1080p is the shorthand identification for a set of HDTV video modes that are characterised by 1,080 lines of vertical resolution (1,080 horizontal scan lines) and progressive scan (meaning the image is not interlaced, unlike the 1080i display standard).

The term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, implying a horizontal resolution of 1920 pixels. This resolution is similar to that of 2K digital cinema technology. The frame rate can be either implied by the context or specified after the letter 'p', such as 1080p30, meaning 30 progressive frames per second.

1080p, sometimes referred to in marketing materials as "Full HD", typically refers to the capability to accept 1080p signal and display it with native resolution of at least 1080 lines, as well as the capability to upscale lower-resolution material to 1080p.

HD ready 1080p logo program by DIGITALEUROPE requires that certified TV sets support 1080p24, 1080p50, and 1080p60 formats, and feature a native resolution of at least 1920×1080 pixels, among other requirements.

Production and broadcasting standards

The movie industry has embraced 1080p24 as a digital mastering format in both native 24p form and in 24PsF form. 1080p24 has become an established production standard for digital cinematography and there is plenty of equipment capable of capturing and processing 1080p24 signals. This may be the first universal video standard which transcends continental boundaries, an area previously reserved for 24-frame film.

For live broadcast applications, a high-definition progressive scan format operating at 1080p at 50 or 60 frames per second is currently being evaluated as a future standard for moving picture acquisition. EBU has been endorsing 1080p50 as a future-proof production format because it improves resolution and requires no deinterlacing, allows broadcasting of standard 1080i25 and 720p50 signal alongside 1080p50 even in the current infrastructure, and is compatible with DCI distribution formats. Recent studies show that for digital broadcasts compressed with H.264/AVC, transmission bandwidth savings of interlaced video over fully progressive video are minimal even when using twice the frame rate, i.e. 1080p50 signal (50 progressive frames per second) actually produces the same bit rate as 1080i50 signal (25 interlaced frames or 50 sub-fields per second).

1080p50/p60 production format will require a whole new range of studio equipment including cameras, storage and editing systems, and contribution links (such as Dual-link HD-SDI and 3G-SDI) as it has doubled the data rate of current 50 or 60 fields interlaced 1920 × 1080 from 1.485 Gbit/s to nominally 3 Gbit/s using uncompressed RGB encoding. Most current revisions of SMPTE 374M and EBU Tech 3299 require YCbCr color space and 4:2:2 chroma subsampling when transmitting 1080p50 or 1080p60 signal over 3G-SDI.

ATSC

In the United States, the original ATSC standards for HDTV supported 1080p video, but only at the frame rates of 23.976, 24, 25, 29.97 and 30 frames per second (colloquially known as 1080p24, 1080p25 and 1080p30).

In July 2008, the ATSC standards were amended to incorporate H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression and 1080p at 50, 59.94 and 60 frames per second (1080p50 and 1080p60). Such frame rates require H.264/AVC High Profile Level 4.2, while standard HDTV frame rates only require Level 4.0.

This update is not expected to result in widespread availability of 1080p60 programming, since most of the existing digital receivers in use would only be capable of decoding the older, less-efficient MPEG-2 codec, and operator bandwidth limitations do not allow for broadcasting two simultaneous streams on the same broadcast channel (e.g. both a 1080i MPEG-2 stream alongside a 1080p MPEG-4 stream).

DVB

In Europe, 1080p25 signals have been supported by the DVB suite of broadcasting standards. The 1080p50 standard has been foreseen as a future-proof production format, and eventually a future broadcasting format.

Since September 2009, ETSI and EBU, the maintainers of the DVB suite, added support for 1080p50 signal coded with MPEG-4 AVC High Profile Level 4.2 with Scalable Video Coding extensions or VC-1 Advanced Profile compression; DVB also supports 1080p encoded at ATSC frame rates of 23.976, 24, 29.97, 30, 59.94 and 60.

EBU requires that legacy MPEG-4 AVC decoders should at least not crash in presence of SVC and/or 1080p50 (and higher resolution) packets.

Blu-ray Disc

Blu-ray Discs are able to hold 1080p HD content, and most movies released on Blu-ray Disc produce a full 1080p HD picture when the player is connected to a 1080p HDTV with an HDMI cable. However, the Blu-ray Disc video specification only allows encoding of 1080p24 signal, and not 1080p50 or 1080p60.

