of the human voice reveals its rich harmonic content.]]

The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal folds for talking, singing, laughing, crying, screaming, etc. The human voice is specifically that part of human sound production in which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are the primary sound source. Generally speaking, the mechanism for generating the human voice can be subdivided into three parts; the lungs, the vocal folds within the larynx, and the articulators. The lung (the pump) must produce adequate airflow and air pressure to vibrate vocal folds (this air pressure is the fuel of the voice). The vocal folds (vocal cords) are a vibrating valve that chops up the airflow from the lungs into audible pulses that form the laryngeal sound source. The muscles of the larynx adjust the length and tension of the vocal folds to ‘fine tune’ pitch and tone. The articulators (the parts of the vocal tract above the larynx consisting of tongue, palate, cheek, lips, etc.) articulate and filter the sound emanating from the larynx and to some degree can interact with the laryngeal airflow to strengthen it or weaken it as a sound source.

The vocal folds, in combination with the articulators, are capable of producing highly intricate arrays of sound. Children can learn to use this action consistently during speech at an early age, as they learn to speak the difference between utterances such as "apa" (having an abductory-adductory gesture for the p) as "aba" (having no abductory-adductory gesture). Surprisingly enough, they can learn to do this well before the age of two by listening only to the voices of adults around them who have voices much different from their own, and even though the laryngeal movements causing these phonetic differentiations are deep in the throat and not visible to them.

If an abductory movement or adductory movement is strong enough, the vibrations of the vocal folds will stop (or not start). If the gesture is abductory and is part of a speech sound, the sound will be called Voiceless. However, voiceless speech sounds are sometimes better identified as containing an abductory gesture, even if the gesture was not strong enough to stop the vocal folds from vibrating. This anomalous feature of voiceless speech sounds is better understood if it is realized that it is the change in the spectral qualities of the voice as abduction proceeds that is the primary acoustic attribute that the listener attends to when identifying a voiceless speech sound, and not simply the presence or absence of voice (periodic energy). for an example illustrating this, obtained by using the inverse filtering of oral airflow.]

Other aspects of the voice, such as variations in the regularity of vibration, are also used for communication, and are important for the trained voice user to master, but are more rarely used in the formal phonetic code of a spoken language.

Physiology and vocal timbre

The sound of each individual's voice is entirely unique not only because of the actual shape and size of an individual's vocal cords but also due to the size and shape of the rest of that person's body, especially the vocal tract, and the manner in which the speech sounds are habitually formed and articulated. (It is this latter aspect of the sound of the voice that can be mimicked by skilled performers.) Humans have vocal folds that can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of chest and neck, the position of the tongue, and the tightness of otherwise unrelated muscles can be altered. Any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body, and an individual's size and bone structure can affect somewhat the sound produced by an individual.

Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation. Another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx, which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of laryngeal function are described as different kinds of vocal registers.:

A particular part of the vocal range such as the upper, middle, or lower registers.

A resonance area such as chest voice or head voice.

A phonatory process

A certain vocal timbre

A region of the voice that is defined or delimited by vocal breaks.

A subset of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.

In linguistics, a register language is a language that combines tone and vowel phonation into a single phonological system.

Within speech pathology the term vocal register has three constituent elements: a certain vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, a certain series of pitches, and a certain type of sound. Speech pathologists identify four vocal registers based on the physiology of laryngeal function: the vocal fry register, the modal register, and the falsetto register, and the whistle register. This view is also adopted by many vocal pedagogists.

Vocal resonation

Vocal resonation is the process by which the basic product of phonation is enhanced in timbre and/or intensity by the air-filled cavities through which it passes on its way to the outside air. Various terms related to the resonation process include amplification, enrichment, enlargement, improvement, intensification, and prolongation; although in strictly scientific usage acoustic authorities would question most of them. The main point to be drawn from these terms by a singer or speaker is that the end result of resonation is, or should be, to make a better sound.

Celine Dion: According to dramatic soprano Régine Crespin, Celine Dion possesses the same vocal range as Maria Callas.

Farinelli: C3 - C6. Manuel Garcia: G or A2 - D5.

Maria Malibran: G3 - E6.

Freddie Mercury: F2 - E6.

Mado Robin: E4 - D7.

SoHyang: F3 - F6.

Yma Sumac: her range was said to be "well over four octaves" and was sometimes claimed to span even five octaves at her peak.

Joan Sutherland: G3 - F6.

