:"Petrol" redirects here. For other uses, see Petrol (disambiguation). For the bird group, see petrel.

Gasoline, or petrol, is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture which is primarily used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It is also used as a solvent, mainly known for its ability to dilute paints. It consists mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with iso-octane or the aromatic hydrocarbons toluene and benzene to increase its octane rating. Small quantities of various additives are common, for purposes such as tuning engine performance or reducing harmful exhaust emissions. Some mixtures also contain significant quantities of ethanol as a partial alternative fuel. Most current or former Commonwealth countries use the term petrol, abbreviated from petroleum spirit. In North America, the substance is called gasoline, a term often shortened in colloquial usage to gas. It is not a genuinely gaseous fuel (unlike, for example, liquefied petroleum gas, which is stored under pressure as a liquid, but returned to a gaseous state before combustion). The term petrogasoline is also used.

The term mogas, short for motor gasoline, is used to distinguish automobile fuel from aviation gasoline, or avgas. In British English, gasoline can refer to a different petroleum derivative historically used in lamps, but this usage is relatively uncommon.

Etymology

The name gasoline is similar to that of other petroleum products of the day, most notably petroleum jelly, a highly purified heavy distillate, which was branded Vaseline. The trademark Gasoline was never registered, and eventually became generic in North America and the Philippines.

The word "petrol" was first used in reference to the refined substance in 1892 (it was previously used to refer to unrefined petroleum), and was registered as a trade name by British wholesaler Carless, Capel & Leonard at the suggestion of Frederick Richard Simms. | style="text-align:right;"|77,600 | style="text-align:right;"|64,600 | style="text-align:right;"|56,600 | style="text-align:right;"|123 |- | Butanol | style="text-align:right;"|29.2 | style="text-align:right;"|36.6 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"|91-99 |- | Gasohol | style="text-align:right;"|31.2 | style="text-align:right;"| | style="text-align:right;"|145,200 | style="text-align:right;"|120,900 | style="text-align:right;"|112,400 | style="text-align:right;"|93/94 |- | Diesel(*) | style="text-align:right;"|38.6 | style="text-align:right;"|45.4 | style="text-align:right;"|166,600 | style="text-align:right;"|138,700 | style="text-align:right;"|128,700 | style="text-align:right;"|25 |- | Biodiesel | style="text-align:right;"|33.3-35.7

Unlike most consumer goods, the prices of which are listed before tax, in the United States, gasoline prices are posted with taxes included. Taxes are added by federal, state and local governments. As of 2009, the federal tax is 18.4¢ per gallon for gasoline and 24.4¢ per gallon for diesel (excluding Red diesel).

"Stale" gasoline can be detected by a colorimetric enzymatic test for organic peroxides produced by oxidation of the gasoline.

Other fuels

Biofuels are anything made with natural or organic waste EX; wheat, corn

* Biodiesel, for diesel engines.

* Refined vegetable oil

* Fischer-Tropsch diesel from biomass

* Biobutanol, for gasoline engines.

* Bioethanol.

* Biogasoline.

Compressed air

Hydrogen fuel

Electricity

Fossil fuels:

* CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)

* Petrodiesel

See also

Notes

References

Graph of inflation-corrected historic prices, 1970–2005. Highest in 2005

The Low-Down on High Octane Gasoline

MMT-US EPA

An introduction to the modern petroleum science, and to the Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, abiotic petroleum origins.

What's the difference between premium and regular gas? (from The Straight Dope)

"Here Comes Winter Gasoline" R-Squared Energy Blog 14 September 2006

International Fuel Prices 2005 with diesel and gasoline prices of 172 countries

EIA - Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update

World Internet News: "Big Oil Looking for Another Government Handout", April 2006.

Durability of various plastics: Alcohols vs. Gasoline

Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum.

Fuel Economy Impact Analysis of RFG i.e. reformulated gasoline. Has lower heating value data, actual energy content is higher see higher heating value

Associated Press, “Gassing up with premium probably a waste,” 19 August 2009.

