The Golden Shell (Spanish: Concha de Oro; Basque: Urrezko Maskorra) is the highest prize given to a competing film at the San Sebastián Film Festival. It was introduced in 1957. In 1953 and 1954, the highest prize had been called the Gran Premio. In 1955 and 1956 it was replaced by the Silver Shell. Five directors have won the Golden Shell twice: American director Francis Ford Coppola (in 1969 & 1984), Spanish director Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón (in 1982 & 1986), Mexican director Arturo Ripstein (in 1993 & 2000), Iranian director Bahman Ghobadi (in 2004 & 2006) and Spanish director Imanol Uribe (in 1994 & 1996).

Award winners[link]

Year	Film	Director	Country
1953	La Guerra de Dios	Rafael Gil	Spain*
1954	Sierra maldita	Antonio del Amo	Spain
1955	Giorni d'amore	Giuseppe de Santis	Italy
1956	Il ferroviere	Pietro Germi	Italy*
1957	Oh! Sabella (La nonna Sabella)	Dino Risi	Italy
1958	Le coeur au poing	Charles Binamé	France*
1959	The Nun's Story	Fred Zinnemann	United States*
1960	Romeo, Juliet a Tma	Jiri Weiss	Czechoslovakia*
1961	One-Eyed Jacks	Marlon Brando	United States
1962	Arturo's Island (L’isola di Arturo)	Damiano Damiani	Italy
1963	Mafioso	Alberto Lattuada	Italy
1964	America, America	Elia Kazan	United States
1965	Golden Queen (Zlatá reneta) Mirage (tie)	Otakar Vávra Edward Dmytryk	Czechoslovakia  United States
1966	I Was Happy Here	Desmond Davis	United Kingdom
1967	Two for the Road	Stanley Donen	United States
1968	The Long Day’s Dying	Peter Collinson	United Kingdom
1969	The Rain People	Francis Ford Coppola	United States
1970	Dead of Summer (Ondata di calore)	Nelo Risi	Italy
1971	Claire's Knee (Le genou de Claire)	Eric Rohmer	France
1972	The Glass House	Tom Gries	United States
1973	The Spirit of the Beehive (El espíritu de la colmena)	Víctor Erice	Spain
1974	Badlands	Terrence Malick	United States
1975	Poachers (Furtivos)	José Luis Borau	Spain
1976	Queen of the Gypsies (Tabor ujodit v niebo)	Emil Loteanu	Soviet Union*
1977	An Unfinished Piece for a Player Piano (Neokonchennaya pyesa dlya mekhanicheskogo pianino)	Nikita Mikhalkov	Soviet Union
1978	The Illegal (Alambrista!)	Robert M. Young	United States
1979	Autumn Marathon (Ossenij marafon)	Georgi Daneliya	Soviet Union
1980	Dyrygent	Andrzej Wajda	Poland*
1981	Storie di ordinaria follia	Marco Ferreri	Italy
1982	Demons in the Garden (Demonios en el jardín)	Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón	Spain
1983	Between Us (Coup de foudre)	Diane Kurys	France
1984	Rumble Fish	Francis Ford Coppola	United States
1985	Yesterday	Radoslaw Piwowarski	Poland
1986	Half of Heaven (La mitad del cielo)	Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón	Spain
1987	Wedding in Galilee (Urs al-jalil)	Michel Khleifi	Belgium* -  France -  Israel*
1988	On the Black Hill	Andrew Grieve	United Kingdom
1989	Homer and Eddie La nación clandestina (tie)	Andrei Konchalovski Jorge Sanjinés	United States  Bolivia*
1990	Letters from Alou (Las cartas de Alou)	Montxo Armendáriz	Spain
1991	Butterfly Wings (Alas de Mariposa)	Juanma Bajo Ulloa	Spain
1992	A Place in the World (Un lugar en el mundo)	Adolfo Aristarain	Argentina*
1993	The Beginning and the End (Principio y fin) Sara	Arturo Ripstein Dariush Mehrjui	Mexico*  Iran*
1994	Running Out of Time (Días contados)	Imanol Uribe	Spain
1995	Margaret's Museum	Mort Ransen	Canada* -  United Kingdom
1996	Bwana Trojan Eddie (tie)	Imanol Uribe Gillies Mackinnon	Spain  Ireland*
1997	The Swindle (Rien ne va plus)	Claude Chabrol	France
1998	Wind with the Gone (El viento se llevó lo qué)	Alejandro Agresti	Argentina -  France -  Netherlands* -  Spain
1999	What's Life? (C'est quoi la vie?)	François Dupeyron	France
2000	The Ruination of Men (La perdición de los hombres)	Arturo Ripstein	Mexico - Spain
2001	A Cab for Three (Taxi para tres)	Orlando Lübbert	Chile*
2002	Mondays in the Sun (Los lunes al sol)	Fernando León de Aranoa	Spain -  France -  Italy
2003	Gun-shy (Schussangst)	Dito Tsintsadze	Germany*
2004	Turtles Can Fly (Lakposhtha parvaz mikonand)	Bahman Ghobadi	Iran -  Iraq*
2005	Something Like Happiness (Štěstí)	Bohdan Sláma	Czech Republic*
2006	Half Moon (Niwemang) Mon fils à moi (tie)	Bahman Ghobadi Martial Fougeron	Iran  France
2007	A Thousand Years of Good Prayers	Wayne Wang	United States
2008	Pandora's Box (Pandora'nın kutusu)	Yeşim Ustaoğlu	Turkey* -  Belgium -  France -  Germany
2009	City of Life and Death (Nánjīng! Nánjīng!)	Lu Chuan	China*
2010	Neds	Peter Mullan	United Kingdom -  France -  Italy
2011	Los pasos dobles	Isaki Lacuesta	Spain -  Switzerland