Internet content

There has been some content released in the 1080p format on the Internet. Some examples include Apple QuickTime Trailers in QuickTime HD 1080p format, the Microsoft WMV HD Content Showcase, and YouTube. Another example of 1080p content is the MacBreak 1080p podcast created by Leo Laporte and Alex Lindsay. This podcast is distributed via the BitTorrent method of distribution because of the large file sizes resulting from the high bit-rates. BitTorrent is also used to distribute many 1080p movies that have been copied from Blu-ray Disc or broadcast sources. Microsoft Silverlight can offer 1080p smooth streaming via IIS media services. Also, YouTube supports 1080p streaming video.

Consumer televisions and projectors

As of 2009, the higher end of consumer televisions is dominated by sets providing 1080p inputs, mainly HDMI and supporting full high-def resolutions. Now 1080p resolution is available in all formats, including plasma, DLP front and rear projection and LCD front projection. The manufacturers of 1080p TFT LCD screens include Sharp, Samsung, Sony, LG and a few others in Asia.

For displaying film-based 1080i60 signals, a scheme called 3:2 pulldown reversal (reverse telecine) is beginning to appear in some newer 1080p displays, which can produce a true 1080p quality image from film-based 1080i60 programs.

The AV equipment manufacturing industry has adopted the term Full HD as the consumer-friendly marketing term to mean the set is a safe purchase because it can display all available HD resolutions up to 1080p. The term is misleading, however, because it does not guarantee the set is capable of rendering digital video at all frame rates encoded in source files with 1080 pixel vertical resolution. Most notably, a "Full HD" set is not guaranteed to support the 1080p24 format, leading to consumer confusion.

DIGITALEUROPE (formerly EICTA) maintains the HD ready 1080p logo program that requires the certified TV sets to support 1080p24, 1080p50, and 1080p60, without overscan/underscan and picture distortion.

Computer monitors

Some modern widescreen liquid crystal display (LCD), most widescreen cathode ray tube (CRT), and all QXGA monitors can natively display 1080p content. Widescreen WUXGA monitors for example support 1920×1200 resolution, which can display a pixel for pixel reproduction of the 1080p (1920×1080) format. The resolution is rare, but increasing in popularity amongst laptops in 2009; some laptops have a "13", 15", 17" or even a 18.4" display that run a resolution of 1920×1200 or 1920x1080. Additionally, many 23, 24 and widescreen LCD monitors use 1920×1200 as their native resolution, 30 inch displays can display beyond 1080p at up to 2560x1600 or 1600p. Many 27" monitors have native resolutions of 2560×1440 and hence operate at 1440p. Other 1080p-compatible LCDs have lower than 1920×1080 native resolution and cannot display 1080p pixel for pixel, relying on the display's internal scaler to produce an image resized to suit the display's actual resolution. As of Winter 2010, there are now 20" - 24" computer monitor TFT devices available that offer a true native resolution of 1920 x 1080.

Video game consoles

Current generation video game consoles such as Sony's PlayStation 3 and Microsoft's Xbox 360 are able to display games and video content in 1080p. Both consoles do this through HDMI cable connections. Additionally, the Xbox 360 VGA connection, the PlayStation 3 HDMI 1.3a connection and on specific models of the Xbox 360 (manufactured after June 2007) HDMI 1.2a connection also provide 1080p output. On the PS3, developers must provide specific resolution support at the software level, whereas on the Xbox 360, games that are not rendered natively at 1080p are upscaled using a built in scaler (meaning that all X360 games can be displayed in 1080p via upscaling). On both systems, 1080p games are automatically downscaled to 480i/576i to work on SDTVs, or downscaled to 480p/576p to remain compatible with EDTV. Both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 provide 1080p video services. Sony provides both the PlayStation Store VOD service and Blu-ray Disc playback. Microsoft provides the Zune Video Marketplace for "instant on" 1080p video content.

Camcorders and cameras

Many consumer camcorders and professional video and DSLR photo cameras can capture 1080p24, 1080p25, or 1080p30 signal, often encoding such video in 1080psf format.