External links

CNN/Money: Global gas prices

Transportation Energy Data Book

Energy Supply Logistics Searchable Directory of US Terminals

Definition of basic terms, Graphs of Gas prices. all in Slovak language

Gasoline from Vinegar | MIT Technology Review

High octane fuel, leaded and LRP petrol - article from robotpig.net

Images

"Down the Gasoline Trail" Handy Jam Organization, 1935 (Cartoon)

Category:Petroleum products Category:Liquid fuels Category:IARC Group 2B carcinogens

Edward John "Eddie" Izzard (born 7 February 1962) is an English

Activism

Izzard has engaged in campaigning work. He is especially well-known as a pro-European Union campaigner supporting the further integration of the UK into the EU. In May 2005 he appeared on the BBC's political debate show Question Time, describing himself as a 'British-European', comparing this with other cultural identities such as 'African-American'. As part of his integration campaigning, he was one of the first people to spend a euro in London.This pan-European approach has influenced his work: he regularly performs in French, in which he is fluent, and occasionally in German, in addition to English. In July 2003, Izzard received an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of East Anglia in Norwich, England for "pro-Europe campaigning", "his contribution to promoting modern languages and tolerance of other cultures and lifestyles" and for having "transcended national barriers" with his humour.

Izzard speaks French and has performed stand up in French during his shows. He also speaks German and used it in the 2001 film All the Queen's Men.

Critical reception

On 18 March 2007, Izzard was listed as number 3 of the 100 Greatest British National Comedians (just behind Peter Kay at number 2 and Billy Connolly at number 1) as part of British television station Channel 4's ongoing 100 Greatest..., series. However in the 2010 updated version of the list he was ranked 5th In a 2005 poll to find The Comedian's Comedian, Izzard was voted amongst the top 20 greatest comedy acts ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. He was number 75 in Comedy Central's 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time.

During the 1999 television special It's... the Monty Python Story, which Izzard hosted, John Cleese said Izzard was the "Lost Python"; Izzard furthered that idea via his substitution for Graham Chapman in public performance of Python material with the rest of the original members of the troupe. He also made a cameo appearance in the Python reunion interview Monty Python Live At Aspen.

In 2008, Izzard received the James Joyce Award of the Literary and Historical Society of UCD, Dublin, Ireland. In March 2010, the Students Union of the University of Sheffield overwhelmingly elected him their honorary President.

Discography and appearances

Stand-up

Live at the Ambassadors (15 November, 1993)

Unrepeatable (1994)

Definite Article (21 October, 1996)

Glorious (17 November, 1997)

Dress to Kill (9 November, 1998)

Circle (18 November, 2002)

Sexie (26 November, 2003)

Stripped (23 November, 2009)

Stage

900 Oneonta (1994)

The Cryptogram (1994)

Edward II (1995)

Lenny (1999)

A Day in the Death of Joe Egg (2001–2002, 2003)

Trumbo (2003)

Filmography

The Oncoming Storm (1995) as Luthor Keeton

The Secret Agent (1996) as Vladimir

Velvet Goldmine (1998) as Jerry Devine

The Avengers (1998) as Bailey

Mystery Men (1999) as Tony P

The Criminal (1999) as Peter Hume

Circus (2000) as Troy

Shadow of the Vampire (2000) as Gustav von Wangenheim

The Cat's Meow (2001) as Charlie Chaplin

All the Queen's Men (2001) as Tony Parker

Revengers Tragedy (2002) as Lussurioso

Alien Invasion (2003) as Brik

Blueberry aka Renegade (2004) as Prosit

Five Children and It (2004) as It (voice)

Romance & Cigarettes (2004) as Gene Vincent

Ocean's Twelve (2004) as Roman Nagel

The Aristocrats (2005) as Himself

The Wild (2006) as Nigel (voice)

My Super Ex-Girlfriend (2006) as Professor Bedlam

Ocean's Thirteen (2007) as Roman Nagel

Across the Universe (2007) as Mr. Kite

(2008) as Reepicheep (voice)

Igor (2008) as Dr. Schadenfreude (voice)

Valkyrie (2008) as Erich Fellgiebel

Rage (2009) as Tiny Diamonds

Every Day (2009) as Garrett

The Other Side (2009) as Dean Bellamy

(2009) as Himself

TV appearances

Barf Bites Back (Amnesty International Gala) (1991) - ITV

Open Fire (1994)

