:''See also Brigadier'' Brigadier General is a senior rank in the armed forces. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries, usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. When appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically in command of a brigade consisting of around 3,000 troops (three battalions). In some countries a brigadier general is informally designated as a one star general.

In some countries, this rank is given the name of Brigadier, which is often considered to not be a General Officer rank, but is usually equivalent to Brigadier General in the armies of nations that use the rank.

The rank can be traced back to the militaries of Europe where a brigadier general, or simply a brigadier, would command a brigade in the field. An alternative rank of "Brigade General" was first used in the French revolutionary armies.

In the first quarter of the 20th century, British and Commonwealth armies used the rank of Brigadier General as a temporary appointment, or as an honorary appointment on retirement; in the 1920s this practice changed to the use of Brigadier, which is not classed as a general officer.

Brazil and a few countries uses Major General as the equivalent of Brigadier General. Some of these countries then generally use a rank of Colonel General to make four general officer ranks.

The naval equivalent is usually Commodore.

Insignia

Army insignia

Air Force insignia

This gallery displays Air Force brigadier general insignia if they are different from the Army brigadier general insignia. (They usually are.) Note that in many Commonwealth countries, this rank is called Air Commodore. (And in the Netherlands, it is called Commodore.)

Brigadier general ranks by country

Argentina

The rank of brigadier general (with some local variations) is used in the Argentine Air Force and unlike other armed forces of the World, the rank of ''brigadier general'' is actually the ''highest'' rank in the Air Force. This is due to the use of the rank of ''brigadier'' and its derivatives to designate all general officers in the Air Force: brigadier (lowest general officer) brigadier-major (middle) and brigadier-general (highest). The rank of brigadier general is reserved for the Chief of the General Staff of the Air Force, as well as the Chief of the Joint General Staff if he should be an Air Force officer.

The Argentine Army does not use the rank of brigadier-general, instead using the brigade general ( ) which in turn is the lowest general officer before Divisional General ( ) and Lieutenant General ( ). See also ''Argentine Army officer rank insignia''.

Australia

In the Australian Imperial Force during World War I, the rank of brigadier general was always temporary and held only while the officer was posted to a particular task, typically the command of a brigade. When posted elsewhere, the rank would be relinquished and the former rank resumed. This policy prevented an accumulation of high-ranking general officers brought about by the relatively high turnover of brigade commanders. Brigadier general was also used as an honorary rank on retirement. The rank insignia was like that of the current major general, but without the star/pip - example.

As in the United Kingdom, the rank was later replaced by brigadier. Hence, prior to 1922, a "brigadier general" was a "general officer"; subsequently, brigadiers were not "generals"; this is shown by the rank insignia being like that of a colonel, but with an extra (third) star/pip - example.

(''See also Australian Army officer rank insignia and List of Australian generals and brigadiers.'')

Bangladesh

The rank was known as Brigadier in conformity with the rank structure of the Commonwealth Nations prior to 2001 in the Bangladesh Army. It is the lowest ranking General Officer between the ranks of Colonel and Major General.

The Bangladesh Army introduced the rank of Brigadier General in 2001, however the grade stayed equivalent to ''Brigadier'' . Brigadier General is equivalent to Commodore of Bangladesh Navy & Air Commodore of Bangladesh Air Force. It is still more popularly called ''Brigadier'' (One Star General).

Belgium

The Belgian Army uses the rank of ''général de brigade'' (French) and ''brigadegeneraal'' (Dutch). However, in this small military there are no permanent promotions to this rank, and it is only awarded as a temporary promotion to a full colonel who assumes a post requiring the rank, notably in an international context (e.g. as Military Attaché in a major embassy).

Brazil

Brigadier General is the lowest rank amongst general officers of the Brazilian army. They wear two stars as this is the entry level for general officers in the Brazilian Army. In the Brazilian Air Force, the 2 star, 3 star and 4 star are known as ''Brigadeiro'' (Brigadier), ''Major-Brigadeiro'' (Major-Brigadier) and ''Tenente-Brigadeiro-do-Ar'' (Lieutenant-Air-Brigadier) respectively. See Military ranks of Brazil and Brigadier#Officer rank in Latin America for more information.

