{{Taxobox | name = Orangutans

* Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)

** Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus - northwest populations

** Pongo pygmaeus morio - east populations

** Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii - southwest populations

* Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii)

The populations on the two islands were classified as subspecies until recently, when they were elevated to full specific level, and the three distinct populations on Borneo were elevated to subspecies. The population currently listed as P. p. wurmbii may be closer to the Sumatran Orangutan than the Bornean Orangutan. If confirmed, abelii would be a subspecies of P. wurmbii (Tiedeman, 1808). Regardless, the type locality of pygmaeus has not been established beyond doubts, and may be from the population currently listed as wurmbii (in which case wurmbii would be a junior synonym of pygmaeus, while one of the names currently considered a junior synonym of pygmaeus would take precedence for the northwest Bornean taxon). Males can weigh up to or more.

The orangutan has a large head with a prominent mouth area. Adult males have large cheek flaps (which get larger as the ape ages) that show their dominance to other males and their readiness to mate. The age of maturity for females is approximately 12 years. On average, orangutans may live about 35 years in the wild, and up to 60 years in captivity. Both sexes have throat pouches located near their vocal chords that make their calls resonate through the forest, although the males' pouches are more developed. There is significant sexual dimorphism: females can grow to around 4 ft 2 in or 127 cm and weigh around while flanged adult males can reach 5 ft 9 in or 175 cm in height and weigh over .

The arms of orangutans are twice as long as their legs, and an adult orangutan's arms can be well over seven feet from fingertip to fingertip. Their fingers and toes are curved, allowing them to better grip onto branches. Orangutans have less restriction in the movements of their legs than humans and other primates, due to the lack of a hip joint ligament which keeps the femur held into the pelvis. Unlike gorillas and chimpanzees, orangutans are not true knuckle-walkers, and are instead fist-walkers.

Behavior

Diet

Fruit makes up 65–90 percent of the orangutan diet. Fruits with sugary or fatty pulp are favored. Ficus fruits are commonly eaten, because they are easy to harvest and digest. Lowland Dipterocarp forests are preferred by orangutans because of their plentiful fruit. Bornean orangutans consume at least 317 different food items that include young leaves, shoots, bark, insects, honey and bird eggs.

Orangutans are opportunistic foragers, and their diets vary markedly from month to month. It does not appear to have any effect on orangutans except for excessive saliva production.

Geophagy, the practice of eating soil or rock, has been observed in orangutans. There are three main reasons for this dietary behavior; for the addition of minerals nutrients to their diet; for the ingestion of clay minerals that can absorb toxic substances; or to treat a disorder such as diarrhea.

Orangutans use plants of the genus Commelina as an anti-inflammatory balm.

Tool use and culture

in Ohio. The Orangutan's opposable toes and fingers give them the ability to use tools.]] Like the other great apes, orangutans are among the most intelligent primates. Wild chimpanzees have been known since the 1960s to use tools. Tool use in orangutans was observed by Birutė Galdikas in ex-captive populations.

Evidence of sophisticated tool manufacture and use in the wild was reported from a population of orangutans in Suaq Balimbing (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in 1996. These orangutans developed a tool kit for use in foraging that consisted of insect-extraction tools for use in the hollows of trees, and seed-extraction tools which were used in harvesting seeds from hard-husked fruit. The orangutans adjusted their tools according to the nature of the task at hand and preference was given to oral tool use. This preference was also found in an experimental study of captive orangutans (P. pygmaeus).

Carel P. van Schaik from the University of Zurich and Cheryl D. Knott from Harvard University further investigated tool use in different wild orangutan populations. They compared geographic variations in tool use related to the processing of Neesia fruit. The orangutans of Suaq Balimbing (P. abelii) were found to be avid users of insect and seed-extraction tools when compared to other wild orangutans. The scientists suggested that these differences are cultural. The orangutans at Suaq Balimbing live in dense groups and are socially tolerant; this creates good conditions for social transmission. The above evidence is consistent with the existence of orangutan culture as geographically distinct behavioral variants which are maintained and transmitted in a population through social learning. In 2003, researchers from six different orangutan field sites who used the same behavioral coding scheme compared the behaviors of the animals from the different sites. They found that the different orangutan populations behaved differently. The evidence suggested that the differences in behavior were cultural: first, because the extent of the differences increased with distance, suggesting that cultural diffusion was occurring, and second, because the size of the orangutans’ cultural repertoire increased according to the amount of social contact present within the group. Social contact facilitates cultural transmission. They use leaves to amplify the kiss squeak sounds that they produce. Some have suggested that the apes employ this method of amplification in order to deceive the listener into believing that they are larger animals.