Have I Got News for You (1994, 1995 and 1996) - BBC Two

Aristophanes: The Gods are Laughing (1995)

Whose Line Is It Anyway? (1995)

Tales from the Crypt (1996) - HBO

Clive Anderson Talks Back (1996)

Inspector Derrick (1997)

Channel Izzard (1997)

Roseanne Barr Show (1998)

Rex the Runt (1998) - BBC

Shooting Stars (1998) - BBC

Parkinson (3 times)

Dennis Miller Live (1999) - HBO

Pythonland (1999) - BBC

Python Night (1999) - BBC

Good News Week (2000) - Network 10

Mongrel Nation (2002) - Discovery Channel

The Caroline Rhea Show (2002)

The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2002, 2004 and 2007)

The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009)

40 (2003) - Channel 4

Late Night with Conan O'Brien (2003, 2008) NBC

QI (Unaired pilot- 2002 or 2003, and 2010)

Top Gear (2004) - BBC Two

Last Call with Carson Daly (2005)

The Sharon Osbourne Show (2006)

Late Show with David Letterman (6 times)

Late Late show with Craig Kilborn (4 times)

The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson (2006, 2008, 2009,2010)

The Henry Rollins Show (2006)

The Paul O'Grady Show (2009)

The Secret Policeman's Ball (2006)

Kitchen (2007) - five

Comedy Cuts (interview) (2007)

The Hour (2007)

Friday Night with Jonathan Ross (2007 and 2009)

The Daily Show (2000, 2003 and 2007)

The Riches (2007–2008)

The Secret Policeman's Ball (2008)

(2008)

Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2009)

Kevin Pollak's Chat Show (2009)

''BBC Sports Personality of the Year (2009 award winner)

''The Day of the Triffids (2009)

Marathon Man (2010)

The Simpsons episode To Surveil with Love (2010)

Chelsea Lately (2010)

Video game

- Sgt. Tibbs the Cat (voice)

Future projects

Eddie Izzard said in a personal appearance (for his biopic Believe) that he is currently putting together a script for a movie as a conclusion to The Riches. He said the plan is to "pick up exactly where we left off, and we think we're going to make a film of the next bit". As of May 24, 2010 there are no indications that this film will ever be made, leaving The Riches without a conclusion. He has announced for future tours that a dollar out of each ticket sale will be appropriated to supplying Africa with contraceptives and other means of sexual protection.

See also

Cross-dressing in film and television

References

External links

Official web site

BBC America - Eddie Izzard

Interview with Izzard - The Observer, 3 October 2004

It's stupid and I love it - the Goon Show and me - The Guardian, 14 February 2005.

Izzard interviewed by Bono - The Independent, 16 May 2006

Venus Zine Staff Picks: Eddie Izzard, Dress to Kill

Category:1962 births Category:People from Aden Category:Drama Desk Award winners Category:English atheists Category:English buskers Category:English comedians Category:English film actors Category:English voice actors Category:English television actors Category:English stand-up comedians Category:Cross-dressers Category:Living people Category:Old Eastbournians Category:Emmy Award winners

Name	Ajda Pekkan
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Ayşe Ajda Pekkan
Born	February 11, 1946
Origin	Istanbul, Turkey
Genre	Pop
Occupation	Singer-songwriter, actress
Years active	1962–present
Url	Official Website
Notable instruments	Vocals

Ayşe Ajda Pekkan (born February 12, 1946, in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish pop singer and actress. Through a career spanning five decades thus far, Pekkan has released more than 20 albums and, with Sezen Aksu, is the most commercially successful female Turkish music artist with the sales of over 30 million copies worldwide. She is nicknamed the "Superstar" of Turkish pop music. Although famed for her music, Pekkan started her career as an actress with appearances in almost 50 films. During her music career, Pekkan has recorded songs in 9 languages. Apart from Turkish, she is also fluent in English and French. She also speaks Azerbaijani and Italian.

