In geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. The magnitude of the angle is the "amount of rotation" that separates the two rays, and can be measured by considering the length of circular arc swept out when one ray is rotated about the vertex to coincide with the other (see "Measuring angles", below). Where there is no possibility of confusion, the term "angle" is used interchangeably for both the geometric configuration itself and for its angular magnitude (which is simply a numerical quantity).

The word angle comes from the Latin word angulus, meaning "a corner". The word angulus is a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin. Cognate words are the Greek (ankylοs), meaning "crooked, curved," and the English word "ankle". Both are connected with the Proto-Indo-European root *ank-, meaning "to bend" or "bow".

Euclid defines a plane angle as the inclination to each other, in a plane, of two lines which meet each other, and do not lie straight with respect to each other. According to Proclus an angle must be either a quality or a quantity, or a relationship. The first concept was used by Eudemus, who regarded an angle as a deviation from a straight line; the second by Carpus of Antioch, who regarded it as the interval or space between the intersecting lines; Euclid adopted the third concept, although his definitions of right, acute, and obtuse angles are certainly quantitative.

==Measuring angles== Termination of X-axis in anticlockwise direction is called angle. Two angles are sometimes called congruent if there exists an isometry that transforms one of the angles into the other angle. The size of an angle is normally characterized by the smallest positive rotation that maps one of the rays into the other. Two angles are congruent if and only if they correspond to the same (smallest positive) rotation. Thus an angle as two rays is characterized by an angle of rotation. To avoid confusion when no isometry exists between particular representations of angles, angles that Euclid called "equal" are described as "equal in measure".

In many geometrical situations, angles that differ by an exact multiple of a full circle are effectively equivalent (it makes no difference how many times a line is rotated through a full circle because it always ends up in the same place). However, this is not always the case. For example, when tracing a curve such as a spiral using polar coordinates, an extra full turn gives rise to a quite different point on the curve.

In order to measure an angle θ, a circular arc centered at the vertex of the angle is drawn, e.g. with a pair of compasses. The length of the arc s is then divided by the radius of the circle r, and possibly multiplied by a scaling constant k (which depends on the units of measurement that are chosen):

:$\backslash theta\; =\; k\; \backslash frac\{s\}\{r\}.$

The value of θ thus defined is independent of the size of the circle: if the length of the radius is changed then the arc length changes in the same proportion, so the ratio s/r is unaltered.

Units

In dimensional analysis, angles are considered to be dimensionless. There are several units used to measure angles, depending on the choice of the constant k in the formula above. Of these units, treated in more detail below, the degree and the radian are by far the most common.

With the notable exception of the radian, most units of angular measurement are defined such that one full circle (i.e. one revolution) is equal to n units, for some whole number n. For example, in the case of degrees, A full circle of n units is obtained by setting in the formula above. (Proof. The formula above can be rewritten as One full circle, for which units, corresponds to an arc equal in length to the circle's circumference, which is 2πr, so . Substituting n for θ and 2πr for s in the formula, results in )

The degree, denoted by a small superscript circle (°), is 1/360 of a full circle, so one full circle is 360°. One advantage of this old sexagesimal subunit is that many angles common in simple geometry are measured as a whole number of degrees. Fractions of a degree may be written in normal decimal notation (e.g. 3.5° for three and a half degrees), but the following sexagesimal subunits of the "degree-minute-second" system are also in use, especially for geographical coordinates and in astronomy and ballistics:

* The minute of arc (or MOA, arcminute, or just minute) is 1/60 of a degree. It is denoted by a single prime ( ′ ). For example, 3° 30′ is equal to 3 + 30/60 degrees, or 3.5 degrees. A mixed format with decimal fractions is also sometimes used, e.g. 3° 5.72′ = 3 + 5.72/60 degrees. A nautical mile was historically defined as a minute of arc along a great circle of the Earth.

* The second of arc (or arcsecond, or just second) is 1/60 of a minute of arc and 1/3600 of a degree. It is denoted by a double prime ( ″ ). For example, 3° 7′ 30″ is equal to 3 + 7/60 + 30/3600 degrees, or 3.125 degrees.

The angle of the equilateral triangle is 1/6 of a full circle. It was the unit used by the Babylonians, and is especially easy to construct with ruler and compasses. The degree, minute of arc and second of arc are sexagesimal subunits of the Babylonian unit. 1 Babylonian unit = 60° = π/3 rad ≈ 1.047197551 rad.

The radian is the angle subtended by an arc of a circle that has the same length as the circle's radius (k = 1 in the formula given earlier). One full circle is 2π radians, and one radian is 180/π degrees, or about 57.2958 degrees. The radian is abbreviated rad, though this symbol is often omitted in mathematical texts, where radians are assumed unless specified otherwise. When radians are used angles are considered as dimensionless. The radian is used in virtually all mathematical work beyond simple practical geometry, due, for example, to the pleasing and "natural" properties that the trigonometric functions display when their arguments are in radians. The radian is the (derived) unit of angular measurement in the SI system.

The mil is approximately equal to a milliradian. There are several definitions.

The turn (or full circle, revolution, rotation, or cycle) is one full circle. A turn is subdivided in centiturns and milliturns. A turn is abbreviated $\backslash tau$ or rev or rot depending on the application, but just r in rpm (revolutions per minute). 1 turn = 360° = 2π rad = 400 gon = 4 right angles.

The point, used in navigation, is 1/32 of a full circle. It is a binary subunit of the turn. 1 point = 1/8 of a right angle = 11.25° = 12.5 gon. Each point is subdivided in four quarter-points so that 1 turn equals 128 quarter-points.

