of economic downturn. He voted to increase Medicare benefits and to allow this organization to negotiate lower-priced, bulk prescriptions from pharmaceutical manufacturers. Leahy has broken with Democratic leadership in supporting allowing states to make bulk drug purchases on their own, an idea he has characterized as an important short term solution until Congress can agree on a similar proposal. Leahy has consistently voted to uphold Social Security and has opposed school vouchers.

Leahy has been a strong supporter of environmental policy. He has supported bills that would increase hydrogen car production, uphold CAFE standards, set a goal of reducing oil consumption by 40 percent in 2025, and increase solar and wind power funding. He has supported the establishment of greenhouse gas tradeable allowances and has spoken out against the use of ethanol as a solution to rising gasoline prices.

On taxation, Leahy has consistently supported progressive rates. He has rejected proposals to remove the Estate Tax and Alternative Minimum Tax, and he has spoken out strongly against cutting taxes for the wealthy. Leahy has strongly supported the rights of employees, and has voted to increase the minimum wage and allow for more union organization. He has voted against the most controversial of free trade proposals, such as CAFTA and NAFTA, but supported normalizing trade relations with China.

Leahy has been a long-time critic of the Iraq War. He has spoken in favor of timetables for troop withdrawal and has stated that the country needs well-trained foreign service and civilian workers to help fix the damage in Iraq. He has been critical of the PATRIOT Act.

Personal life

Leahy is a fan of the Grateful Dead. He has not only attended concerts, but has taped them, and has a collection of the band's tapes in his Senate Offices. Jerry Garcia visited him at his Senate offices, and Leahy gave a tie designed by Garcia to Senator Orrin Hatch (who responded by giving Leahy a Rush Limbaugh tie). Surviving band members Bob Weir and Mickey Hart have participated in fundraisers for Leahy and his Political Action Committee, the Green Mountain Victory Fund. Leahy appeared in a videotaped tribute to the Dead when they received a lifetime achievement award at the 2002 Jammys. His Senate website notes this response to a question from seventh grade students from Vermont's Thetford Academy who asked Leahy which Dead song was his favorite, he replied: "... my favorite is "Black Muddy River" but we always play "Truckin'" on election night at my headquarters."

In a 1994 interview on ABC News, Leahy claimed that, while attending Georgetown Law School, he obtained tickets to see The Beatles' first full U.S. concert, at the Washington Coliseum, inviting a classmate, who declined, saying that the Beatles were a fad. Leahy declined to identify the classmate, but added, "He hasn't gone on to become a very good lawyer, either."

A fan of U2, Leahy has a picture mounted on the wall of his office of himself, his wife, President Bill Clinton and Bono. On it, Bono drew an arrow pointed to himself, with the caption, "Would you trust this man with your children?"

Leahy is quoted on Loung Ung's website: "In this gripping narrative Loung Ung describes the unfathomable evil that engulfed Cambodia during her childhood, the courage that enabled her family to survive, and the determination that has made her an eloquent voice for peace and justice in Cambodia. It is a tour de force that strengthens our resolve to prevent and punish crimes against humanities." The book he is referring to is Lucky Child.

Leahy is a published photographer.(Class 3) |years=1974, 1980, 1986, 1992, 1998, 2004, 2010 |after=To be determined}}

Category:1940 births Category:American Roman Catholics Category:American Roman Catholic politicians Category:Dismissal of United States Attorneys controversy Category:Georgetown University Law Center alumni Category:American politicians of Irish descent Category:American politicians of Italian descent Category:Living people Category:Middlesex, Vermont Category:Saint Michael's College alumni Category:United States Senators from Vermont Category:Vermont Democrats Category:People from Montpelier, Vermont Category:Democratic Party United States Senators

Name	Karl Rove
Caption	An official portrait of Karl Rove
Office	White House Deputy Chief of Staff
Term start	February 8, 2005
Term end	August 31, 2007Served with Joe Hagin and Joel Kaplan
President	George W. Bush
Predecessor	Harriet Miers
Successor	Joel Kaplan
Office2	Senior Advisor to the President
President2	George W. Bush
Deputy2	Barry Jackson
Successor2	Barry Jackson
Term start2	January 21, 2001
Term end2	August 31, 2007
Birth date	December 25, 1950
Birth place	Denver, Colorado
Occupation	Political Consultant
Spouse	(divorced) (divorced)
Children	Andrew Madison Rove
Religion	Episcopalian
Party	Republican
Website	http://www.rove.com|rove.com
Alma mater	University of UtahUniversity of Texas-AustinGeorge Mason University

Karl Christian Rove (born December 25, 1950) was Senior Advisor and Deputy Chief of Staff to former President George W. Bush until Rove's resignation on August 31, 2007. He has headed the Office of Political Affairs, the Office of Public Liaison, and the White House Office of Strategic Initiatives. Since leaving the White House, Rove has worked as a political analyst and contributor for Fox News, Newsweek and The Wall Street Journal.