Early life

Pekkan was born to Rıdvan Pekkan, an officer in the Turkish Navy, and Nevin Dobruca, a housewife. She spent her childhood at the Naval Base Gölcük in Kocaeli Province. Ajda graduated from the Çamlıca Kız Lisesi, an elite and high profile girls secondary school in Istanbul, incorporated under the Ottoman Empire. Graduates include foreign nobility and female members of the Imperial House of Osman. Language of instruction is in Turkish and French.

Career

With the help of her sister, Semiramis, she began singing at the popular Istanbul nightclub Çatı (Roof) in 1962. The following year, Pekkan won a Cover Star contest sponsored by the Turkish music magazine Ses ("Voice") and was launched on a professional career.

Between 1963 and 1967, the statuesque actress appeared in 47 films opposite popular Turkish actors, mostly in singer roles. Pekkan’s first recording, "Her Yerde Kar Var", an arrangement of Salvatore Adamo's "Tombe la Neige" by Fecri Ebcioğlu, brought her great success in 1965. In contrast to many of her contemporaries, she transited from film to music and in 1968 her record, İki Yabancı (Two Strangers), became a top seller. Pekkan’s continuing success resulted in invitations to international festivals including the Apollonia Music Festival in Athens (1968 and 1969) and the Mediterranean Song Festival in Barcelona (1969).

The success of her songs resulted in a series of Turkish-language concerts with Enrico Macias at the Paris Olympia in 1976. In acknowledgement of her nickname, Pekkan released an album called Superstar in 1977. The same year, she participated in the Yamaha Music Festival in Tokyo to great success. She released German and French records in the early 1970s, and her Pour Lui, became very successful in France. At this pinnacle, she released her second album Süperstar II in 1979.

On April 19, 1980, Pekkan represented Turkey with the entry "Petr'Oil" at the Eurovision Song Contest in Den Haag, the Netherlands. She then decided to take a break and temporarily moved to the USA. After returning to Turkey, she recorded two failed albums, Sen Mutlu Ol (You be happy) and Sevdim Seni (I Loved You) in the then current trend of Turkish music, but returned to her original type of Western pop and gave concerts in 1983 with enormous success. That same year, she released Süperstar III which she followed with Süperstar IV (1987). Superstar III was a huge success; coincidentally, it is her only album that is not available on CD. However, Superstar IV wasn't succeeded as Superstar III. It was last album on LP. She married with Mehmet Ali Bars, who is a businessman, in 1984 and divorced in 1990.

In late 1989, she began working on her an album with famous Turkish musicians including Fuat Güner from MFÖ (the band which represented Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1985 and 1988), Şehrazat, and Metin Özülkü. The album, simply titled Ajda 1990 signalled a new breakthrough for Pekkan, with sales of over a million. With the success of this official debut album (and also the first on CD), she immediately began working on her next album.

In 1991, she released Seni Seçtim (I Choose You), to even greater success. Hits like "Sevgide Seni Seçtim" ("I Choose You For Love"), "Eline Gözüne Dizine Dursun" ("Shame on You"), "Vazgeçme" ("Don’t Give Up"), she topped all the charts in Turkey.

In 1993, she released Ajda ‘93 which she recorded this album in Switzerland, Turkey and United States. She worked with Atilla Şereftuğ on this album, a famous Turkish musician who had written the Eurovision ’88-winning song "Ne Partez Pas Sans Moi" ("Don’t Leave Without Me") for Celine Dion. The hits of the album were Sarıl Bana (Give Me a Hug), Oyalama Beni (Don't Occupy Me), Eyvah (Alas!) and Ağlama Anne (Don't Cry Mommy).

After many successful albums she decided to release a best of album, and in September 1998, she released The Best of Ajda. Two years later, in 2000, Pekkan released another studio album, simply called Diva and enjoyed sales of over two million copies.

In 2001, she started performing in an Istanbul club Catwalk and her performances were all sold out, with the help of an eager audience looking forward to see "the superstar" after a three year hiatus. The performances were so successful that Pekkan postponed closing the show by about six months.

In 2002, she also began making a movie called Şöhret Sandalı (Boat of Fame). After several years of financial setbacks, it was released in 2006.