The binary degree, also known as the binary radian (or brad), is 1/256 of a full circle. The binary degree is used in computing so that an angle can be efficiently represented in a single byte (albeit to limited precision). Other measures of angle used in computing may be based on dividing one whole turn into 2ⁿ equal parts for other values of n.

The quadrant is 1/4 of a full circle, i.e. a right angle. It is the unit used in Euclid's Elements. 1 quad. = 90° = π/2 rad = 1/4 turn= 100 gon.

Eratosthenes used a unit of 6° so that a whole turn was divided in 60 units.

The Babylonians sometimes used the unit pechus of about 2° or 2½°.

The grad, also called grade, gradian, or gon is 1/400 of a turn, so one full circle is 400 grads and a right angle is 100 grads. It is a decimal subunit of the quadrant. A kilometre was historically defined as a centi-gon of arc along a great circle of the Earth, so the kilometre is the decimal analog to the sexagesimal nautical mile. The gon is used mostly in triangulation.

The astronomical hour angle is 1/24 of a full circle. Since this system is amenable to measuring objects that cycle once per day (such as the relative position of stars), the sexagesimal subunits are called minute of time and second of time. Note that these are distinct from, and 15 times larger than, minutes and seconds of arc. 1 hour = 15° = π/12 rad = 1/6 quad. = 1/24 turn ≈ 16.667 gon.

Alternative ways of measuring the size of an angle

There are several alternatives to measuring the size of an angle by the corresponding angle of rotation. The grade of a slope, or gradient is equal to the tangent of the angle, or sometimes the sine. Gradients are often expressed as a percentage. For very small values (less than 5%), the grade of a slope is approximately the measure of an angle in radians.

In rational geometry the spread between two lines is defined at the square of sine of the angle between the lines. Since the sine of an angle and the sine of its supplementary angle are the same any angle of rotation that maps one of the lines into the other leads to the same value of the spread between the lines.

Approximations

1° is approximately the width of a little finger at arm's length.

10° is approximately the width of a closed fist at arm's length.

20° is approximately the width of a handspan at arm's length.

These measurements clearly depend on the individual subject, and the above should be treated as rough approximations only.

Identifying angles

In mathematical expressions, it is common to use Greek letters (α, β, γ, θ, φ, ...) to serve as variables standing for the size of some angle. (To avoid confusion with its other meaning, the symbol π is typically not used for this purpose.) Lower case roman letters (a, b, c, ...) are also used. See the figures in this article for examples.

In geometric figures, angles may also be identified by the labels attached to the three points that define them. For example, the angle at vertex A enclosed by the rays AB and AC (i.e. the lines from point A to point B and point A to point C) is denoted ∠BAC or BÂC. Sometimes, where there is no risk of confusion, the angle may be referred to simply by its vertex ("angle A").

Potentially, an angle denoted, say, ∠BAC might refer to any of four angles: the clockwise angle from B to C, the anticlockwise angle from B to C, the clockwise angle from C to B, or the anticlockwise angle from C to B, where the direction in which the angle is measured determines its sign (see Positive and negative angles). However, in many geometrical situations it is obvious from context that the positive angle less than or equal to 180 degrees is meant, and no ambiguity arises. Otherwise, a convention may be adopted so that ∠BAC always refers to the anticlockwise (positive) angle from B to C, and ∠CAB to the anticlockwise (positive) angle from C to B.

Types of angles

{| |- style="vertical-align: top;" |.]] |.]] | a and b (b is the complement of a, and a is the complement of b).]] |.]] |}

An angle equal to 1/4 turn (90° or π/2 radians) is called a right angle.

:Two lines that form a right angle are said to be perpendicular or orthogonal.

Angles equal to 1/2 turn (180° or two right angles) are called straight angles.

Angles that are not right angles or a multiple of a right angle are called oblique angles.

Angles smaller than a right angle (less than 90°) are called acute angles ("acute" meaning "sharp").

Angles larger than a right angle and smaller than a straight angle (between 90° and 180°) are called obtuse angles ("obtuse" meaning "blunt").

Angles larger than a straight angle but less than 1 turn (between 180° and 360°) are called reflex angles.

Angles that have the same measure (i.e. the same magnitude) are said to be congruent. Following this definition for congruent angles, an angle is defined by its measure and is not dependent upon the lengths of the sides of the angle (e.g. all right angles are congruent).

Two angles opposite each other, formed by two intersecting straight lines that form an "X"-like shape, are called vertical angles or opposite angles or vertically opposite angles. These angles are equal in measure.

Angles that share a common vertex and edge but do not share any interior points are called adjacent angles.

Two angles that sum to one right angle (90°) are called complementary angles.

:The difference between an angle and a right angle is termed the complement of the angle.

Two angles that sum to a straight angle (180°) are called supplementary angles.

:The difference between an angle and a straight angle (180°) is termed the supplement of the angle.

Two angles that sum to one turn (360°) are called explementary angles or conjugate angles.

An angle that is part of a simple polygon is called an interior angle if it lies on the inside of that simple polygon. A concave simple polygon has at least one interior angle that exceeds 180°.

:In Euclidean geometry, the measures of the interior angles of a triangle add up to π radians, or 180°, or 1/2 turn; the measures of the interior angles of a simple quadrilateral add up to 2π radians, or 360°, or 1 turn. In general, the measures of the interior angles of a simple polygon with n sides add up to [(n − 2) × π] radians, or [(n − 2) × 180]°, or (2n − 4) right angles, or (n/2 − 1) turn.