See also

Accent (linguistics)

Acoustic phonetics

Belt (music)

Histology of the Vocal Folds

Intelligibility (communication)

Lombard effect

Manner of articulation

Paralanguage: nonverbal voice cues in communication

Phonation

Phonetics

Voice change in boys

Speaker recognition

Speaker verification

Speech Synthesis

Vocal loading

Vocal rest

Vocal range

Vocal warm up

Vocology

Voice analysis

Voice disorders

Voice frequency

Voice organ

Voice pedagogy

Voice projection

Voice synthesis

Voice types (singing voices)

References

Further reading

Howard, D.M., and Murphy, D.T.M. (2009). Voice science acoustics and recording, San Diego: Plural Press.

Puts, D. A., Gaulin, S. J. C., & Verdolini, K. (2006). Dominance and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in human voice pitch. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27: 283–296.

Titze, I. R. (2008). The human instrument. Sci.Am. 298 (1):94–101. PM 18225701

Thurman, Leon & Welch, ed., Graham (2000), Bodymind & voice: Foundations of voice education (revised ed.), Collegeville, Minnesota: The VoiceCare Network et al., ISBN 0-87414-123-0

External links

University College London">Free Voice analyzer and Biometrics displaying software from University College London

The Head Voice and Other Problems, 1917, by D. A. Clippinger, from Project Gutenberg

The Voice Foundation's official website

The Anatomy of Singing

David Harper, vocal coach: A passion for the voice that never wanes – Opera~Opera article

Irish Voice festival official website

Category:Phonetics Category:Voice registers Category:Vocal music

Name	Avicii
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Tim Bergling
Alias	Tim Berg, Avicii
Born	September 08, 1989
Origin	Stockholm, Sweden
Genre	House, Electro house, Progressive house
Occupation	Electronic musician, DJ, record producer
Years active	2008–present
Label	Strike Recordings, Joia Records, Vicious Vinyl, Ministry of Sound Australia
Url

Avicii, (born 8 September 1989) also known as Tim Berg, is a DJ, remixer, and record producer from Sweden.

Personal background

Avicii was born on 8 September 1989 in Stockholm, Sweden. His birth name is Tim Bergling, while he is known professionally as both Avicii and Tim Berg. Explaining his "Avicii" moniker, Berg states,

Avici [sic] is kind of like Dante's Inferno ... it's the lowest level of hell in Buddhism. A friend of mine told me about it, and it stuck in my head. I was going to make up a name for my MySpace page for the first time, and I just kind of went for it. I tried a couple of other [names] before, but they were all taken (laughing). I kind of ended up with Avicii, and then I got really attached to it.

—Tim Berg

Professional background

He started out in 2008, when he was 18 years old, doing a bedroom remix of the theme tune to the Commodore 64 game, "Lazy Jones". This led to his first release on Strike Recordings, "Lazy Lace". Berg became captivated and spent almost every waking hour in his studio creating remixes. He has a distinctive style, producing music using a broad range of sounds, rather than remaining focused on one particular genre.

In 2010, he released a collaboration with John Dahlbäck called "Don't Hold Back". He is additionally working on projects with Tiësto and Sebastian Ingrosso. While his work is primarily electronic synthetic tracks, EMI is set to release a vocal version of the track, "Seek Bromance".

European cities and venues include Space in Ibiza, Spain; Monaco International Clubbing Show at Grimaldi Forum in Monaco; Fabulous Festival in the Netherlands; Ms Connexion in Mannheim, Germany; Aquarius Zrće in Croatia; La Dune – General in the South of France (Toulouse); Illusions at Festivalpark Complex in the Czech Republic; and Mach 1 in Nürnberg, Germany.

Several of his concerts have been recorded for Sirius XM Radio's Trance and Progressive House channel. On 23 October 2010, in support of his world tour, Avicii presented his work in an exclusive hour-long set on Channel 38 of the Electric Area on Sirius XM Radio.

Discography

Singles

References

External links

Category:Living people Category:Remixers Category:Swedish house musicians Category:Swedish record producers Category:1989 births

Name	John Maynard Keynes
School tradition	Keynesian economics
Color	darkorange
Image name	Keynes.gif
Birth date	June 05, 1883Cambridge, England
Death date	April 21, 1946 Firle, East Sussex, England
Nationality	British
Field	Political economy, probability
Alma mater	King's College, Cambridge
Influences	Smith Ricardo Hume Mill Malthus Gesell Moore Marshall Wicksell Robertson
Opposed	Marx Hayek Walras Marshall Pigou
Influenced	Whitaker Lynch Kalecki Kuznets Samuelson Hicks Shackle Vickrey Galbraith Schiller Stiglitz Krugman Roubini
Contributions	Macroeconomics, Keynesian Economics, Liquidity preference, Spending multiplier, Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply model
Signature

John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB ( ; 5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was a British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, as well as the economic policies of governments. He greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and advocated the use of fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depressions. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, as well as its various offshoots.