The first orangutan language study program, directed by Dr. Francine Neago, was listed by Encyclopædia Britannica in 1988. The Orangutan language project at the Smithsonian National Zoo in Washington, D.C., uses a computer system originally developed at UCLA by Neago in conjunction with IBM. ing"]]

Zoo Atlanta has a touch screen computer where their two Sumatran Orangutans play games. Scientists hope that the data they collect from this will help researchers learn about socializing patterns, such as whether they mimic others or learn behavior from trial and error, and hope the data can point to new conservation strategies.

A 2008 study of two orangutans at the Leipzig Zoo showed that orangutans are the first non-human species documented to use 'calculated reciprocity' which involves weighing the costs and benefits of gift exchanges and keeping track of these over time.

Although orangutans are generally passive, aggression toward other orangutans is very common; they are solitary animals and can be fiercely territorial. Immature males will try to mate with any female, and may succeed in forcibly copulating with her if she is also immature and not strong enough to fend him off. Mature females easily fend off their immature suitors, preferring to mate with a mature male.

Orangutans do not swim. At least one population at a conservation refuge on Kaja island in Borneo have been photographed wading in deep water.

Orangutans, along with Chimpanzees, gorillas, and other apes, have even shown laughter-like vocalizations in response to physical contact, such as wrestling, play chasing, or tickling.

Sexual interest in human females

Male orangutans have been known to rape human women. The cook of noted primatologist Birutė Galdikas was raped by an orangutan. Actress Julia Roberts had an orangutan try to have sex with her, and was saved by a film crew.

Conservation status

The Sumatran species is critically endangered and the Bornean species of orangutans is endangered according to the IUCN Red List of mammals, and both are listed on Appendix I of CITES. The total number of Bornean orangutans is estimated to be less than 14 percent of what it was in the recent past (from around 10,000 years ago until the middle of the twentieth century) and this sharp decline has occurred mostly over the past few decades due to human activities and development. A similar development have been observed for the Sumatran orangutans.

{|class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:#e3e3e3;" width="120"| Scientific name ! style="background:#e3e3e3;" width="200"| Common name ! style="background:#e3e3e3;" | Region ! style="background:#e3e3e3;" | Estimated number |- |Pongo abelii |Sumatran Orangutan |Sumatra |align="right"|6,667 |- |Pongo pygmaeus |Bornean Orangutan |Borneo | |- |P. p. morio |Northeast Bornean Orangutan |Sabah |align="right"|11,017 |- |P. p. morio |Northeast Bornean Orangutan |East Kalimantan |align="right"|4,825 |- |P. p. wurmbii |Central Bornean Orangutan |Central Kalimantan |align="right"|>31,300 |- |P. p. pygmaeus |Northwest Bornean Orangutan |West Kalimantan and Sarawak |align="right"|7,425 |} This indicates a decline from some estimates between 2000 and 2003 which found 7,300 Sumatran Orangutan individuals in the wild Since recent trends are steeply down in most places due to logging and burning, it is forecast that the current numbers are below these figures. A major factor in that period of time has been the conversion of vast areas of tropical forest to oil palm plantations in response to international demand (the palm oil is used for cooking, cosmetics, mechanics, and more recently as source of biodiesel). Some UN scientists believe that these plantations could lead to irreparable damage to orangutan habitat by the year 2012. Some of this activity is illegal, occurring in national parks that are officially off limits to loggers, miners and plantation development. It operates a number of large projects, including the Samboja Lestari Forest Rehabilitation Program and the Nyaru Menteng Rehabilitation Program managed by Lone Drøscher Nielsen. Other major conservation centres in Indonesia include those at Tanjung Puting National Park and Sebangau National Park in Central Kalimantan, Kutai in East Kalimantan, Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, and Bukit Lawang in the Gunung Leuser National Park on the border of Aceh and North Sumatra. In Malaysia, conservation areas include Semenggoh Wildlife Centre in Sarawak and Matang Wildlife Centre also in Sarawak, and the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary near Sandakan in Sabah.