The angle supplementary to the interior angle is called the exterior angle. It measures the amount of rotation one has to make at this vertex to trace out the polygon. If the corresponding interior angle is a reflex angle, the exterior angle should be considered negative. Even in a non-simple polygon it may be possible to define the exterior angle, but one will have to pick an orientation of the plane (or surface) to decide the sign of the exterior angle measure.

:In Euclidean geometry, the sum of the exterior angles of a simple polygon will be one full turn (360°).

Some authors use the name exterior angle of a simple polygon to simply mean the explementary (not supplementary!) of the interior angle. This conflicts with the above usage.

The angle between two planes (such as two adjacent faces of a polyhedron) is called a dihedral angle. It may be defined as the acute angle between two lines normal to the planes.

The angle between a plane and an intersecting straight line is equal to ninety degrees minus the angle between the intersecting line and the line that goes through the point of intersection and is normal to the plane.

If a straight transversal line intersects two parallel lines, corresponding (as well as alternate) angles at the two points of intersection are equal in size; adjacent angles are supplementary (that is, their measures add to π radians, or 180°).

A reference angle is the acute version of any angle determined by repeatedly subtracting or adding 180 degrees, and subracting the result from 180 degrees if necessary, until a value between 0 degrees and 90 degrees is obtained. For example, an angle of 30 degrees has a reference angle of 30 degrees, and an angle of 150 degrees also has a reference angle of 30 degrees (180-150). An angle of 750 degrees has a reference angle of 30 degrees (750-720).

A formal definition

Using trigonometric functions

A Euclidean angle is completely determined by the corresponding right triangle. In particular, if $\backslash theta$ is a Euclidean angle, it is true that

:$\backslash cos\; \backslash theta\; =\; \backslash frac\{x\}\{\backslash sqrt\{x^2\; +\; y^2\}\}$

and

:$\backslash sin\; \backslash theta\; =\; \backslash frac\{y\}\{\backslash sqrt\{x^2\; +\; y^2\}\}$

for two numbers x and y. So an angle in the Euclidean plane can be legitimately given by two numbers x and y.

To the ratio y/x there correspond two angles in the geometric range 0 < θ < 2π, since

:$\backslash frac\{\backslash sin\; \backslash theta\}\{\backslash cos\; \backslash theta\; \}\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash frac\{y\}\{\backslash sqrt\{x^2\; +\; y^2\}\}\}\{\backslash frac\{x\}\{\backslash sqrt\{x^2\; +\; y^2\}\}\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{y\}\{x\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{-y\}\{-x\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash sin\; (\backslash theta\; +\; \backslash pi)\}\{\backslash cos\; (\backslash theta\; +\; \backslash pi)\; \}.$

Angles between curves

The angle between a line and a curve (mixed angle) or between two intersecting curves (curvilinear angle) is defined to be the angle between the tangents at the point of intersection. Various names (now rarely, if ever, used) have been given to particular cases:—amphicyrtic (Gr. , on both sides, κυρτός, convex) or cissoidal (Gr. κισσός, ivy), biconvex; xystroidal or sistroidal (Gr. ξυστρίς, a tool for scraping), concavo-convex; amphicoelic (Gr. κοίλη, a hollow) or angulus lunularis, biconcave.

Dot product and generalisation

In the Euclidean plane, the angle θ between two vectors u and v is related to their dot product and their lengths by the formula

:$\backslash mathbf\{u\}\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash mathbf\{v\}\; =\; \backslash cos(\backslash theta)\backslash \; \backslash |\backslash mathbf\{u\}\backslash |\backslash \; \backslash |\backslash mathbf\{v\}\backslash |.$

This formula supplies an easy method to find the angle between two planes (or curved surfaces) from their normal vectors and between skew lines from their vector equations.

Inner product

To define angles in an abstract real inner product space, we replace the Euclidean dot product ( · ) by the inner product $\backslash langle\backslash cdot,\backslash cdot\backslash rangle$, i.e.

:$\backslash langle\backslash mathbf\{u\},\backslash mathbf\{v\}\backslash rangle\; =\; \backslash cos(\backslash theta)\backslash \; \backslash |\backslash mathbf\{u\}\backslash |\backslash \; \backslash |\backslash mathbf\{v\}\backslash |.$

In a complex inner product space, the expression for the cosine above may give non-real values, so it is replaced with

:$Re(\backslash langle\backslash mathbf\{u\},\backslash mathbf\{v\}\backslash rangle)\; =\; \backslash cos(\backslash theta)\backslash \; \backslash |\backslash mathbf\{u\}\backslash |\backslash \; \backslash |\backslash mathbf\{v\}\backslash |.$

or, more commonly, using the absolute value, with

:$|\backslash langle\backslash mathbf\{u\},\backslash mathbf\{v\}\backslash rangle|\; =\; \backslash cos(\backslash theta)\backslash \; \backslash |\backslash mathbf\{u\}\backslash |\backslash \; \backslash |\backslash mathbf\{v\}\backslash |.$

The latter definition ignores the direction of the vectors and thus describes the angle between one-dimensional subspaces $span(\backslash mathbf\{u\})$ and $span(\backslash mathbf\{v\})$ spanned by the vectors $\backslash mathbf\{u\}$ and $\backslash mathbf\{v\}$ correspondingly.

Angles between subspaces

The definition of the angle between one-dimensional subspaces $span(\backslash mathbf\{u\})$ and $span(\backslash mathbf\{v\})$ given by

:$|\backslash langle\backslash mathbf\{u\},\backslash mathbf\{v\}\backslash rangle|\; =\; \backslash cos(\backslash theta)\backslash \; \backslash |\backslash mathbf\{u\}\backslash |\backslash \; \backslash |\backslash mathbf\{v\}\backslash |$

in a Hilbert space can be extended to subspaces of any finite dimensions. Given two subspaces $\backslash mathcal\{U\},\backslash mathcal\{W\}$ with $\backslash operatorname\{dim\}(\backslash mathcal\{U\}):=k\backslash leq\; \backslash operatorname\{dim\}(\backslash mathcal\{W\}):=l$, this leads to a definition of $k$ angles called canonical or principal angles between subspaces.