Prior to his White House appointments, Rove was a Republican political consultant and strategist. He is credited with the successful 1994 and 1998 Texas gubernatorial victories of George W. Bush, as well as Bush's 2000 and 2004 successful presidential campaigns. In his 2004 victory speech Bush referred to Rove as "the Architect." Rove has also been credited for the successful campaigns of John Ashcroft (1994 U.S. Senate election), Bill Clements (1986 Texas gubernatorial election), Senator John Cornyn (2002 U.S. Senate election), Governor Rick Perry (1990 Texas Agriculture Commission election), and Phil Gramm (1982 U.S. House and 1984 U.S. Senate elections).

Though no allegations have been proven or sustained, Rove's name has come up in political scandals, including the Valerie Plame affair, the Bush White House e-mail controversy and the related dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy.

Early years

Family, upbringing, early education

Rove was born in Denver, Colorado, the second of five children and was later raised in Sparks, Nevada. His biological father left the family when Rove and his older brother were children. His mother, Reba Louise (née Wood), was a gift shop manager, and his mother's second husband, Louis Claude Rove Jr. (1928–2004), who adopted him

Rove traveled extensively, participating as an instructor at weekend seminars for campus conservatives across the country. He was an active participant in Richard Nixon's 1972 Presidential campaign. A CBS report on the organization of the Nixon campaign from June 1972 includes an interview with a young Rove working for the College Republican National Committee.

Rove held the position of executive director of the College Republicans until early 1973. He left the job to spend five months, without pay, campaigning full time for the position of national chairman of the organization, for the 1973-1975 term in the same years he attended George Mason University. Lee Atwater, the group's Southern regional coordinator, who was two months younger than Rove, managed Rove's campaign. The two spent the spring of 1973 crisscrossing the country in a Ford Pinto, lining up the support of Republican state chairs.

The College Republicans summer 1973 convention at the Lake of the Ozarks resort in Missouri was quite contentious. Rove's opponent was Robert Edgeworth of Michigan (the other major candidate, Terry Dolan of California, dropped out, supporting Edgeworth). A number of states had sent two competing delegates, because Rove and his supporters had made credentials challenges at state and regional conventions. For example, after the Midwest regional convention, Rove forces had produced a version of the Midwestern College Republicans constitution which differed significantly from the constitution that the Edgeworth forces were using, in order to justify the unseating of the Edgeworth delegates on procedural grounds, including delegations, such as Ohio and Missouri, which had been certified earlier by Rove himself. In the end, there were two votes, conducted by two convention chairs, and two winners — Rove and Edgeworth, each of whom delivered an acceptance speech. After the convention, both Edgeworth and Rove appealed to Republican National Committee Chairman George H. W. Bush, each contending that he was the new College Republican chairman.

While resolution was pending, Dolan went (anonymously) to the Washington Post with recordings of several training seminars for young Republicans where a co-presenter of Rove's, Bernie Robinson, cautioned against doing the same thing he had done: rooting through opponents' garbage cans. The tape with this story on it, as well as Rove's admonition not to copy similar tricks as Rove's against Dixon, was secretly recorded and edited by Rich Evans, who had hoped to receive an appointment from Rove's competitor in CRNC chairmanship race.

In response, then RNC Chairman George H.W. Bush had an FBI agent question Rove. As part of the investigation, Atwater signed an affidavit, dated August 13, 1973, stating that he had heard a "20 minute anecdote similar to the one described in the Washington Post" in July 1972, but that "it was a funny story during a coffee break". Karl Rove & Co. v. Thornburgh was heard by U.S. Federal Judge Sam Sparks (who had been appointed by George H.W. Bush in 1991).