Canada

In the Canadian Forces, the rank of brigadier-general (BGen) (''brigadier-général'' or ''bgén'' in French) is an Army or Air Force rank equal to a commodore of the Navy. A brigadier-general is the lowest rank of General Officer, the Army and Air Force equivalent of a Naval flag officer. A brigadier-general is senior to a colonel or naval captain, and junior to a major-general or rear admiral.

The rank title "brigadier-general" is still used notwithstanding that brigades in the army are now commanded by colonels. Until the late 1990s brigades were commanded by brigadier-generals. In the air force context, brigadier-generals used to command air force "Groups" until these bodies were abolished in the late 1990s.

The rank insignia for a brigadier-general is a single gold maple leaf beneath crossed sword and baton, all surmounted by St. Edward's Crown, worn on the shoulder straps of the service dress jacket, and on slip-ons on other uniforms. The service dress jacket also features a wide strip of gold braid around the cuff. On the visor of the service cap are two rows of gold oak leaves; the air force wedge cap features gold braid on the edges of the ear flaps. The cap insignia for a general officer is a modified version of the Canadian Forces insignia; the collar insignia (Army generals only) is two crossed sabres. Some brigadier-generals, by nature of holding a branch-specific appointment, may continue to wear the insignia of their personnel branch; for example, the chaplain-general wears the general officer's cap insignia with the collar insignia of the Chaplain Branch, while the surgeon-general continues to wear the cap and collar insignia of the Canadian Forces Medical Service.

Brigadier-generals are initially addressed verbally as "General" and name; thereafter by subordinates as "Sir" or "Ma'am" in English or "mon général" in French. They are normally entitled to staff cars.

Note: Before unification in 1968 of the Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Army, and the Royal Canadian Navy, rank structure and insignia followed the British pattern. In army usage, the term "brigadier" was used to denote what is now known as a brigadier-general while the air force used the rank of Air Commodore.

China

Chinese rank of (Da-Xiao 大校) or ''Senior Colonel'' is a direct equivalent of a brigadier. It ranks above colonel (Shang-Xiao 上校) and below major general (Shao-Jiang 少将). A brigadier is commonly in command of a division(Shi 师) or a brigade(Lv 旅). Divisional commanders are seldom general officers.

Colombia

thumb|70px|left|Insignia de Brigadier General Ejército de Colombia. thumb|80px|right|Insignia de Contraalmirante Armada de la República de Colombia.

The rank of Brigadier General is the firts rank of the cateory of generals categoryof the Fuerzas Militares, and the Policía Nacional.

Actually the ranks of Oficiales Generales, are:

General

Lieutenant General

Major General

Brigadier General.

Originalmente los Oficiales Generales, estuvieron compuestos por los grados de:

Brigadier General

Mayor General

General

En las Fuerzas Militares se distingue por dos soles, conformados por un círculo central en oro ó en cobre de 10 mm, dentro del cual va en alto relieve el Escudo Nacional del círculo nacen seis rayos largos y seis cortos intercalados entre si, para un total de doce rayos; fijados sobre las charreteras, portapresillas y hombreras de los uniformes.

En la Policía Nacional se distingue por dos estrellas, que constan del escudo nacional presentado en alto relieve, de 15.5 mm de ancho por 17 mm de alto, con una estrella de 10 puntas iguales cada una con una arista de 2.5 mm. El diámetro total de cada estrella debe ser de 26.5 mm. Fijadas sobre las charreteras, portapresillas y hombreras de los uniformes.

En la Armada, este rango se otorga sólo a los oficiales de infantería de marina, y su equivalente en los de la carrera naval es el de Contralmirante.

Sólo los oficiales del Ejército podían acceder a esta graduación. Cuando pudieron hacerlo, los de la Armada y la Fuerza Aérea mantuvieron la misma insignia del Ejército.

Con el rango de Brigadier fue designado Antonio Baraya Ricaurte como primer comandante del batallón de infantería organizado por la Junta Suprema de Gobierno para imponer su legitimidad y expulsar al gobierno colonial. Luego en el Ejército Libertador apareció el grado de general de brigada, siendo los primeros en lucirlo Antonio José Anzoátegui Hernández, Francisco de Paula Santander, entre otros.

El primer oficial en alcanzar el grado de brigadier general de la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana fue Alberto Pauwels Rodríguez (1953), en la Armada Rubén Piedrahita Arango (1954) y en la Policía Saulo Gil Ramírez Sendoya (1958).