As of 2010, there are a few consumer camcorders that can capture 1080p50 and 1080p60 picture, including Panasonic HDC-TM700, HDC-HS700, HDC-SD700, and HDC-SD600, as well as Sanyo Xacti VPC-HD2000. Profesional digital cinema cameras capable of capturing 1080p60 include Sony CineAlta F23 camera and Sony SRW9000 camcorder (with optional 60p processing boards installed), Sony PMW-F3 camcorder, as well as RED One camera (in 2K and 3K capturing modes).

See also

480p, 720p, 1080i, 1440p

Progressive segmented frame

High-definition television

HD Ready 1080p

Display resolution

Blu-ray Disc

References

External links

1080p and the Acuity of Human Vision Audioholics Home Theater Magazine. April 2, 2007.

High Definition 1080p TV: Why You Should Be Concerned. Secrets of Home Theater and High Fidelity. February 28, 2007.

The Facts and Fiction of 1080p. April 17, 2006.

High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production (EBU technical publication). December 2004.

Category:Video formats

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Name	deadmau5
Landscape	deadmau5
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Joel Thomas Zimmerman
Alias	Halcyon441, Deadmau5
Born	January 05, 1981
Origin	Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada
Genre	Progressive House, Electro House, Neo-trance, House, Dubstep, Grimecore, New Wave
Occupation	DJ, Producer, Remixer songwriter
Years active	2005 - present
Label	Mau5trap Recordings, Ultra Records, Ministry of Sound Australia, SongBird, Play Records. Play Digital, WeWillDoo, EMI Records, Ministry of Sound, Virgin Records
Associated acts	Chris LakeKaskadeMoguaiMelleefreshBilly Newton-DavisWolfgang GartnerBSOD (w/ Steve Duda)WTF? (w/ Tommy Lee, Steve Duda, DJ Aero)nfrmn pre-deadmau5
Url
Notable instruments	Nord Lead 2x, Moog Little Phatty, Voyager RME, Ableton, Allen & Heath Xone 3D, Allen & Heath Xone 4D, Lemur Input Device, Ableton Live 8, Monome 256, Reaktor, Cubase, Kaossilator, Nuendo, Native Instruments Maschine

Joel Thomas Zimmerman (born January 5, 1981), better known by his stage name Deadmau5 (stylized as deadmau5; pronounced "dead mouse"), is a Canadian progressive, electro, and house producer based in Toronto, Ontario. Although Deadmau5 classes himself as having no genre, his extensive discography includes tracks such as "Arguru" and "Not Exactly", which have been included in compilation albums such as , MixMag's Tech-Trance-Electro-Madness (mixed by deadmau5 himself), and on Armin van Buuren's A State of Trance radio show. His debut album, Get Scraped, was released in 2006, followed by others in the next few years.

As well as his own extensive solo back catalogue, deadmau5 is recognised for his work alongside numerous other DJs and producers, such as Kaskade, MC Flipside, Rob Swire of Pendulum, Skrillex, and Steve Duda under the BSOD alias.

He was nominated for a Grammy in 2009 for his remix of the track "The Longest Road" by Morgan Page featuring Lissie in the category of "Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical"

deadmau5 won a Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year in 2010 for the album For Lack of a Better Name.

He is known for often performing in a titular costume head which he originally created while learning to use a 3D program, which resembles a mouse head.

On October 27, 2010, DJ Magazine announced the results of their annual Top 100 DJ Poll, placing deadmau5 at #4, up two spots from the previous year.

History

2008

deadmau5 received two nominations for the Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2008 for a track with Billy Newton-Davis and Melleefresh. He did not win an award for Melleefresh's "After Hours" song, but he won the award for Newton-Davis' "All U Ever Want". He was also named "Producer of 2007" by DJ magazine's 2007 Top 100 winner Armin van Buuren, and by runner up Tiësto. In 2008, he placed #11 in the DJ Magazine Top 100 poll, tying Infected Mushroom (2006) for the highest new entry in the poll's history, showing deadmau5's fast rise to prominence. On May 1, 2008, deadmau5 became the most awarded DJ/producer of the Beatport Music Awards. He was named "Best Progressive House Artist" by Beatport. (In 2009, Beatport also awarded deadmau5 the most awards that year, winning first place in both of his nominations, as well as being given the "Greatest House DJ Ever" award, two years in a row). He also had a radio station dedicated to him in for the Nintendo DS and Sony PlayStation Portable (PSP) portable gaming consoles, as well as the iPhone.