*_{denotes first win for a nation}

Robert Andrew "Bob" Kohler (17 May 1926 - 5 December 2007) was a gay rights pioneer. A native of Queens, New York, Kohler was a lifetime queer activist in New York City, who also fought for the rights of many other people and animals. He was at the Stonewall riots, and considered a father figure to many of the young trans people, such as Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson, as well as to younger generations of activists.

Kohler served in the U. S. Navy in the South Pacific Theater during World War II, was the manager of the New York gay bathhouse, Club Baths, was among the first agents to represent non-famous Black artists, owner of the popular gay store The Loft on Christopher Street, and a lifelong activist.^{[1] [2]}

He died of lung cancer on December 5, 2007, at the age of 81, in the Charles Street (West Village) apartment that he had lived in for 45 years. ^[3]

Activism[link]

Though Kohler is best known for his role at the Stonewall riots and his early involvement with the Gay Liberation Front, he was active with many movements and groups, including the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Black Panther Party, Act Up, Sex Panic, the Neutral Zone, the New York City AIDS Housing Network (NYCAHN), Irish Queers, Fed Up Queers, animal rights groups, and FIERCE!

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• IrishQueers.org
• Bob's Queers: Dedicated to the life, activism, and legacy of Bob Kohler

References[link]

• Carter, David (2004). Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked The Gay Revolution. St. Martin's Press, New York. ISBN 0-312-34269-1.
• Duberman, Martin (1993). Stonewall New York, Dutton, New York. ISBN 0-452-27206-8.
• Deitcher, David (1995). The Question of Equality: Lesbian and Gay Politics in America Since Stonewall. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. ISBN 0-684-80030-6.
• Shepard, Hayduk and Benjamin, Ronald (2002). From ACT UP to the WTO: Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of Globalization. Verso, London. ISBN 1-85984-356-5.
• Sycamore, Mattilda Bernstein (2008). That's Revolting: Queer Strategies for Resisting Assimilation. Soft Skull Press, Inc., New York City. ISBN 1-932360-56-5.

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source	Rating
Allmusic	link

Golden Arms Redemption is the solo debut album by Wu-Tang Clan member U-God, an American hip hop musician.

Track listing[link]

Album chart positions[link]

Singles chart positions[link]