Estonia

In the Estonian military, the rank is called Brigaadikindral

France

France uses the rank of Brigade General ("''général de brigade''"). It formerly used the historic rank, until 1793, of ''Brigadier des armées'' ("Brigadier of the Armies"). The rank contrasts with the French sub-officer rank of Brigadier. As with all French general officers, a French brigade general is titled "general" without any implication that he is an Army General; for instance General De Gaulle never rose higher than brigade general.

Until 1793, a rank of ''Brigadier des armées'' ("Brigadier of the Armies") existed in the French Army, which could be described as a senior colonel or junior brigade commander. The normal brigade command rank was Field Marshal (Maréchal de camp) (which elsewhere is a more senior rank). A "Brigadier of the Armies" wore one star and a "Field Marshal" wore two stars. During the French Revolution, the revolutionaries' drive to rationalise the state led to a change in the system of ranks. The rank of "Brigadier of the Armies" was abolished and the normal brigade command rank, Field Marshal, was replaced by Brigade General. The rank of Brigade General inherited the two stars of the rank of Field Marshal, explaining the absence since 1793 of a French rank with only one star.

Nowadays, a French ''général de brigade'' generally commands a brigade, which is the biggest permanent formation in the French army. The rank can also be awarded in an honorary fashion to retiring colonels. The insignias are two stars, worn on the shoulder are at the sleeve of the uniform, depending on the dress. Two different kepis are issued : the service kepi sports the two starts, while the formal kepi features a large band of oak leaves (the kepi of a division general has two smaller such bands).

Charles de Gaulle, held the rank of Brigade General. He was given a temporary promotion to this rank in May 1940 as commander of the 4th Armoured Reserve Division (''4ème division cuirassée de réserve''). However his authority as head of the Free French really came from being the only cabinet member outside occupied France, not from his military rank. As a reminder of his war position, he refused any further promotion.

Germany

The equivalent modern German rank is ''Brigadegeneral''. The concept of a brigadier general rank is relatively new, as prior to 1945 the lowest German general officer rank was ''Generalmajor'', which was often considered equivalent to brigadier general in other armies.

Greece

Hungary

In Hungary the Brigadier General is a relatively new military rank used from 1992. The Army and the Air Force insignia are not different.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, ''Brigadir Jenderal'' (abbreviated as Brigjen) is the fourth highest rank and the lowest general rank both in Polri and TNI. The insignia is a gold star.

Iran

The equivalent rank for Brigadier General in Iranian army and air force is called Sar-Tip-Dovom. It is above the rank of Sar-Hang (colonel) and below the rank of Sar-Tip (major general).

Notice that Iranian Revolutionary Guards also use this rank. The difference is in salutation. One refers an army or air force brigadier general as "Amir Sar-Tip", while a revolutionary guard general is referred to as "Sardar Sar-Tip". As an unwritten rule which states the highest Iranian military rank to be the rank of a Majorgeneral the Brigadier General is considered to be second highest rank of Iranian military. Which is customly the rank of the commander of Airforce and equvalantly the Navy.

Israel

In the Israel Defense Forces, the rank of brigadier general is called Tat Aluf and is the third highest rank, below ''Aluf'' (major general) and ''Rav Aluf'' (lieutenant general or general), and above ''Aluf Mishne'' (colonel).

Jordan

In the Jordanian military, the rank of Brigadier general is known as "Amid", and it is higher than colonel "Akeed" and lower than Major general "Liwa"

Korea

The rank of brigadier general is known in South Korea as ''Junjang'' (; hanja: 准將) and is a direct equivalent to the United States one star rank, with very similar insignia. The military of North Korea does not technically maintain a brigadier general rank, but the rank of senior colonel (대좌, ''Taejwa'') which is above colonel (상좌, ''Sangjwa'') and below major general (소장, ''Sojang'') is the effective equivalent.

Mexico

In Mexico, brigade general is the rank below Divisional General and, confusingly, the rank above Brigadier General. A Mexican brigade general wears as rank insignia the arms of Mexico above two stars. (A Mexican brigadier general wears the arms of Mexico above one star.)

Myanmar (Burma)

The rank of brigadier general is known in Myanmar as '' Bo Mhu Gyoke'' and is often the deputy commander of one of Myanmar's Regional Military Commands (RMC), commander of the light infantry division (LID) or Military Operation Commands (MOC). In civil service, brigadier general often hold the office of deputy minister or director general of certain ministries.