His album, Random Album Title, was released electronically in September 2008 via Ultra Records in the United States and Ministry of Sound in the United Kingdom and Europe. Physical copies of the album were released in November 2008.

In the United States, deadmau5's collaboration with Kaskade, "Move for Me," reached #1 on Billboard magazine's Hot Dance Airplay chart in its September 6, 2008 issue.

2009

In 2009, he was nominated for Grammy Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical ("The Longest Road" [deadmau5 Remix] by Morgan Page featuring Lissie). Since then, deadmau5 has seen three of his tracks, all collaborations ("Move for Me" and I Remember with Kaskade; "Ghosts N Stuff" with Rob Swire) reach number-one on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart, making him the only Canadian on that chart to achieve that status (he is also the third Canadian to top that chart, following Deborah Cox and Nelly Furtado, both with one a piece).

In 2009, he was the best-selling artist on Beatport with more than 30,000 digital downloads with his singles "Not Exactly," "Faxing Berlin," and "Ghosts N Stuff."

deadmau5 headlined the Dance Arena on July 10, 2009, at the Oxegen Festival in Ireland. He also headlined LovEvolution in San Francisco, California on October 3. He played at Belsonic in Belfast, Northern Ireland on August 28, at the Leeds, Reading, and Creamfields Festivals on August 29 and 30 in the Lock Up/Dance Tent/Mixmag stage, drawing a large crowd at each of the events. He has performed on BBC Radio 1 multiple times, which include an Essential Mix set on August 19, 2008, and a shared set with Pete Tong live at the Warehouse Project in Manchester on October 11, 2008. He played back to back shows that were broadcast via BBC Radio1 live from Ibiza on August 31 and September 1, 2009. deadmau5 was offered and accepted to play another set live on New Year's 2010 along with Justice, Eric Clapton, and Plump DJs.

Information on his album For Lack of a Better Name was posted on his official MySpace page. ::''“On September 22, 2009 (U.S only, rest-of-world release October 5) deadmau5 launches his brand new mix album, the Grammy-nominated, Juno Award-winning electronic music sensation who has racked up more than 5,000,000 hits on MySpace will unleash his second album for ULTRA Records — titled 'For Lack of a Better Name' — and then set off on a massive fall tour throughout North America.

In the fall of 2009, deadmau5's performances were recorded and made available for sale immediately following the concert on USB wristband flash drives.

::On For Lack of a Better Name, the follow-up to his critically acclaimed 2008 debut Random Album Title, deadmau5 takes a different turn by incorporating various styles of music into multi-blocks of songs. The album will include "Ghosts N Stuff", featuring Pendulum's Rob Swire”.

2010

deadmau5 performed at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, British Columbia on February 19, 2010, during the live medal presentations in men’s luge doubles and biathlon (women’s 15-km individual and men’s 20-km individual). His track "Moar Ghosts N Stuff" was aired on national TV throughout the United States when it was played over loudspeakers during Hannah Kearney's gold-medal run in women's moguls.

In March 2010, deadmau5 was nominated for four International Dance Music Awards, and won a further three, including Best Artist (Solo) and Best American DJ (see complete list below).

The next studio album by deadmau5, announced as his first "artist album," is scheduled for release in May. A song from the album titled "Some Chords" has been released via his YouTube account. The album has since been delayed.

In June 2010, Beatport announced the winners of their annual Beatport Music Awards, awarding deadmau5 Best Electro House Artist, Best Progressive House Artist, and "most influential, relevant and forward-thinking person in electronic music over the past 12 months." deadmau5 also performed live at the Electric Daisy Carnival's Kinetic Fields section in Exposition Park, Los Angeles on June 25, 2010.

His third studio album, titled 4x4=12, was released on December 6, 2010 in the United Kingdom and December 7, 2010 in the United States. The singles "Some Chords," "Animal Rights," and "Sofi Needs a Ladder" have been released and will feature on the album.