Angles in Riemannian geometry

In Riemannian geometry, the metric tensor is used to define the angle between two tangents. Where U and V are tangent vectors and g_ij are the components of the metric tensor G,

:$\backslash cos\; \backslash theta\; =\; \backslash frac\{g\_\{ij\}U^iV^j\}\; \{\backslash sqrt\{\; \backslash left|\; g\_\{ij\}U^iU^j\; \backslash right|\; \backslash left|\; g\_\{ij\}V^iV^j\; \backslash right|\}\}.$

Angles in geography and astronomy

In geography, the location of any point on the Earth can be identified using a geographic coordinate system. This system specifies the latitude and longitude of any location in terms of angles subtended at the centre of the Earth, using the equator and (usually) the Greenwich meridian as references.

In astronomy, a given point on the celestial sphere (that is, the apparent position of an astronomical object) can be identified using any of several astronomical coordinate systems, where the references vary according to the particular system. Astronomers measure the angular separation of two stars by imagining two lines through the centre of the Earth, each intersecting one of the stars. The angle between those lines can be measured, and is the angular separation between the two stars.

Astronomers also measure the apparent size of objects as an angular diameter. For example, the full moon has an angular diameter of approximately 0.5°, when viewed from Earth. One could say, "The Moon subtends an angle of half a degree." The small-angle formula can be used to convert such an angular measurement into a distance/size ratio.

See also

Angle bisector

Astrological aspect

Central angle

Clock angle problem

Complementary angles

Great circle distance

Hyperbolic angle

Inscribed angle

Protractor

Solid angle for a concept of angle in three dimensions.

Supplementary angles

Irrational angle

References

Euclid, commentary and trans. by T. L. Heath Elements Vol. 1 (1908 Cambridge) Google Books

External links

Angle Bisectors in a Quadrilateral at cut-the-knot

Constructing a triangle from its angle bisectors at cut-the-knot

Convert angles in sexagesimal degree format to decimal degrees, and vice-versa

Angle Estimation – for basic astronomy.

Angle definition pages with interactive applets.

Various angle constructions with compass and straightedge

GonioLab DD – Convert between DecDeg and DegMinSec and vice-versa (requires Java Web Start)

Category:Elementary geometry Category:Trigonometry

Name	Kurt Angle
Names	Kurt Angle
Birth date	December 09, 1968
Birth place	Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania
Resides	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Billed	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Trainer	Dave SchultzDory Funk, Jr.Tom Prichard
Debut	October 15, 1998

Kurt Steven Angle (born December 9, 1968) is an American professional wrestler, actor and 1996 Olympic gold medalist. He is currently under contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, where he is a former four-time TNA World Heavyweight Champion, and recognized by the promotion as a 13-time World Champion. He is best known for his time in World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment (WWF/E).

Angle was involved in amateur wrestling during both high school and college. In college at Clarion University of Pennsylvania, he won numerous accolades, including being a two-time National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I champion. After graduating, he won the 1995 World Championship tournament. Angle then competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, where he won a gold medal in heavyweight freestyle wrestling.

Initially turning down an offer to join the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Angle signed a multi-year contract with the company in 1998. His first big push in the company was in February 2000, when he held both the European Championship and the Intercontinental Championship at the same time. Not long after, Angle began pursuing the WWF Championship. He continued to be a part of main event matches until August 2006, when Angle was granted a release from his contract. Throughout his tenure in the company, he was a six-time world champion (four-time WWF/E Champion, World Heavyweight Champion and WCW Champion), he also held the United States Championship, Intercontinental Championship, European Championship, Hardcore Championship and WWE Tag Team Champion once each. In addition, he was the winner of the King of the Ring tournament in 2000, the tenth Triple Crown Champion, and the fifth Grand Slam Champion.

After leaving WWE, Angle joined Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he became the second wrestler in TNA to win TNA's Triple Crown and the first man to hold all three TNA championships simultaneously. While in TNA, his real-life wife Karen began accompanying him to the ring and playing a part in his on-screen storylines. Angle has also made appearances for New Japan Pro Wrestling as well as Inoki Genome Federation, where he held their version of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. In addition, he is a three-time TNA World Heavyweight Champion, the second Triple Crown winner in TNA history—being the only one to hold all the required titles at once (while also holding the IWGP Title, making him a quadruple champion for a brief time). Angle is the only wrestler in history to be a Triple Crown winner in both WWE and TNA, and is also a two time King of the Mountain winner, winning at the 2007 and 2009 Slammiversary PPV event. In 2010 the Wrestling Observer Newsletter named Angle the Wrestler of the Decade of the 2000s.

Amateur wrestling career

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Angle started amateur wrestling at the age of six. where he won varsity letters in football and wrestling and was an All-State linebacker. Angle also placed third in the state wrestling tournament as a junior and was the 1987 Pennsylvania State Wrestling Champion as a senior.

Upon graduating from high school, Angle attended the Clarion University of Pennsylvania, where he continued to wrestle at an amateur level.