In the summer 2003, she released her single Sen İste (Just Want It), written by her friend Şehrazat, the popular songwriter. Six years later,in August 2006, Pekkan released her latest album Cool Kadın (Cool Woman). This album produced the number one dance hit single Vitrin and a funky disco beat called "Amazon". During the first six months over 800.000 copies of Cool Kadın was sold just in Turkey.

In the summer 2007 she began a completely sold out concert series called Ajda goes Disco performing her songs in disco rhythms with Turkey's most famous DJs live on stage. After that, Pekkan quickly began to work on a new studio album, recording it in Turkey. The album "Aynen Oyle" was released in Turkey, German and USA on July 23, 2008. To promote it, Pekkan began touring in Turkey where she performed two new songs "Flu Gibi" and "Gerisi Hikaye" from the album.

Discography

Albums

2008: ''Aynen Öyle

2006: ''Cool Kadın

1996: ''Ajda Pekkan

1993: ''Ajda 93

1991: ''Seni Seçtim

1990: ''Ajda 90

1987: ''Süperstar IV

1985: ''Ajda Pekkan ve Beş Yıl Önce On Yıl Sonra

1983: ''Süperstar III

1982: ''Sevdim Seni

1981: ''Sen Mutlu Ol

1979: ''Süperstar II

1978: ''Pour Lui

1977: ''Süperstar

1972: ''Ajda Pekkan Vol. III

1969: ''Fecri Ebcioglu Sunar

1968: ''Ajda Pekkan

Filmography

As an actress

{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;" |-style="background:#B0C4DE;" ! Year ! Film ! Role ! Nots |- |rowspan="5"| 1963 | Şıpsevdi | Filiz | |- | Kendini Arayan Adam | Gönül | |- | Adanalı Tayfur | Filiz | |- | Şaşkın Baba | | |- | Öpüşmek Yasak | Sema Selamet | |- |rowspan="8"| 1964 | Abudik Gubidik | | |- | Çanakkale Aslanları | | |- | Plajda Sevişelim | Ressam Lale | |- | Kaynana Zırıltısı | Fatma | |- | Avare | | |- | Hızır Dede | | |- | Koçum Benim | | |- | Sokakların Kanunu | Emine | |- |rowspan="19"| 1965 | Artık Düşman Değiliz | Alev | |- | Cici Kızlar | Nermin Gürsoy Çiftbaş | |- | ''Kart Horoz | Hizmetçi Fatoş | |- | Kolla Kendini Bebek | | |- | Pantolon Bankası | | |- | Şakayla Karışık | Ayla | |- | Şepkemin Altındayım | | |- | Yabancı Olduk Şimdi | | |- || Bir Caniye Gönül Verdim | | |- | Şehvetin Esiriyiz | Sevim | |- | Babamız Evleniyor | Leyla | |- | Sevdalı Kabadayı | | |- | Taçsız Kral | Hülya | |- | Dalgacı Mahmut | | |- | ''Berduş Milyoner | | |- | Helal Adanalı Celal | | |- | Bir Gönül Oyunu | | |- | Lafını Balla Kestim | | |- | Sevinç Gözyaşları | Filiz Erkmen | |- |rowspan="13"| 1966 | Avare Kız | Ayla Doğanoğlu | |- | Kara Tren | Türkan | |- | Şoför Deyip Geçmeyin | | |- | Seher Vakti | Ajda | |- | Ümit Sokağı | | |- | Düğün Gecesi | Güler | |- | Siyah Otomobil | Selma | |- | Dişi Düşman | İren | |- | Dağda Silah Konuşur | | |- | Günah Çocuğu | | |- | Affet Sevgilim | Leyla | |- | Ayrılık Şarkısı | | |- | Erkek Severse | Serap | |- | 1967 | Harun Reşid'in Gözdesi | Dilaram | |- | 1968 | Kalbimdeki Yabancı | | . |- |rowspan="2"| 1969 | Tatlı Günler | | |- | Hancı | | |- | 2002 | Şöhret Sandalı | Yelda | |}

See also

List of Turkish musicians

References

External links

Official web site

Official fan club

Category:1946 births Category:People from Istanbul Category:Turkish Eurovision Song Contest entrants Category:Living people Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1980 Category:Turkish actors Category:State Artists of Turkey