See also

Australian Orangutan Project (AOP)

Birutė Galdikas

Borneo Orangutan Survival, founded by Willie Smits

Chantek

Human evolutionary genetics – more information on the speciation of humans and great apes

List of apes

List of fictional apes

Orangutans in popular culture

Jeffrey H. Schwartz

References

External links

Information from Grungy Ape on the difference between the two Orangutan species

Orangutan Foundation International -- more information about orangutans

Orangutan Language Project

Orangutan.org.uk, The Orangutan Foundation

Category:Orangutans Category:Mammals of Southeast Asia Category:Tool-using species Category:EDGE Species Category:Animal intelligence Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Malay words and phrases

Name	Larry Glick
Other names	"Commander" Glick; "Streeter" Glick
Birth date	1922
Birth place	Massachusetts, USA
Education	Roxbury Memorial High School, Roxbury, MA
Alma mater	Emerson College, Boston
Occupation	Radio announcer
Known for	Boston-based radio talk show; "The Story Behind the Story"
Years active	40+
Awards	Massachusetts Broadcasters Hall of Fame, 2008
Notable works	Comedy Album "Larry Glick? Let Me Check."
Death date	26 March 2009 aged 87
Death place	Boca Raton Community Hospital, Boca Raton, Florida
Death cause	Complications from open-heart surgery

Larry Glick (1922–2009) was an American talk radio host, based in Boston, Massachusetts, whose long-running show on WBZ and later WHDH became a New England institution in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.

Prior to ending its run on WHDH in 1992, Larry's show went out first over WMEX (today WWZN) in 1965. By 1967, he had been hired by WBZ, where he would spend the next 20 years . WBZ Radio is a powerful 50,000-watt Boston station that blanketed the six New England states and reached well beyond, from the Maritime provinces of Canada down through the Carolinas in the South and as far west as the rockies. Larry's "Glicknicks", third-shift workers and insomniacs throughout much of the eastern seaboard and midwest, took comfort when Larry's unique brand of talk radio came on at midnight. For six hours, Larry's affable and charismatic voice enfolded a mix of lighthearted chat, sassy sound effects, obscure and funny musical numbers, and lots of generally wacky calls from listeners.

A typical show might feature a sometimes serious guest, an exchange of repartee with his hapless (and usually less witty) engineer (Kenny "Muck" Meyer) at the station, and free-ranging free associations on current events and life. Some callers became institutions like Larry: Arnold Tarbox, the dry and droll Maine fisherman; Charlie DiGiovanni, a wisecracking Boston cabdriver; the Champagne Lady; Boston newspaper legend, Kenny "The Night Owl" Mayer; and a number of others. A call from some of these regulars could seem like a visit from an old friend.

Certainly Larry was an old friend to most of his fiercely loyal audience. He did not disappoint. A critical or mock-critical caller would hear “Take that!” followed by Larry's cue of a series of rifle-shots on tape. A sentimental moment might prompt playing of one of Larry's favorite irreverent love ballads, such as "Cry of the Wild Goose" by Frankie Laine, or “When The Ice Worm Nests Again” (probably performed by Canada's Alan Mills). Boston pride got trumpeted via Bennie Drohan's “Southie Is My Home Town” , and infamous Boston bibulousness was regularly lampooned with a traditional beery ballad to Lydia Pinkham (purveyor of a legal forty-proof patent medicine during Prohibition), acclaiming her “the savior of the human race”. His novelty "Glick University" T-shirts, like the "WMEX Good Guys" shirts before them, became collectors' items for his fans. The shirts were awarded as contest prizes or to guests Larry deemed a particularly "Good Guy".

Those who've never heard Larry will have difficulty understanding his magic, since his bighearted, zany persona does not translate into print. But those who've heard Click and Clack on Car Talk would readily recognize the amiable, boisterous and somewhat anarchic style he pioneered.

Likewise, anyone would understand the appeal of a talk-show host who loved all his listeners. Larry gave everyone a shot (sometimes several), and did his best to draw out even the most plodding callers. Every one of them was given a chance to shine and to make a contribution to the “family".