Pakistan

The Pakistan Army has followed the British Army rank system since independence from the British Empire in 1947. However, the crown in the ranks has been replaced with a star and crescent, which symbolizes the sovereignty of the Government of Pakistan.

Brigadier General or Brigadier, is an equivalent rank to Commodore in the Pakistan Navy and Air Commodore in the Pakistan Air Force (PAF). In Pakistan Army and Marines, the Marines and Army's some of its officers have been promoted to Brigadier Generals while others are promoted as Brigadier. However, Brigadier or Brigadier General are equivalent to each other. In Pakistan Defense Forces, a Brigadier (or Brigadier-General) is a one star rank general officer and are considered as one of the high-ranking military officers in Pakistan Armed Forces. Brigadiers or Brigadier Generals in Pakistan army, are the General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the Brigades which consists of approximately 3000-5000 men and women. Like other armies, Brigadier (General) rank is higher than colonel and but subordinated to 2 star Major General.

Poland

Prior to 2002, the Polish rank of ''Generał brygady'' was equivalent to both the ranks of major general and brigadier general.

Portugal

In the Portuguese Army and Air Force, ''Brigadeiro-General'' is a temporary general rank for the colonels that have to exercise a special command. It is the equivalent of the commodore rank in the Portuguese Navy.

The rank was reintroduced in 1999. Before that, it existed, simply as ''Brigadeiro'', from 1707 to 1864 and, again, from 1929 to 1937. From 1937 to 1999, ''Brigadeiro'' become the 2-star general rank in the Portuguese Army. As 2-star rank it was substituted by the rank of Major-General.

Spain

In the Spanish Army and Spanish Air Force, ''General de Brigada'' is the lowest rank of general officers. Its equivalent on the Navy is ''Contraalmirante''.

Sweden

In the Swedish Army and Swedish Air Force, ''Brigadgeneral '' is the lowest rank of general officers. Its equivalent on the Navy is ''Flottiljamiral''.

Turkey

In the Turkish Army and the Turkish Air Force, the equivalent rank is ''Tuğgeneral'' (the Turkish Navy equivalent would be ''Tuğamiral''). The name is derived from ''tugay'', the Turkish word for a brigade. Both tugay and tuğ- as military terms may owe their origins to the older Turkish word ''tuğ'', meaning horsetail, which was used as a symbol of authority and rank in Ottoman and pre-Ottoman times.

United Kingdom

Brigadier-General was formerly a rank in the British Army and Royal Marines, and briefly in the Royal Air Force.

It first appeared in the army in the reign of James II, but did not exist in the Royal Marines until 1913.

It was abolished in both the army and the marines in 1922, being replaced in the army by the grade of Colonel Commandant (which already existed in the marines). Colonel Commandant was in turn replaced by the grade of Brigadier in the army in 1928, and at some time between World War II and 1957 in the marines.

From its formation on 1 April 1918 until 31 July 1919, the Royal Air Force maintained the rank of brigadier general. It was superseded by the rank of air commodore on the following day.

Brigadier-General was a temporary rank only, bestowed on a colonel or lieutenant-colonel (or on a colonel commandant in the marines) for the duration of a specific command.

The insignia for the rank was a crossed sword and baton on its own; higher grades of general at the time and still consist of this device with the addition of a star, crown or both for a full general.

Brigadier is the highest field officer rank (hence absence of the word "general"), whereas brigadier-general was the lowest general officer rank. However, the two ranks are considered equal.

The equivalent naval rank is commodore and the equivalent Air Force rank is air commodore.

United States

See also

British Army officer rank insignia

Comparative military ranks

Military unit

NATO Air Force officers

NATO Army officers

U.S. Army officer rank insignia

United Kingdom and United States military ranks compared

Wiktionary definition of General.