In the 1930s, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking, overturning the older ideas of neoclassical economics that held that free markets would in the short to medium term automatically provide full employment, as long as workers were flexible in their wage demands. Keynes instead argued that aggregate demand determined the overall level of economic activity, and that inadequate aggregate demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment. Following the outbreak of World War II, Keynes's ideas concerning economic policy were adopted by leading Western economies. During the 1950s and 1960s, the success of Keynesian economics resulted in almost all capitalist governments adopting its policy recommendations, promoting the cause of social liberalism.

Keynes's influence waned in the 1970s, partly as a result of problems that began to afflict the Anglo-American economies from the start of the decade, and partly because of critiques from Milton Friedman and other economists who were pessimistic about the ability of governments to regulate the business cycle with fiscal policy.

Early life and education

. Keynes's grandmother wrote to him saying that being born in Cambridge, people will expect him to be clever.]] John Maynard Keynes was born in Cambridge to a middle-class family. His father John Neville Keynes was an economist and a lecturer in moral sciences at the University of Cambridge and his mother Florence Ada Keynes a local social reformer. Keynes was the first born, and was followed by two more children - Geoffrey Keynes in 1887 and Margaret Neville Keynes in 1890.

According to economist and biographer Robert Skidelsky, Keynes's parents were loving and attentive, but not smotheringly so. They remained in the same house throughout their lives, where the children were always welcome to return. Keynes would receive considerable support from his father, including expert coaching to help him pass his scholarship exams and financial help both as a young man and when he was nearly wiped out at the onset of Great Depression in 1929. Keynes's mother made her children's interests her own, and according to Skidelsky, "because she could grow up with her children, they never outgrew home".

Career

Keynes's Civil Service career began in October 1906, as a clerk in the India Office. He enjoyed his work at first, but by 1908 had become bored and resigned his position to return to Cambridge and work on probability theory, at first privately funded only by two Dons at the university – his father and the economist Arthur Pigou. In 1909 Keynes published his first professional economics article in the Economics Journal, about the effect of a recent global economic downturn on India.

In the 1920s

after the war.]] Keynes had completed his A Treatise on Probability before the war, but published it in 1921. The work was a notable contribution to the philosophical and mathematical underpinnings of probability theory, championing the important view that probabilities were no more or less than truth values intermediate between simple truth and falsity. Keynes developed the first upper-lower probabilistic interval approach to probability in chapters 15 and 17 of this book, as well as having developed the first decision weight approach with his conventional coefficient of risk and weight, c, in chapter 26. In addition to his academic work, the 1920s saw Keynes active as a journalist selling his work internationally and working in London as a financial consultant. In 1924 Keynes wrote an obituary for his former tutor Alfred Marshall which Schumpeter called "the most brilliant life of a man of science I have ever read."

In 1922 Keynes continued to advocate reduction of German reparations with A Revision of the Treaty. He attacked the post World War I deflation policies with A Tract on Monetary Reform in 1923 – a trenchant argument that countries should target stability of domestic prices, avoiding deflation even at the cost of allowing their currency to depreciate. Britain suffered from high unemployment through most of the 1920s, leading Keynes to recommend the depreciation of sterling to boost jobs by making British exports more affordable. From 1924 he was also advocating a fiscal response, where the government could create jobs by spending on public works. During the 1920s Keynes's pro stimulus views had only limited effect on policy makers and mainstream academic opinion — according to Hyman Minsky one reason was that at this time his theoretical justification was "muddled" . The Tract had also called for an end to the gold standard. Keynes advised it was no longer a net benefit for countries such as Britain to participate in the gold standard, as it ran counter to the need for domestic policy autonomy. It could force countries to pursue deflationary policies at exactly the time when expansionary measures were called for to address rising unemployment. The Treasury and Bank of England were still in favour of the gold standard and in 1925 they were able to convince the then Chancellor Winston Churchill to re-establish it, which had a depressing effect on British industry. Keynes responded by writing The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill and continued to argue against the gold standard until Britain finally abandoned it in 1931.