After his retirement from the air and as late as 2007, Larry was the Ambassador of Good Will for the Legal Seafood Restaurant in the Boca Raton (Florida) Mall. In September 2008, he traveled back to Dedham, Massachusetts for his induction into the Massachusetts Broadcasters Hall of Fame at Massasoit Community College. His acceptance speech "brought the house down".

Outside of his broadcasting career, Larry pursued pilot training and was a founding partner in a commercial hypnotherapy business in Brookline, Massachusetts, to help people quit smoking and with weight loss.

More than a couple of Larry's on-air lines have become standards: He would say, after the question "How you doing?", "Wait a minute... let me check" (whistles) (pause) "Fine!" When a caller was put on the air and didn't respond, Larry's line would be "going once... going twice... arrivaderci!".

Larry died on March 26, 2009 following 10 hours of open-heart surgery, when complications arose and the doctors were unable to revive him. In Boston, his obituary ran March 28, 2009 in the Boston Globe.

See also

WBZ (AM)

WHDH

Talk radio

External links

The Larry Glick Pictures and Audio Page by Buffalonian Steve Cichon

The Boston Radio Dial: WBZ(AM)

Nickerblog "Glick University"

Northeast Airchecks

Jerry Williams Memories

The Larry Glick Tribute Site

The Larry Glick Podcast Page

References

Category:American talk radio hosts Category:Deaths from surgical complications Category:Radio personalities from Boston, Massachusetts Category:1922 births Category:2009 deaths

Name	Jorja Fox
Caption	Fox at 23rd Genesis Awards, Beverly Hills, California, March 2009
Birth name	Jorja-An Fox
Birth date	July 07, 1968
Height	5'9" (1.78 m)
Birth place	New York, New York, USA
Other names	Jorjan Fox
Years active	1989-present
Website	http://www.jorjafox.org
Notable role	Sara Sidle in

Jorja-An Fox (born July 7, 1968, in New York, New York), is an American actress. She first came to prominence as a guest star on the television drama ER, portraying the recurring role of Dr. Maggie Doyle from 1996 to 1999. This was followed by another critical success in the recurring role of Secret Service Agent Gina Toscano on The West Wing in 2000. She is arguably best known for her work as Sara Sidle in the hit CBS crime drama , a role she has portrayed as both a regular (2000–2007, 2010–) and recurring (2008–2010) cast member.

Biography

Personal life

Fox is the younger of two children born to Montreal- born parents of French and Irish descent., and was raised on a narrow barrier island in Melbourne Beach, Florida. She describes herself as being overweight while growing up, with a prominent gap between her teeth. By her twenties, neither her wisdom teeth nor braces had appreciably helped, and Fox said "forget it."

After attending Melbourne High School for two years, she began a modeling career after winning a local contest. She subsequently enrolled as a drama student at the Lee Strasberg Institute in New York, under the tutelage of actor William Hickey.

Fox currently resides in Los Angeles. Her friends include Emily Procter, whom she persuaded to join .

Her name is pronounced as "Georgia". She is most often credited as Jorja Fox, but has also been credited as "Jorjan Fox" and as "Jorja-An Fox".

Acting career

After appearing in several minor films and TV series, including a 1993 episode of Law & Order, Fox entered the limelight in 1996 when she joined the hit NBC television series ER, as the no-nonsense vegetarian and lesbian medical intern Dr. Maggie Doyle.

Playing up that fame, Fox appeared on the coming out episode of Ellen ("The Puppy Episode Part 2," April 30, 1997).

In 1999, she was cast as Secret Service Agent Gina Toscano on NBC's series The West Wing, where she starred for one season.

Fox has appeared in the films Velocity Trap, Food for the Heart and she also appeared briefly in Memento, playing Guy Pearce's wife.

CSI

In 2000, she became one of the characters on the CBS series , in which she portrayed a Las Vegas forensic scientist named Sara Sidle.

She and CSI co-star George Eads were fired from the show in 2004. Fox had allegedly failed to submit a letter to CBS confirming that she would be on time for shooting. The disputes were resolved in just over a week, and the two were rehired by CBS; however, neither actor's salary was raised, in spite of other cast members receiving raises. It was also reported that of the two, Fox was approached first to resume her contract with CSI, but she refused until Eads was rehired as well.