References and notes

Category:Military insignia Category:Military ranks of Australia Category:Military ranks of Canada Category:Military ranks of India Category:Military ranks of the British Army Category:Former military ranks of the Royal Air Force Category:Military ranks of Pakistan Category:Titles Category:Military ranks Category:1 star officers

ar:عميد (رتبة عسكرية) be:Брыгадны генерал bg:Бригаден генерал ca:General de Brigada cs:Brigádní generál da:Brigadegeneral de:Brigadegeneral et:Brigaadikindral el:Ταξίαρχος eo:Brigada generalo fa:سرتیپ دوم fr:Général de brigade ga:Briogáidireghinerál hr:Brigadni general id:Brigadir Jenderal it:Generale di brigata he:בריגדיר גנרל jv:Brigadir Jéndral lt:Brigados generolas nl:Brigadegeneraal ja:准将 no:Brigadegeneral nn:Brigadegeneral pl:Generał#We współczesnym Wojsku Polskim pt:General de brigada ro:General de brigadă ru:Бригадный генерал sk:Brigádny generál sl:Brigadni general sr:Бригадни генерал sv:Brigadgeneral tr:Tuğgeneral uk:Бригадний генерал vi:Chuẩn tướng zh:准將

Coordinates	45°30′″N73°40′″N
Name	Keith H. Kerr
Birth date	1936
Allegiance	United States of America
Branch	United States Army, California State Military Reserve (CSMR)
Rank	Brigadier General (CSMR)
Commands	Northern Area Command (CSMR)
Awards	Legion of Merit, the Meritorious Service Medal, the Army Commendation Medal, the Army Reserve Medal, the California Medal of Merit, and the California Commendation Medal.
Laterwork	City College of San Francisco Dean, Hillary Clinton Presidential Campaign Advisor }}

Keith Kerr, Colonel, USA-ret, and BG, CSMR-ret., (born 1936) is a retired United States Army Reserve Colonel, who later was given the rank of Brigadier General in the California State Military Reserve, part of the California State Defense Forces who in 2003 became one of the highest ranking military officers to be openly gay.

Service Record

Kerr enlisted as a private at Fort Ord on September 21, 1953 and served in the 513th Military Intelligence Group in Germany after the Korean War. After leaving Active Army service, Kerr served in the U. S. Army Reserve and was commissioned a First Lieutenant in June 1960. Kerr retired from the U. S. Army Reserve in 1986 as a Colonel.

Kerr was commissioned in the California State Military Reserve, a state defense force, and was given the rank of Brigadier General on February 21, 1991. The brigadier general rank in a state organization is not recognized by the federal government where his U.S. Army rank for retirement purposes remains a Colonel.

During his tenure with the California State Military Reserve, Kerr was the Inspector General, Chief of Staff, Commanding General of the Northern Area Command at the Alameda Naval Supply Depot in Alameda, California.

Civilian Record

He is a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley and has a Master’s Degree from San Francisco State University.

As a member of the faculty at City College of San Francisco, Mr. Kerr was Chair of the Business Department, Dean of Instruction, and Dean of Instructional Support and Special Assistant to the President before retiring in 1995. After that time, he continued teaching as an adjunct professor.

He currently lives in Santa Rosa, California.

Gay Activist

On December 10, 2003, Kerr revealed in an interview with the New York Times that he is gay.

The interview was critical of the Don't ask, don't tell policy. Also coming out in the interview were Brigadier General Virgil A. Richard of the Army and Rear Admiral Alan M. Steinman of the United States Coast Guard. At the time they were the highest ranking members of the military to acknowledge being gay. In the interview he said, "The culture of the military is that you go along and conform...And you keep your private life to yourself."

He became a member of the Servicemembers’ Legal Defense Network. Kerr was a supporter of John Kerry in his 2004 Presidential run and was listed on a Hillary Clinton press release as a member of the Steering Committee of the "LGBT Americans For Hillary."

CNN-Youtube Debate controversy

On November 29, 2007, Kerr submitted a You Tube video that was used as a question in the Republican Presidential Debate in St. Petersburg, Florida on CNN. Kerr was also present in the audience and was asked to speak in which he said:

: My name is Keith Kerr, from Santa Rosa, California. I'm retired brigadier general with 43 years of service, and I'm a graduate of the Special Forces Officer Course, the Command and General Staff Course, and the Army War College. And I'm an openly gay man. I want to know why you think that American men and women in uniform are not professional enough to serve with gays and lesbians.

After the candidates responded Anderson Cooper asked him if he got an answer to his question to which he replied, "With all due respect, I did not get an answer from the candidates."

Kerr's question generated criticism of CNN for not disclosing Kerr's Clinton ties. CNN had paid Kerr's traveling expenses to the debate but stated that it was unaware of the connection with the Clinton campaign at the time. When asked if anyone affiliated with the Clinton campaign “put you up to the idea of asking this question,” Mr. Kerr stated that “[t]his was a private initiative of my own.” CNN pulled Kerr's question and response in subsequent replays.