After graduating from college, Angle continued to wrestle. In 1995, he won a gold medal at the World Championships in Atlanta, Georgia. Following this victory, Angle began preparing for the 1996 Summer Olympics under Dave Schultz at the Pennsylvanian Foxcatcher Club, In the fall of 2006, Angle stated that he temporarily became addicted to the analgesic Vicodin after injuring his neck. defeating the Iranian Abbas Jadidi by officials' decision after the competitors wrestled to an eight minute, one-one draw. The bout saw Jadidi earn a point after two minutes and 46 seconds by turning Angle, and Angle earning a point of his own with a takedown after three minutes and eleven seconds. The officials' decision was protested by Jadidi.

Professional wrestling career

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1996)

On October 26, 1996, Angle was convinced by Shane Douglas to attend the taping of an Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) event named High Incident.

In 1997, following the incident, Angle worked for a year as a sportscaster on Pittsburgh's local Fox affiliate WPGH-TV. billing himself as the "Eurocontinental Champion". He dropped both of his titles without ever conceding a fall in a two falls Triple Threat match with Chris Benoit and Chris Jericho at Wrestlemania 2000. The match had been agreed on to Angle's behalf by his mentor, Bob Backlund.

Pursuit of the WWF Championship (2000-2001)

Throughout mid-2000, Angle and Edge and Christian ("Team ECK") feuded with Too Cool and Rikishi, with Angle defeating Rikishi in the finals of the King of the Ring tournament. Following his feud with Triple H, Angle received another push and began pursuing the WWF Championship, defeating The Rock at No Mercy, after interference from Rikishi. With his victory over the Rock, Angle became the first wrestler to have won both an Olympic Gold medal and the World title. Angle retained the WWF Championship for the rest of the year in matches with The Undertaker at Survivor Series and in a six way Hell in a Cell match at Armageddon.

After dropping the WWE United States Championship to Edge, the duo were booked into a lengthy feud. During this feud, Edge started the "you suck" chants every time Angle entered a WWE ring, usually in tune with Angle's entrance music. He continued to feud with Michaels upon being drafted from SmackDown! to Raw in the 2005 WWE Draft Lottery, After Hiroshi Tanahashi retained the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Nakamura in the main event, Angle challenged him for the title, which Tanahashi accepted. Angle was then the special enforcer for the Title vs. Career match between Jarrett and Sting at Bound for Glory, but, as part of the worked finish, he took out referee Rudy Charles and assumed the referee's role for the rest of the match-up.

At Final Resolution, Angle was booked to defeat Samoa Joe in a thirty minute Iron Man match 3–2 to earn a shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Against All Odds, At the PPV event, Cage, still holding the physical NWA Championship belt, defended what was billed as the "World Heavyweight Championship" against Angle and Sting. Angle was the victor of said contest by making Sting submit, who had technically just pinned Cage, and was announced as the new "World Heavyweight Champion". At the event, Angle became the TNA World Heavyweight Champion by defeating Cage, Samoa Joe, A.J. Styles, and Chris Harris. On the following episode of Impact!, Joe (now holding the X Division and Tag Team Championships, with Angle holding the TNA and (IGF recognized) IWGP Heavyweight Championships) challenged Angle to a match at Hard Justice where it was winner take all. Angle, however, dropped both the X Division and Tag Team Titles to Jay Lethal and Team Pacman, respectively, at No Surrender. At Bound for Glory, Angle lost the TNA World Title to Sting, but won it back on the October 25 edition of Impact!.

The Angle Alliance (2007–2008)

and the TNA World Heavyweight Championship]]

Angle then joined forces with A.J. Styles and Tomko as The Angle Alliance at Turning Point against Samoa Joe, Kevin Nash, and Scott Hall. Styles had planned for Christian's Coalition and The Angle Alliance to team up together, but Christian Cage demanded to be the leader of The Angle Alliance after Cage denied Angle's request of being his "lackey". At Final Resolution, Angle successfully defended the TNA World Heavyweight Championship against Cage due to interference from Styles and again at Against All Odds with help from Tomko. At Lockdown, Angle lost the TNA World Heavyweight Championship to Samoa Joe after being pinned.

Feud with AJ Styles (2008)

After suffering a neck injury, Angle was out of action. In the storyline, he returned to Impact! to ask his estranged wife Karen to reunite with him, but she declined his offer. Later that night, after Styles suffered a beating at the hands of Team 3D, Booker T, and Tomko, Angle added to the mugging by hitting Styles with a steel chair. At Slammiversery, Angle lost to Styles, being pinned after interference from Karen. At Victory Road, Angle and Team 3D won a six-man tag team Full Metal Mayhem match defeating the team of Christian Cage, Rhino, and Styles. At Hard Justice, Angle once again lost to Styles – this time in a Last Man Standing match. The feud continued on the next edition of Impact!, with Styles winning Angle's gold medal in a mock amateur wrestling match. The next week Angle challenged Styles to a ladder match for the Olympic Gold Medal. As they both stood on the top of the ladder, the arena went dark and Jeff Jarrett's music played. When the lights turned on, Styles had a guitar and performed an Acoustic Equalizer on Angle to win the match.