A short while after he released 4x4=12, he stated that would be releasing a new album some time in 2011 and wouldn't release any material as singles

DJ Hero 2

deadmau5 is a playable avatar within the forthcoming DJ Hero 2 video game being released in the last quarter of 2010. Additionally, one of the initially revealed tracks is a mashup between deadmau5's "Ghosts N Stuff" with Lady Gaga's "Just Dance."

Personal

Name origin

The name "deadmau5" started when Zimmerman found a dead mouse in his computer while he was replacing his video card. He talked with people in chat rooms and he became known as "that dead mouse guy" and since his username was too long, he shortened "Dead Mouse" to deadmau5.

Health

On 30 July 2010 at the in Washington, D.C., deadmau5 collapsed on stage, suffering from exhaustion and vomiting. deadmau5's set was cut short as he was rushed to a hospital, and his collapse also led to the cancellation of the nine shows following the event.

Controversies

Rivalry with Marcus Schossow

In December 2007, Marcus Schossow, Maor Levi and Dj Eco created a project named Deadrat6 as a joke on deadmau5, claiming his tracks sound alike.

Comment about DJs

In an October 2008 interview with the Irish Daily Star, deadmau5 was quoted as follows: ::“It puts me to fucking sleep, to be quite honest; I don’t really see the technical merit in playing two songs at the same speed together and it bores me to fucking tears and hopefully, with all due respect to the DJ type that will fucking go the way of the dinosaur, I'd like them to dis-a-fucking-pear! It's so middle man, they’re like fucking lawyers! You need them, but they’re fucking cunts. God bless them, they’re my number one customer right, so I’m not gonna go dis every fucking DJ. But to say you become this massive, "up on a podium" performer by playing other peoples productions, at the same speed as someone else's productions and fading between the two of them, I don’t get it...”

Zimmerman apologized for this comment on November 4, 2008. He explained that the interview was bad, and that it did not express his opinion about DJs correctly:

::"Let me start by admitting…. I did not grow up in the EDM scene. I don't consider my career to be about “being a DJ”. I don't have “DJ roots”. I never had any intention of becoming a DJ, and my conception of “DJ’s” in general from this standpoint has always been being forced into some nightclub when I would have rather stayed home, and watch some dude mash the “play / stop” button and occasionally move a pitch slider. Love it or hate it... that’s just been my conception of the traditional “DJ”. Mind you, I'm not a total fucking idiot, and I recognize talent when I see it... and there are many talented DJ’s out there for sure. In my eyes, those would be the individuals who utilize technology to deliver the music in ways that are both skillful and innovate, more-so than my vision of the “play/stop/pitch” DJ. To me, the club is about “the party”; the people make the night; the DJ obviously needs to use that to his advantage, it’s give and take."

DirtyCircuit

In 2008, an artist called DirtyCircuit claimed to have been threatened with legal action after using a sample called "LP_Faxing Berlin C_128bpm" that came bundled with FL Studio, and to which deadmau5 claimed copyright. The sample was a direct clip of a full bar of the song. Deadmau5 provided a "Demo Track" which came bundled with FL Studio, along with several loop samples. The case caused a slight discomfort among the users of FL Studio, and some have pointed out potential inconsistencies in the EULA of the software.

Discography

CD Albums

Random Album Title (2008)

For Lack of a Better Name (2009)

4x4=12 (2010)

Digital Releases

Get Scraped (2006)

Vexillology (2006)

Project 56 (2008)

EP's

Everything Is Complicated (2007)

Full Circle (2007)

Compilations

It Sounds Like (2009)

For Lack Of A Better Album Title (2010)

DJ Friendly Mix Albums

At Play (2008)

At Play 2 (2009)

At Play 3 (2010)

Recognitions

Awards

; Juno Awards

2008 Dance Recording of the Year for "All U Ever Want" with Billy Newton-Davis.

2009 Dance Recording of the Year for "Random Album Title".

2010 Dance Recording of the Year, "For Lack of a Better Name".

; Beatport Music Awards

2008 Best Electro House Artist.

2008 Best Progressive House Artist.

2008 Best single for "Not Exactly".

2008 Best remix, 3rd place for Burufunk vs. Carbon Community - "Community Funk" (Deadmau5 Remix).

2009 Best Electro House Artist.

2009 Best Progressive House Artist.

; DJmag.com Top 100 DJs Poll

2008 Highest new entry, voted 11th best DJ.

2009 Voted 6th best DJ.

2010 Climbs two places to 4th best DJ

; International Dance Music Awards (IDMA)