1992 George H. W. Bush presidential campaign

Rove was fired from the 1992 Bush presidential campaign after he planted a negative story with columnist Robert Novak about dissatisfaction with campaign fundraising chief Robert Mosbacher Jr. (Esquire Magazine, January 2003). Novak provided some evidence of motive in his column describing the firing of Mosbacher by former Senator Phil Gramm: "Also attending the session was political consultant Karl Rove, who had been shoved aside by Mosbacher." Novak and Rove deny that Rove was the leaker, but Mosbacher maintained that "Rove is the only one with a motive to leak this. We let him go. I still believe he did it." Kennedy won by less than one percentage point.

1994 John Ashcroft senatorial campaign In 1993, according to the New York Times, Karl Rove & Company was paid $300,000 in consulting fees by Ashcroft's successful 1994 Senate campaign. Ashcroft paid Rove's company more than $700,000 over the course of three campaigns.

1994 George W. Bush gubernatorial campaign In 1993, Rove began advising George W. Bush in his successful campaign to become governor of Texas. Bush announced his candidacy in November 1993. By January 1994, Bush had spent more than $600,000 on the race against incumbent Democrat Ann Richards, with $340,000 of that paid to Rove's firm.

Rove has been accused of using the push poll technique to call voters to ask such things as whether people would be "more or less likely to vote for Governor Richards if [they] knew her staff is dominated by lesbians." Rove has denied having been involved in circulating these rumors about Richards during the campaign,

2000 George W. Bush presidential campaign and the sale of Karl Rove & Co.

In early 1999, Rove sold his 20-year-old direct-mail business, Karl Rove & Co., which provided campaign services to candidates, along with Praxis List Company (in whole or part) to Ted Delisi and Todd Olsen, two young political operatives who had worked on campaigns of some other Rove candidates. Rove helped finance the sale of the company, which had 11 employees. Selling Karl Rove & Co. was a condition that George W. Bush had insisted on before Rove took the job of chief strategist for Bush's presidential bid.

2004 George W. Bush Presidential Re-election Campaign

Bush publicly thanked Rove and called him "the architect" in his 2004 victory speech, after defeating John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election.

In 2010, Rove became an advisor to American Crossroads, a Republican 527 organization raising money in competition with the Republican National Committee.

Rove left Texas after Bush was elected President in late 2000. He currently resides in Washington, D.C.

References

External links

Karl Rove -- The Architect, Frontline documentary on PBS

Collected news and commentary at The New York Times

Category:American adoptees Category:American Episcopalians Category:American political consultants Category:American political pundits Category:American political writers Category:College Republican National Committee chairs Category:Dismissal of United States Attorneys controversy Category:George W. Bush Administration personnel Category:People from Denver, Colorado Category:People from Sparks, Nevada Category:People from Salt Lake City, Utah Category:Plame affair figures Category:United States presidential advisors Category:University of Texas at Austin alumni Category:University of Utah alumni Category:Texas Republicans Category:Nixon CRP alumni Category:1950 births Category:Living people Category:Fox News Channel people

Name	Jerrold Nadler
Office	Member of theU.S. House of Representativesfrom New York's 8th district17th district (1992–1993)
Term start	November 3, 1992
Preceded	Theodore S. Weiss
Office2	Member of theNew York State Assemblyfrom the 67th district69th district (1977–1982)
Term start2	1977
Term end2	1992
Preceded2	Albert Blumenthal
Succeeded2	Scott Stringer
Date of birth	June 13, 1947
Place of birth	New York City, New York
Alma mater	Stuyvesant High School, Columbia University, Fordham University
Residence	Manhattan, New York City, New York
Occupation	attorney
Party	Democrat
Spouse	Joyce Miller
Children	Michael Nadler
Religion	Judaism
Website	U.S. Representative Jerrold Nadler

Jerrold Lewis "Jerry" Nadler (born June 13, 1947) is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 1992. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

The district includes the west side of Manhattan from the Upper West Side down to Battery Park, including the site where the World Trade Center stood. It also includes the Manhattan neighborhoods of Chelsea, Hell's Kitchen, and Greenwich Village, as well as parts of Brooklyn such as Coney Island, Bensonhurst, Borough Park, and Bay Ridge. It includes many of New York City's most popular tourist attractions, including the Empire State Building, Central Park, Statue of Liberty, Brooklyn Bridge and New York Stock Exchange.

Early life

Nadler was born in Brooklyn and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1965 (where his debate team partner was the future philosopher of science, Alexander Rosenberg, and his successful campaign for student government president was managed by Dick Morris). Nadler graduated from Columbia University and Fordham University School of Law. He is a member of the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity. He worked for Eugene McCarthy in the 1968 presidential campaign and was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1976.