Feud with Jeff Jarrett, The Main Event Mafia (2008–2009)

Angle began a feud with Jarrett after No Surrender when Jarrett hit Angle with his guitar, a match that involved him, Christian Cage and Samoa Joe for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On the October 2 edition of Impact, Mick Foley announced that he would be the special enforcer for Angle's match with Jarrett at Bound for Glory IV. Angle lost to Jarrett in this match, being pinned after taking the mandible claw from Foley and a guitar shot and Stroke from Jarrett. He started attacking other superstars backstage in order to get a rematch against Jarrett.On the first HD Impact!, Angle, Booker T, Kevin Nash, and Sting started a new stable of legends called The Main Event Mafia. Scott Steiner joined the group the following week. Angle then defeated Abyss at Turning Point in a Falls Count Anywhere match. After weeks of torturing Jeff Jarrett to give him a rematch, Jarrett said that if Angle could defeat Rhino at the second Final Resolution of 2008, with Mick Foley as the Special Enforcer, he would grant it. Angle defeated Rhino to earn a rematch with Jarrett at Genesis after Al Snow made a surprise appearance and distracted Foley for Angle to cheat. At Sacrifice, Angle lost his leadership of the Mafia to Sting because of their match's stipulation. On June 21 at Slammiversary, Angle won (so he wouldn't leave TNA) the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for the third time in a King of the Mountain match with help from Samoa Joe. On the following edition of Impact!, Angle regained leadership of the Main Event Mafia after he and the rest of the Mafia, attacked Sting while introducing Joe as their newest member. At No Surrender Angle lost his championship to A.J. Styles in a five-way match which also included Matt Morgan, Sting, Hernadez and A.J. Styles. On the following edition of Impact! Angle promised to make Anderson suffer for disrespecting the U.S. soldiers, but was in the end once again laid out by him, effectively starting a feud between the two.

He married Karen Angle In the spring of 2008, Angle made his film debut in the short film Chains. He played a racist prison deputy, credited as The Deputy. – innovated

Ankle lock, sometimes followed by grapevining the opponent's leg

Crossface chickenwing

Frog splash – TNA

Headbutt

Multiple suplex variations

*Bridging / Release belly to back

*Bridging / Release / Rolling German

*Overhead belly to belly, sometimes from the top rope

Rear naked choke

;Managers

*Bob Backlund

*Paul Heyman

*Shane McMahon

*Stephanie McMahon

*Trish Stratus

*Luther Reigns

*Daivari

*Tomko

*Karen Angle

*Kevin Nash

*Frank Trigg

;Nicknames

*"The American Hero" (WWF / NJPW)

*"The Most Celebrated Real Athlete in WWF History" (WWF)

*"Real Athlete" (WWF)

*"The Olympic Gold Medalist" (WWF/E / TNA)

*"The Olympic Hero" (WWF)

*"The Only Olympic Gold Medalist in Professional Wrestling History" (WWF/E / TNA)

*"The Wrestling Machine" (WWE)

*"The Godfather of The Main Event Mafia" (TNA)

;Entrance themes

*"Medal" by Jim Johnston (WWF/E) 1999–2006

*"I Don't Suck" by Jim Johnston (WWE)

*"Medal (Remix)" by Jim Johnston (WWE) 2006

*"My Quest" by Dale Oliver (TNA) 2006–2007

*"" performed by Tha Trademarc and composed by Dale Oliver (TNA) 2007–present

"" by Dale Oliver

Power Pro Wrestling

PPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

*King of the Mountain (2007, 2009)

*Second Triple Crown Champion

Feud of the Year (2006)

World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment

WCW United States Championship (1 time)³

*Tenth Triple Crown Champion

*Fifth Grand Slam Championship

'''Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

*Best Gimmick (2000)

*Best on Interviews (2002)

*Best Technical Wrestler (2002)

*Feud of the Year (2003) vs. Brock Lesnar

*Match of the Year with Chris Benoit vs. Edge and Rey Mysterio, No Mercy 2002

*Most Improved (2000)

*Most Outstanding Wrestler (2001–2003)

*Readers' Favorite Wrestler (2002–2003)

Wrestler of the Decade (2000s)

2 Angle's first reign is unofficial after being stripped of the title due to a controversial finish. 3 Won during the Invasion storyline.

Lucha de Apuesta record

{|class="wikitable sortable" width=100% |- !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=5%|Wager !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Winner !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Loser !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Location !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=15%|Date !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Notes |----- align="center" |Hair || Edge || Kurt Angle || Nashville, Tennessee || || Hair vs. hair match at Judgment Day |}

Notes

References

External links

Official website

Professional wrestling record for Kurt Angle from The Internet Wrestling Database

TNA Profile

Kurt Angle at The National Wrestling Hall of Fame website

Category:1968 births Category:American professional wrestlers Category:American sport wrestlers Category:Living people Category:Olympic athletes who wrestled professionally Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States Category:Olympic wrestlers of the United States Category:People from Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania Category:Professional wrestling executives Category:Sportspeople from Pennsylvania Category:Wrestlers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Category:Clarion University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:Pennsylvania Republicans Category:Fictional kings

Name	Sharron Angle
Office	Member of the Nevada Assembly from the 26th District
Term start	January 3, 2003
Term end	January 3, 2007Politician
Party	Republican
Alma mater	University of Nevada, Reno
Spouse	Ted Angle
Religion	Southern Baptist
Website	sharronangle.com

Sharron Elaine Angle (born Sharron Elaine Ott July 26, 1949) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Nevada Assembly from 1999 to 2007. She ran unsuccessfully as the 2010 Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate seat in Nevada, During her senior year of college in 1970, she married Theodore ("Ted") Angle, who worked for the federal government's Bureau of Land Management as a manager.

Political career

Nevada Assembly

In 1998, Angle won election to the Nevade State Assembly and served until 2005. During her time in the 42-member assembly, she voted "no" so frequently on matters of wide consensus that votes were often called as "41-to-Angle."

In 2005, she was the sole voter against a bill that split the property tax abatement by applying a 3% rate to residential and 8% rate to commercial property.