References

Category:1936 births Category:Living people Category:City College of San Francisco alumni Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States Category:People from California Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States) Category:San Francisco State University alumni Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni Category:American LGBT military personnel

Brigadier General Wilma L. Vaught (born March 15, 1930) is a retired American military leader. She was the first woman to deploy with an Air Force bomber unit, and the first woman to reach the rank of Brigadier General from the comptroller field.

Education

Vaught graduated from the UIUC College of Business in 1952.

Military career

Vaught joined the military in the 1950s, when there were strong restrictions on the number of women who could be in the military and the capacity in which they could serve. Some of these policies changed in 1967 due to an increased need for human resources caused by the Vietnam War. Vaught then became an officer and was deployed to Vietnam.

Activity after military career

Vaught became concerned that the role of women in the military was going unnoticed, and pushed for a memorial as the leader of the Women in Military Service to America Memorial Foundation. This resulted in a memorial being built at the entrance to Arlington National Cemetery. In 2000, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame, and in 2010, she was inducted into the Army Women's Foundation hall of fame.

References

Category:United States Air Force generals Category:Living people Category:1930 births Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign alumni

Coordinates

45°30′″N73°40′″N

{{infobox war on terror detainee | name

Mustafa al-Hawsawi | image AQ00111.jpg | image_size 150px | caption | birth_date August 05, 1968 | birth_place Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | date_of_arrest | place_of_arrest | arresting_authority | date_of_release | place_of_release | death_date | death_place | citizenship | detained_at CIA black siteGuantanamo Bay | id_number 10011 | group | alias | charge Faces charges before a military commission, no trial yet. | penalty | status | csrt_summary | occupation | spouse | parents | children }}

Mustafa al-Hawsawi (, ''Muṣṭafā al-Ḥawsāwī''; born August 5, 1968) is a member of the militant Islamic organization al-Qaeda and allegedly an organizer and financer of the September 11 attacks.

Hawsawi was captured on March 1, 2003 in Pakistan and was transferred from the Salt Pit to Guantanamo on September 23, 2003. The CIA moved him back to one of their black sites on March 27, 2004 as they feared he could gain access to a lawyer in Guantanamo.

Hawsawi was transferred from custody in an American black site to Guantanamo, on September 6, 2006. He is currently represented by lawyer Jon Jackson.

Aliases

His alternate names and aliases include "Mustafa Ahmed", "Mustafa Muhammad Ahmad", "Ahmad Mustafa", "Isam Mansour", "Mustafa Ahmed Al-Hisawi", "Mr. Ali", and "Hani (Fawaz Trading)".

Pre-2001

Before the 9/11 attacks, Hawsawi had allegedly worked in al-Qaeda's media committee in Kandahar. Then, along with al-Qaeda financer Ammar al-Baluchi, Hawsawi allegedly assisted the hijackers from the United Arab Emirates. He helped coordinate with Mohamed Atta, the ringleader of the operation, to bring the "muscle hijackers" into the United States in 2001. He allegedly attempted to help bring the so-called "20th hijacker", Mohammed al Qahtani, into the United States, but al Qahtani was unable to enter the country.

Allegedly sharing a credit card account with Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Hawsawi also allegedly sent funds to the hijackers. In the Summer of 2000, he appears to have sent a total of $109,910 to some of the 9/11 hijackers in a series of wire transfers under a variety of names. The New York Times has suggested that "Mustafa Ahmed" sent a total of $325,000 to the hijackers, but the 9/11 Commission was only able to verify $15,000 of this.

Just before the attacks, Hawsawi travelled to Pakistan. He was captured by authorities there on March 1, 2003, reported taken to U.S. Bagram airbase in Afghanistan, unconfirmed by U.S. officials.

In the indictment of Zacarias Moussaoui he is said to have been born in Jeddah on August 5, 1968.

Alongside Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Hawsawi is one of three named and requested by Zacarias Moussaoui's defence team for questioning. However, although the U.S. Federal Government claims to be holding both men, it refused Moussaoui's request citing national security concerns.