2010 Best Artist (Solo)

2010 Best American DJ

2010 Best Electro Track for "Ghosts 'N' Stuff"

Nominations

2008 Juno Dance Recording of the Year for "After Hours" with Melleefresh

2008 Beatport Music Awards Best Remix of 2007, won as Third Best Remixs 2007 for Burufunk and Carbon Community's "Community Funk" (Deadmau5 Remix).

2009 Grammy Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical ("The Longest Road" (Deadmau5 Remix) by Morgan Page featuring Lissie)

2009 Juno Dance Recording of the Year for "Move For Me" with Kaskade

2009 Juno Dance Recording of the Year for Random Album Title

2010 International Dance Music Award for Best Progressive/Tech Track for "Strobe"

2010 International Dance Music Award for Best Global DJ

2010 International Dance Music Award for Best Producer

2010 International Dance Music Award for Best Video for "Ghosts 'N' Stuff" (Directed by Colin O'Toole)

References

External links

Artist Site at Ultra Records

Category:Canadian house musicians Category:Canadian electronic musicians Category:Canadian DJs Category:Juno Award winners Category:Remixers Category:Musicians from Toronto Category:Ableton Live users Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:Ultra Records artists

Coordinates	41°52′55″N87°37′40″N
Name	Marian Breland Bailey
Caption	Pioneer in humane animal training
Birth date	December 02, 1920
Birth place	Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Dead	dead
Death date	September 25, 2001
Death place	Hot Springs, Arkansas United States
Occupation	psychologist, animal trainer, behavioral scientist}}

Marian Breland Bailey, born Marian Ruth Kruse (December 2, 1920 – September 25, 2001) and nicknamed "Mouse", was an American psychologist, an applied behavior analyst who played a major role in developing empirically validated and humane animal training methods and in promoting their widespread implementation. She and her first husband, Keller Breland (1915–1965), studied at the University of Minnesota under behaviorist B. F. Skinner Marian's father and then others called her "Maus" ("mouse"), a common German nickname for little girls. After graduating from Washburn High School as her senior class's valedictorian, Marian Kruse went to the University of Minnesota to major in Latin and minor in Greek. Although financial times were difficult as her family had lost everything during the banking collapse of the Great Depression, a full scholarship and a Works Progress Administration award for writers supported her undergraduate education. As a straight A student, she was recommended for a highly selective psychology class taught by Skinner (the first of what Skinner later called "pro-seminars"), under whom she studied along with George Collier, W. K. Estes, Norman Guttman, Kenneth MacCorquodale, Paul Everett Meehl, and others bound for later fame in their field.

Marian worked as Skinner's teaching and laboratory assistant when he published his pivotal work The Behavior of Organisms in 1938. She trained rats for Skinner, typed lecture notes for him, proofread his classic text The Behavior of Organisms, She graduated with her bachelor of arts degree summa cum laude in 1941, the only member of her graduating class with an A average.

Work with Keller Breland

Name	Keller Breland
Caption	Pioneer in humane animal training
Birth date	March 26, 1915
Birth place	Poplarville, Mississippi
Dead	dead
Death date	June 17, 1965
Death place	Hot Springs, Arkansas}}

After Marian earned her bachelor's degree, she married psychologist Keller Breland on August 1, 1941. Together, they had three children: Bradley (1946), Frances (1948), and Elizabeth (1952).

Marian became the second graduate student to work under the renowned Skinner. While graduate students, they collaborated with Skinner on military research during World War II. Their work involved training pigeons for use by the U.S. Navy, teaching the birds to guide bombs. This was never actually used. Classmate Paul Meehl bet $10 they would fail. (His 1961 check for $10 later hung framed on Marian's office wall.)

ABE's first project was training farm animals to appear in feed advertisements for General Mills. The Brelands went on to train "more animals and different species of animals than any other animal trainers" In training animals for recreational facilities such as Marineland of Florida, Parrot Jungle, Sea World, and Six Flags, they created the very first dolphin and bird shows, a form of program now considered traditional entertainment fare. They trained animals for many other venues including circuses, motion pictures, museums, stores, and zoos.