Freedom of Information Act precedent

Nadler became involved in a controversy with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in 1995, when he wanted the release of data concerning a bank for which the FDIC was then the receiver.

The result of the dispute was a key Second Circuit precedent on the applicability of the Freedom of Information Act to circumstances in which a public agency possesses "trade secrets and commercial or financial information obtained from a person and privileged or confidential."

Congressional career

In 1992, Ted Weiss was expected to run for reelection in the 8th District, which had been renumbered from the 17th after the 1990 U.S. Census. However, Weiss died a day before the primary election. Nadler was nominated to replace Weiss. He was elected easily that November, winning the seat in his own right and a special election to serve the rest of Weiss' term. He has been reelected with little serious competition in one of the most Democratic districts in the country; a Republican has not represented this district or its predecessors in over a century.

In Congress, Nadler is a member of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary and Transportation and Infrastructure committees. He is the chairman of the Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. Despite earlier efforts to bring impeachment charges against George W. Bush, and more recent requests from fellow representatives, he did not schedule hearings on impeachments for Bush or Dick Cheney, saying in 2007 that doing so would be pointless and would distract from the presidential election. In a July 15, 2008, Washington Journal interview, the Congressman again reiterated the timing defense while stating the President had committed impeachable offenses but that nothing could be done because the system is "overly political". Ten days later, following upon submission of Articles of Impeachment by Representative Dennis Kucinich, the full House Judiciary Committee held hearings covered solely by C-SPAN regarding the process. A top Ronald Reagan Justice Department official, Bruce Fein, was among those testifying for impeachment.

Nadler said in an a December 2008 interview that he was interested in the Senate seat that Hillary Clinton was planning to resign to become Secretary of State in the Obama Administration. He cited his opposition to the war in Iraq, the PATRIOT Act, and the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 2005 as among his principal qualifications.

Nadler has also vowed to re-introduce the Freedom of Choice Act during the Obama administration.

On September 15, 2009, Nadler, along with two other representatives, introduced the Respect for Marriage Act.

Committee assignments

Committee on the Judiciary

*Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties (Chairman)

*Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security

Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure

*Subcommittee on Highways and Transit

*Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials

Voting record

Nadler has a liberal voting record in the House. He gained national prominence during the impeachment of Bill Clinton, when he described the process as a "partisan railroad job." Jerrold Nadler has voted with a majority of his Democratic colleagues 97.5% of the time during the current Congress. This percentage does not include votes in which Nadler did not vote.

Personal life

Nadler lives on the Upper West Side of Manhattan with his wife Joyce Miller and son Michael.

In 2002, Nadler had laparoscopic duodenal switch surgery, helping him lose more than 100 pounds.

References

External links

U.S. Representative Jerrold Nadler official U.S. House site

Congressman Jerry Nadler official campaign site

Profile at SourceWatch

Article on the impeachment of Dick Cheney

504 Democratic Club — Jerrold Nadler 2008 congressional screening questionnaire response

Category:1947 births Category:Columbia University alumni Category:Fordham University School of Law alumni Category:Living people Category:Members of the New York Assembly Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York Category:New York Democrats Category:Stuyvesant High School alumni Category:Jewish members of the United States House of Representatives

Name	Kevin Federline
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Kevin Earl Federline
Born	March 21, 1978 Fresno, California, U.S.
Origin	Los Angeles, California
Genre	Hip-Hop
Occupation	Actor, dancer, rapper, model
Years active	2005–present
Label	Federation Records, under exclusive license to Reincarnate Music
Associated acts	Britney Spears, Ya Boy,
Url	www.KevinFederline.com

Kevin Earl Federline (born March 21, 1978) is an American dancer, rapper, fashion model, Instead, the first official single was "Lose Control," which he premiered on the Teen Choice Awards show on the Fox network in late summer 2006. He released his debut album, Playing with Fire, on October 31, 2006, which became one of the worst-received albums in recent music history, receiving the lowest score in an overwhelming majority of reviews As a result of this, Federline was "awarded sole legal custody and sole physical custody of the minor children."

On July 26, 2008, court papers were filed stating Federline would retain sole legal and physical custody of the children while Spears would get visitation rights that would increase over time. In addition to this, Federline will receive $20,000 per month from Spears in child support as well as additional funds to cover any custody-related legal expenses.

He is currently linked to ex-volleyball player Victoria Prince. The two are on the same recreational bowling team, the Party Animals.