On April 18, 2007, TV Guide began reporting that Fox may not be returning for the eighth season of CSI, having not yet signed a new contract. The season finale turned out to be a cliffhanger involving her character, Sara Sidle. The New York Post reported that Fox did not show up to film the finale because of ongoing issues over her employment. Neither CBS nor Jorja's agent confirmed the allegations.

In September 2007, after rumors emerged about Fox's departure from the show, an online forum called "Your Tax Dollars At Work", started a campaign to keep Sara Sidle on CSI; the campaign (called Dollars for Sense) includes mailing the show's producers a dollar so as to keep Fox on the show. With the help of donations, the campaign also organized plane flyovers over the Universal Studios lot in California where CSI is filmed. The banners read "Keep Jorja Fox on CBS".

On October 15, 2007, Fox told Entertainment Weekly that she left CSI, saying that she wanted a break "from the commitment of a weekly television series." At her request, the money collected during the "Dollars for Sense" campaign will be donated to CASA, an organization dedicated to aiding foster children. On November 15, 2007, the episode "Goodbye and Good Luck," marked the character's final regular appearance in an episode of CSI until the show entered its tenth season.

In May 2008, Fox returned for CSI's ninth season as a guest star. for three episodes. After coming back for the 1st, 2nd and 5th episode she returned for Grissom's last episode "One To Go" in the last scene when Grissom turns up in the jungle, surprising Sara and the episode finishing with the two sharing a passionate kiss.

In the summer of 2009, CBS announced that Jorja Fox would be returning to CSI as Sara Sidle. Fox was initially slated to appear in the Season 10 premiere ("Family Affair," which aired Sept. 24, 2009) and four additional episodes. However, executive producer Carol Mendelsohn confirmed that Fox's stay has been made "more permanent", and her role has been extended indefinitely.

After CSI

After leaving CSI, Fox has produced the musical Stay Forever: The Life and Music of Dusty Springfield starring Kirsten Holly Smith, about the tension between the public image and private life of bisexual musician Dusty Springfield, which played at the Renberg Theatre in the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center.

Fox also guest-starred in the Lifetime TV series Drop Dead Diva. The episode, which aired on August 16, has her playing a soccer mom with a criminal past. She also did a modeling shoot for Green With Glamour

Performing

Fox is the co-founder of Honeypot Productions, an independent avant-garde theatre company in Los Angeles that has produced five original plays. Her friend and HoneyPot co-founder Heather Reid wrote Dear Bernard, which Fox helped produce.

Fox is also a musician: she plays guitar (badly, she says) and recently purchased a drum kit. She also sings and writes songs, most notably the song "Lullabye" for the movie Traveling Companion, as well as the song "Satellite" which she published on her official web site. Jorja and CSI co-star Marg Helgenberger sang "Stand by Me" as a duet for What a Pair 4!, an annual charity event to raise money for breast cancer research.

Activism and Politics

Fox is a supporter of the Human Rights Campaign and has been a dedicated vegetarian since the age of 19, working with PETA to help promote vegetarianism and also working with ADI to bring light to the suffering of animals in circuses. She has a purse named after her by the Montréal company Matt & Nat, which designs vegan purses. Fox attended and read at the Los Angeles book launch of Karen Dawn's Thanking The Monkey, and was seen on Access Hollywood discussing how being vegetarian helps the environment. In 2008, Fox volunteered her time to film a Public Service Announcement for the New York–based non-profit Orangutan Outreach which supports Borneo Orangutan Survival and other projects aimed at ensuring the orangutan's continued survival. The 30-second clip was shown on Animal Planet during the award-winning series Orangutan Island.

After attending the Democratic National Convention in Denver (28 August 2008), Fox has served on the Artists & Athletes Alliance Advisory Board and has attended many of their events.

In 2003, she was ranked #80 in Stuff magazine's list of the 103 sexiest women. She is annually nominated for PETA's "World's Sexiest Vegetarian".

Partial filmography

References

External links

Why I Left CSI--Jorja Fox Interview with EW

Jorja Fox: Online (fansite)

Bombshell - the approved Jorja Fox physical fanlisting

Access Hollywood Thanking the Monkey Book Launch Video

Category:1968 births Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American vegetarians Category:American people of Canadian descent Category:Living people Category:People from New York City Category:Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:American musical theatre actors Category:Actors from Florida Category:People from Brevard County, Florida