Earlier animal trainers had historically relied primarily on punishment when teaching animals. The Brelands instead followed Skinner's emphasis on the use of positive reinforcement to train animals, using rewards for desired behavior. Although other students of Skinner's later entered commercial animal training as well, the Brelands' techniques dominated the field because they found ways to simplify the training of complex behaviors. The Brelands did not just train the animals. They also trained other animal trainers, establishing in 1947 "the first school and instruction manual for teaching animal trainers the applied technology of behavior analysis." "Popular acts included chickens that walked tightropes, dispensed souvenirs and fortune cards, danced to music from jukeboxes, played baseball and ran the bases; rabbits that kissed their (plastic) girlfriends, rode fire trucks and sounded sirens, and rolled wheels of fortune; ducks that played pianos and drums; and raccoons that played basketball." among behaviorists with their 1961 article, "The misbehavior of organisms" — the title of which involved a play on words referring to Skinner's classic 1938 work The Behavior of Organisms. Marian and Keller outlined training difficulties in which instinct or instinctive drift might occur as tendencies biologically inherent in a species intrude into the behaviors a trainer was attempting to teach an animal. The article is recognized as a milestone in the history of psychology.

In 1963, Marian designed and implemented a program to improve techniques for working with profoundly mentally retarded individuals at a human development center in Alexandria, Louisiana. She emphasized the value of positive reinforcement, and taught ward attendants humane practices that became the standard for institutions of this kind. The 1965 training manual Teaching the Mentally Retarded, which she and others prepared, remained in use for decades.

On June 16, 1965, Keller died of a heart attack. She continued writing, researching, and training animals.

Work with Bob Bailey

In 1976, Marian married Robert E. (Bob) Bailey. He had been the first Director of Training in the Navy's Marine Mammal Program, then became ABE's General Manager. He and Marian had founded the facility "Animal Wonderful" in 1972. Together, the Baileys trained animals from over 140 species.

Marian's graduate studies had stopped when she and Keller left to found ABE. Marian now returned to grad school, and earned her Ph.D. in Psychology at the University of Arkansas in 1978. She then served as a professor of psychology at Henderson State University from 1981 until her retirement in 1998. During these years, the Baileys produced educational films on topics such as the history of behaviorism. Their film work included The History of Behavioral Analysis Biographies, the ABE documentary Patient Like the Chipmunks, and An Apple for the Student: How Behavioral Psychology Can Change the American Classroom.

Marian continued writing about the "misbehavior" of animals during operant conditioning for publications like American Psychologist, ', the official journal of the American Psychological Association (APA). The Baileys were chief among the behaviorists who began using the Internet for instruction, problem solving, and promotion of their science.

In 1996, the Baileys began the Bailey & Bailey Operant Conditioning Workshops, which provided training to animal trainers, psychologists, students, and many others from throughout the world. The program of study involved four increasingly advanced levels of the "physically, mentally, and emotionally demanding" workshops. In 1998, the University of Arkansas inducted Marian into the university's Fulbright College Alumni Academy as one of their first Distinguished Alumni Award recipients.

On September 25, 2001, Marian died at St. Joseph's Hospital in Hot Springs. Her husband Bob provided a biographical tribute for the Division 25 Recorder, the official publication of the APA's Division 25 for Behavior Analysis. Memorial contributions in Marian's memory go to this scholarship and to the Arkansas Kidney Foundation.

The Archives of the History of Psychology in Akron, Ohio, and the Smithsonian Math and Science Museum in Washington, D.C., now house collections of Marian's documents and items.

References

External links

ABE documents by decade

Behavior by Bailey

Encyclopedia of Arkansas

Marian Breland Bailey Memorial Scholarship

Pecking order

Psi Chi biography online

Women's Intellectual Contributions biography

Category:2001 deaths Category:1920 births Category:American psychologists Category:Behaviourist psychologists Category:University of Minnesota alumni Category:University of Arkansas alumni Category:Henderson State University faculty Category:Animal trainers Category:Works Progress Administration workers