Questions from Salim Ahmed Hamdan's defense attorney

On 23 April 2008 attorneys working on behalf of Salim Ahmed Hamdan requested permission to meet with Abdulmalik Mohammed and Mustafa al-Hawsawi. Hamdan's attorneys had previously requested permission to get the "high-value detainees" to answer written questions, which would confirm that if Hamdan played a role in al Qaeda it had been a peripheral one. Abdul Malik and Mustafa al-Hawsawi declined to answer the questions, because they said they had no way to know that the questions purporting to be from Hamdan's attorneys was not a ruse. Andrea J. Prasow requested permission for Lieutenant Commander Brian Mizer to meet in person with the two men to try to assure them that the questions were not a ruse, and would not be shared with their interrogators.

Military commission trial

In June 2008, Hawsawi and four other "high-value detainees" (Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Ammar al-Baluchi and Walid Bin Attash) were charged in a military commission trial. The charges included 2,973 individual counts of murder, one for each person killed in the September 11 attacks, as well as conspiracy, murder in violation of the law of war, attacking civilians, attacking civilian objects, intentionally causing serious bodily injury, destruction of property in violation of the law of war, terrorism and providing material support for terrorism. The judge ordered Hawsawi and bin al-Shibh to undergo mental competency hearings. On December 8, 2008, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed told the judge that he and the other four indictees wished to confess and plead guilty; however, the plea would be delayed until after the competency hearings for Hawsawi and bin al-Shibh so that all five men could make their plea together.

In May 2009 ''Al Arabiya'' reported that Montasser al-Zayyat had been invited to defend Hawsawi. Al Zayat described suspecting, at first, that he was the target of a hoax.

References

External links

Information on Hawsawi and 13 other detainees, Office of the Director of National Intelligence

The Final 9/11 Commission Report

Alleged al Qaeda paymaster in custody - ''CNN''

Indictment of Zacarias Moussaoui

Pentagon charges 6 in 9-11 attacks

'Clean team interrogated 9-11 suspects

Hawsawi, Mustafa Category:People held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp Category:Saudi Arabian people of Black African descent Category:Living people Category:1968 births Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States military Category:People subject to extraordinary rendition by the United States

is:Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi

Elizabeth Austin is an American writer living in Oak Park, Illinois. Austin has lived in the Midwestern United States all her life. After beginning her journalistic career at the now-defunct City News Bureau of Chicago, she has written articles for national news magazines such as ''Newsweek'' and ''Time'', for human interest publications such as ''People'', and the ''Chicago Tribune''. She has also written for ''The Washington Monthly, Ladies Home Journal, Good Housekeeping, Self'', and ''Shape''. She has often written about medicine and health care.

Austin has been heard on WBEZ, the National Public Radio station in Chicago. She served as speechwriter for Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich in 2004 and as a columnist for Playboy. She now works as a political consultant, in addition to her writing. She has stated “I believe in a God who is the Way, the Life and the Truth. Deliberately misleading others--even in fun--smacks of heresy.” She said this in an article complaining about some Wikipedia editors’ cleaning up unflattering references to themselves, or vandalizing articles about others in jest, sometimes called "Wikiality". Austin won the 1996 National Mental Health Association Award for Best Magazine Journalism.

She is an Episcopalian and has written about religious issues. She has been a Girl Scout leader.

References

Austin, Elizabeth, "Bill and Paula" The Washington Monthly. Washington: Jul/Aug 1997.Vol.29, Iss. 7; pg. 21

Austin, Elizabeth, "A small plea to delete a ubiquitous expletive" U.S. News & World Report. Washington: Apr 6, 1998.Vol.124, Iss. 13; pg. 58

Austin, Elizabeth, "Prairie country canyonland" National Geographic Traveler. Washington: Jul/Aug 2001. Vol. 18, Iss. 5; p. 115

Austin, Elizabeth, "Talking Points" The Washington Monthly. Washington: Jun 2006.Vol.38, Iss. 6; pg. 50,

Whitaker, Leslie and Elizabeth Austin, “The Good Girl’s Guide to Negotiating: How To Negotiate Effectively Without Being A Bitch,” (2001) Random House. ISBN 0-7126-7085-8

Whitaker,Leslie & Elizabeth Austin. "Get what you want--now!" Good Housekeeping. New York: Jan 2001. Vol. 232, Iss. 1; p. 106

Whitaker, Leslie and Elizabeth Austin, “The Good Girl’s Guide to Negotiating: How To Get What You Want At The Bargaining Table,” (2002) (paperback) Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-60147-0

Notes

External links

Austin, Elizabeth, “In Contempt of courtship”, Washington Monthly, June 2003

Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:American Episcopalians Category:Journalists from Illinois