2006 run for U.S. Congress

On August 15, 2006 Angle narrowly lost the primary for U.S. Congress in which was vacated by Rep. Jim Gibbons. Nevada Secretary of State Dean Heller received 24,781 votes to Angle's 24,353. Gibbons' wife Dawn, a former State Assemblywoman herself, finished with 17,328 votes. Geno Martini, the Republican mayor of Sparks;

On October 3 Nevada's largest newspaper Las Vegas Review-Journal endorsed her bid for U.S. Senate against Reid.

Avoidance of the press and disputes with them

Angle was criticized during the campaign for largely avoiding answering questions from the press, both local

Scientology issue

During the primary campaign, Lowden took out a political ad criticizing Angle's alleged associations with Scientology the Las Vegas Sun noted that Angle's website credited her with a successful bill against psychotropic drugs in schools, a position also supported by Scientologists, and that she had accompanied celebrity Scientologists Jenna Elfman and Kelly Preston to promote the bill in the U.S. Senate. Angle herself promoted a similar bill in the Nevada Assembly but was not successful.

Angle has repeatedly "refuted the rumor that she's a Scientologist",

Dearborn, Michigan controversy

In September 2010, Angle told a group of Tea Party supporters that "Sharia law" had taken over the cities of Dearborn, Michigan and Frankford, Texas and that these locations represented a "militant terrorist situation." These comments were scrutinized, as Frankford, Texas was annexed by Dallas in 1975 and now consists only of a small church and cemetery. Dearborn mayor John O'Reilly criticized Angle as well, saying that "There's no sharia law in Dearborn, Mich. ... It isn't even talked about in Dearborn," that Angle's claims were dishonest, and that "Muslims have been practicing their faith in our community for almost 90 years without incident or conflict. To suggest that they have taken over ignores the fact that Dearborn hosts seven mosques and 60 Christian churches." She believes that households in which only one spouse works outside the home is the best way to raise a family. When Reid criticized this position, however, Angle accused him of making "a blatantly false claim that I tried to repeal a law that makes insurance companies cover mammograms." "I'm a clean-air proponent," she stated. "I don't, however, buy into the whole man-caused global warming, man-caused climate change mantra of the left. I believe that there's not sound science to back that up."

Energy policy

As a long-term policy, Angle believes America must expand its own domestic energy supplies. She would legislate to repeal regulations that prohibit offshore drilling, drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and development of American-owned petroleum resources. In the Nevada State Legislature, she led efforts to reduce Nevada's high gas tax, which was the second highest in the nation. She would also have supported the three coal-fired plants in Ely.

After President Obama secured agreement by BP to commit $20 billion to compensate victims of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Angle denounced the arrangement, calling it a "slush fund." When she was criticized for her comment, however, she retracted the term "slush fund" and said that BP should pay for the consequences of the spill.

Second Amendment and rights to form a militia

Angle has said, "What is a little bit disconcerting and concerning is the inability for sporting goods stores to keep ammunition in stock ... That tells me the nation is arming. What are they arming for if it isn't that they are so distrustful of their government? They're afraid they'll have to fight for their liberty in more Second Amendment kinds of ways?" and "That's why I look at this as almost an imperative. If we don't win at the ballot box, what will be the next step?" Asked to comment on the issue, her spokesman Jerry Stacy said via email: "Sharron Angle does not advocate a revolution. Her goal is to go to Washington with other like-minded elected officials who understand the proper role of the federal government as already defined by our Constitution."

Congressman Jim Clyburn said in January 2011 that "Sharron Angle's endorsement of 'Second Amendment remedies' in her losing Nevada campaign against Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid contributed to the shooting of Rep. Gabrielle Giffords." Columnist E.J. Dionne did not "blame" Angle, but he did point out the connection between her call for "Second Amendment remedies" and the 2011 Tucson shooting. CBS News, in a "nationwide telephone poll" of 673 adults, with a margin of error of 4 %, found that "'57 percent of respondents said the harsh political tone had nothing to do with the shooting, compared to 32 percent who felt it did.'"

Canadian ambassador seeks terror border retraction

The Canadian ambassador to the U.S. Gary Doer has asked Angle to retract her baseless assertion that the 9/11 hijackers entered the United States through Canada. Angle claims that the U.S.-Canada border is the "most porous border we have" and "what we know is our northern border is where the terrorists came through." U.S. law enforcement have long determined that none of the hijackers entered the U.S. from Canada, but directly from third countries with visas issued by the U.S.

References

External links

Sharron E. Angle official Nevada Legislature website

Sharron Angle for U.S. Senate official campaign website

Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org

Category:Candidates in United States elections, 2006 Category:Candidates in United States elections, 2010 Category:Southern Baptists Category:Members of the Nevada Assembly Category:Nevada Republicans Category:People from Klamath Falls, Oregon Category:People from Reno, Nevada Category:Tea Party movement Category:Women state legislators in Nevada Category:1949 births Category:Living people

Name	John Cena
Names	John CenaMr. PThe Prototype
Height
Birth date	April 23, 1977
Birth place	West Newbury, Massachusetts
Resides	Tampa, FloridaWest Newbury, Massachusetts (WWE)
Trainer	Ultimate Pro WrestlingOhio Valley Wrestling
Debut	2001

John Felix Anthony Cena the World Tag Team Championship twice (once with Shawn Michaels, once with Batista), and the WWE Tag Team Championship once (with David Otunga). Cena also won the 2008 Royal Rumble match, and is a two-time Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner (2009 and 2010).

Cena started his professional wrestling career in 2000, wrestling for Ultimate Pro Wrestling, where he held the UPW Heavyweight Championship. In 2001, Cena signed a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) where he held the OVW Heavyweight Championship and the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (with Rico Constantino).