Satire

Federline's stage name of K-Fed and status as the ex-husband of Britney Spears was ridiculed by some media commentators, who labeled him "Fed-Ex." Also, some fans of Spears call him K-Fat because of his having issues with his weight. "Weird Al" Yankovic also filmed an extremely scathing mock interview with Federline.

Discography

Album

Singles

References

External links

Official site

Kevin Federline's Myspace

Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California Category:American dancers Category:American male models Category:American television actors Category:American actors of German descent Category:American musicians of German descent Category:American rappers of European descent Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:People from Fresno, California Category:Rappers from Los Angeles, California

Name	Ben Bernanke
Office	14th Chairman of the Federal Reserve
President	George W. BushBarack Obama
Deputy	Janet Yellen
Term start	February 1, 2006
Predecessor	Alan Greenspan
Office2	23rd Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers
President2	George W. Bush
Term start2	June 2005
Term end2	January 2006
Predecessor2	Harvey Rosen
Successor2	Edward Lazear
Office3	Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
Nominator3	George W. Bush
Term start3	September 2002
Term end3	June 2005
Birth date	December 13, 1953
Birth place	North Augusta, South Carolina, United States
Party	Republican Party
Spouse	Anna Friedmann
Alma mater	Harvard UniversityMassachusetts Institute of Technology
Profession	Economist

Ben Shalom Bernanke Jonas was born in Boryslav, Austria–Hungary (today part of Ukraine), on January 23, 1891, and emigrated to the United States from Przemyśl, Poland (part of Austria–Hungary until 1918). He arrived at Ellis Island, aged 30, Thursday, June 30, 1921, with his wife Pauline, aged 25. On the ship's manifest, Jonas's occupation is listed as "clerk" and Pauline's as "doctor med."

Controversies as Fed Chairman

According to the New York Times, Bernanke "has been attacked for failing to foresee the financial crisis, for bailing out Wall Street, and, most recently, for injecting an additional $600 billion into the banking system to give the slow recovery a boost."

Merrill Lynch merger with Bank of America

In a letter to Congress from New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo dated April 23, 2009, Bernanke was mentioned along with former Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson in allegations of fraud concerning the acquisition of Merrill Lynch by Bank of America. The letter alleged that the extent of the losses at Merrill Lynch were not disclosed to Bank of America by Bernanke and Paulson. When Bank of America CEO Kenneth Lewis informed Paulson that Bank of America was exiting the merger by invoking the "Materially Adverse Change" clause Paulson immediately called Lewis to a meeting in Washington. At the meeting, which allegedly took place on December 21, 2008, Paulson told Lewis that he and the board would be replaced if they invoked the MAC clause and additionally not to reveal the extent of the losses to shareholders. Paulson stated to Cuomo's office that he was directed by Bernanke to threaten Lewis in this manner. For example, while Greenspan publicly supported President Clinton's deficit reduction plan and the Bush tax cuts, Bernanke, when questioned about taxation policy, said that it was none of his business, his exclusive remit being monetary policy, and said that fiscal policy and wider society related issues were what politicians were for and got elected for. But Bernanke has been identified by the Wall Street Journal and a close colleague as a "libertarian-Republican" in the mold of Alan Greenspan. However, Bloomberg News writes he is "siding with John Maynard Keynes against Milton Friedman by flooding the financial system with money".(Description, TOC, and preview of ch. 1, "The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression")

See also

Bilderberg Group 2007 meeting

Columbia Business School#Follies Every Breath Bernanke Takes

'Greenspan put'

2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence

Footnotes

References

Andrews, Edmund L. (Nov. 5, 2005). "All for a more open Fed". New Straits Times, p. 21.

Lowenstein, Roger (Jan. 20, 2008). "The Education of Ben Bernanke." New York Times Magazine,

Further reading

Stewart, James B., "Eight Days: the battle to save the American financial system", The New Yorker magazine, September 21, 2009. Pages 58–81. Summarizing Sept 15–23, 2008 with interviews by James Stewart of Paulson, Bernanke, Geitner

External links

"A Crash Course for Central Bankers" by Ben Bernanke in Foreign Policy

"Downside Danger" by Ben Bernanke in Foreign Policy

Bernanke's "printing press" speech

Address by Bernanke titled "Skills, Ownership, and Economic Security" with summary, video, and transcript.

At the Fed, an Unknown Became a Safe Choice – The New York Times

Bernanke Papers and Sources

IDEAS/RePEc

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