Outside of wrestling, Cena has released the rap album You Can't See Me, which debuted at #15 on the US Billboard 200 chart, and starred in the feature films The Marine (2006), 12 Rounds (2009), and Legendary (2010). the son of Carol and John Cena, Sr. which is still used on some of his WWE merchandise. While in UPW, Cena held the UPW Heavyweight Championship for just shy of a month in April 2000. In 2001, he signed a developmental contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and was assigned to its developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW).

World Wrestling Entertainment (2002–present)

Debut (2002–2003)

(now "Attitude Adjustment") to Kurt Angle.]]

Cena made his television debut answering an open challenge by Kurt Angle on June 27, 2002. Cena ultimately lost to a hard amateur wrestling-style pin. In October, Cena and Billy Kidman took part in a tag team tournament to crown the first WWE Tag Team Champions of the SmackDown! brand, losing in the first round.

Shortly after the Kidman attack, on a Halloween themed episode of SmackDown, Cena dressed as Vanilla Ice performing a freestyle rap. The next week, Cena received a new character: a rapper who cut promos while rhyming. As the gimmick grew, Cena began adopting a variant of the 1980s WWF logo — dropping the "F" — as his "signature symbol", along with the slogan " Life". Buchanan was later replaced by Red Dogg, until he was sent to the Raw brand in February.

For the first half of 2003, Cena sought the WWE Championship and chased the reigning champion, Brock Lesnar, performing weekly "freestyles" challenging him to matches. until Cena reclaimed the original belt in an "I Quit" match at Judgment Day. After winning the championship, Cena began feuding with Triple H, which the crowd began booing Cena and cheering the intended Triple H.

show.]] In July, after Edge won the championship from Van Dam in a Triple Threat match that also involved Cena, — he introduced his own version of Cena's "custom" belt, this one with his logo placed on the spinner. Federline appeared at Cyber Sunday to hit Cena with the World Heavyweight Chamionship during the match, helping King Booker retain his championship. Two weeks later, in a video update on WWE.com, Dr. Andrews and Cena's physical trainer both said that he was several weeks ahead of where he was expected to be in his rehabilitation at that time. renewing their feud from 2005. Cena defeated JBL at Judgment Day and then at One Night Stand in a First Blood match. The following day, Cena and Otunga lost the Tag Team Championship to fellow Nexus members Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel, when Barrett ordered Otunga to lay down and lose the title. Once the film was released on DVD, it fared better, making $30 million in rentals in the first twelve weeks.

His second film, also produced by WWE Studios, was 12 Rounds.

Cena hosted the Australian Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards with Natalie Bassingthwaighte on October 11, 2008 in Melbourne, Australia. Tampa Bay Rays, Cena collects muscle cars and has over 20, some of which are one-of-a-kind. / STF–U – 2005–Present; WWE

Signature moves

Diving leg drop bulldog – 2005–2010

Dropkick, sometimes from the top rope

Five Knuckle Shuffle

Running one–handed bulldog

Sitout hip toss

Spinebuster – 2001–2005

Thesz press followed by multiple punches

Throwback

Vertical suplex

Managers

Kenny Bolin

* B–2

* Redd Dogg

Entrance themes

* "The Beautiful People (Instrumental)" by Marilyn Manson (2002)

* "Slam Smack" by Jim Johnston (2002)

* "Insert Bass Here" by Jim Johnston (2002)

* "Freestyles Beat" by Jim Johnston (2003)

* "Basic Thuganomics" by John Cena (2003–2005)

* "The Time is Now" by John Cena and Tha Trademarc (2005–present)

Championships and accomplishments

Ohio Valley Wrestling

OVW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

WWE United States Championship (3 times)

* Royal Rumble (2008)

* Slammy Award winner - 2009 and 2010 Superstar of the Year

Slammy Award for Holy %&^*%&* Move of the Year (2010)

'''Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

* Wrestler of the Year (2007)

* Best Box Office Draw (2007)

* Best on Interviews (2007)

* Most Charismatic (2006–2009)

Most Charismatic of the Decade (2000–2009)

* Best Gimmick (2003)

References

Further reading

External links

John Cena at WWE.com

Professional wrestling record for John Cena from The Internet Wrestling Database

John Cena's Five Questions

John Cena at Online World of Wrestling

Category:1977 births Category:American film actors Category:American football offensive linemen Category:Springfield Pride football players Category:American professional wrestlers Category:American professional wrestlers of Italian descent Category:Columbia Records artists Category:Drifting drivers Category:Formula D drivers Category:Living people Category:People from Essex County, Massachusetts Category:People from Tampa, Florida Category:Rappers from Florida Category:Springfield College - Massachusetts alumni

Name	Brock Lesnar
Birth name	Brock Edward Lesnar
Birth date	July 12, 1977
Birth place	Webster, South Dakota, United States
Other names	The Next Big Thing
Residence	Alexandria, Minnesota
Nationality	American
Height	Striking Coach: Erik Paulson Boxing: Peter WelchJiu-Jitsu: Rodrigo Medeiros He played during the preseason for the Minnesota Vikings, but ended up being a late cut. Lesnar returned to professional wrestling at the end of 2005, and joined New Japan Pro Wrestling, where he won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship in his first match. He was stripped of the title in July 2006, although he held the physical belt until June 2007.

Category:1977 births Category:American football defensive linemen Category:American mixed martial artists Category:American professional wrestlers Category:American sport wrestlers Category:Fictional kings Category:Heavyweight mixed martial artists Category:Living people Category:Minnesota Vikings players Category:Minnesota Republicans Category:Mixed martial artists from Minnesota Category:Mixed martial artists from South Dakota Category:People from Day County, South Dakota Category:Sportspeople of multiple sports Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship champions Category:University of Minnesota alumni