During the Great Depression

Keynes had begun a theoretical work to examine the relationship between unemployment, money and prices back in the 1920s. The work, Treatise on Money, was published in 1930 in two volumes. A central idea of the work was that if the amount of money being saved exceeds the amount being invested – which can happen if interest rates are too high – then unemployment will rise. This is in part a result of people not wanting to spend too high a proportion of what employers pay out, making it difficult, in aggregate, for employers to make a profit. At the height of the Great Depression, in 1933, Keynes published The Means to Prosperity, which contained specific policy recommendations for tackling unemployment in a global recession, chiefly counter cyclical public spending. The Means to Prosperity contains one of the first mentions of the multiplier effect. While it was addressed chiefly to the British Government, it also contained advice for other nations affected by the global recession. A copy was sent to the newly elected President Roosevelt and other world leaders. The work was taken seriously by both the American and British governments, and according to Skidelsky, helped pave the way for the later acceptance of Keynesian ideas, though it had little immediate practical influence. In the 1933 London Economic Conference opinions remained too diverse for a unified course of action to be agreed upon. Apart from Great Britain, Keynes attention was primarily focused on the United States. In 1931, he received considerable support for his views on counter-cyclical public spending in Chicago, then America's foremost centre for economic views alternative to the mainstream. However, orthodox economic opinion remained generally hostile regarding fiscal intervention to mitigate the depression, until just before the outbreak of war. In late 1933 Keynes was persuaded by Felix Frankfurter to address President Roosevelt directly, which he did by letters and face to face in 1934, after which the two men spoke highly of each other. However according to Skidelsky, the consensus is that Keynes's efforts only began to have a more than marginal influence on US economic policy after 1939.

Keynes's magnum opus, the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money was published in 1936. It was researched and indexed by one of Keynes's favourite students, later the economist David Bensusan-Butt.

Keynes himself had only limited participation in the theoretical debates that followed the publication of the General Theory as he suffered a heart attack in 1937, requiring him to take long periods of rest. Hyman Minsky and other post-Keynesian economists have argued that as result of this, Keynes's ideas were diluted by those keen to compromise with classical economists or to render his concepts with mathematical models like the IS/LM model (which, they argue, distort Keynes's ideas). Keynes began to recover in 1939, but for the rest of his life his professional energies were largely directed towards the practical side of economics – the problems of ensuring optimum allocation of resources for the War efforts, post-War negotiations with America, and the new international financial order that was presented at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.

World War II

at the Bretton Woods Conference ]] During World War II, Keynes argued in How to Pay for the War, published in 1940, that the war effort should be largely financed by higher taxation and especially by compulsory saving (essentially workers loaning money to the government), rather than deficit spending, in order to avoid inflation. Compulsory saving would act to dampen domestic demand, assist in channelling additional output towards the war efforts, would be fairer than punitive taxation and would have the advantage of helping to avoid a post war slump by boosting demand once workers were allowed to withdraw their savings. In September 1941 he was proposed to fill a vacancy in the Court of Directors of the Bank of England, and subsequently carried out a full term from the following April. In June 1942, Keynes was rewarded for his service with an hereditary peerage in the King's Birthday Honours.

Neo-Keynesian economics

is used to analyse the effect of demand shocks on the economy.]] In the late 1930s and 1940s, economists (notably John Hicks, Franco Modigliani, and Paul Samuelson), attempted to interpret and formalise Keynes's writings in terms of formal mathematical models. In a process termed "the neoclassical synthesis", they combined Keynesian analysis with neo-classical economics to produce Neo-Keynesian economics, which came to dominate mainstream macroeconomic thought for the next 40 years.

By the 1950s, Keynesian policies were adopted by almost the entire developed world and similar measures for a mixed economy were used by many developing nations. By then, Keynes's views on the economy had become mainstream in the world's universities. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the developed and emerging free capitalist economies enjoyed exceptionally high growth and low unemployment.

In late 1965 Time magazine ran a cover article with the title inspired by a possibly tongue-in-cheek comment from Milton Friedman, a comment later echoed by U.S. President Richard Nixon, that "We are all Keynesians now". The article described the exceptionally favourable economic conditions then prevailing, and reported that "Washington's economic managers scaled these heights by their adherence to Keynes's central theme: the modern capitalist economy does not automatically work at top efficiency, but can be raised to that level by the intervention and influence of the government." The article also states that Keynes was one of the three most important economists who ever lived, and that his General Theory was more influential than the magna opera of other famous economists, like Smith's The Wealth of Nations. So successful were these attacks that by 1980 Robert Lucas was saying economists would often take offence if described as Keynesians. However many officials on both sides of the Atlantic retained a preference for Keynes, and in 1984 the Federal Reserve officially discarded monetarism, after which Keynesian principles made a partial comeback as an influence on policy making. The American Prospect have argued it was not so much excessive Keynesian activism that caused the economic problems of the 1970s but the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system of capital controls, which allowed capital flight from countries the markets viewed as excessively Keynesian or socially progressive. Robert Skidelsky, Donald Markwell

By the end of December 2008, the Financial Times reported that "the sudden resurgence of Keynesian policy is a stunning reversal of the orthodoxy of the past several decades" was Keynes's most prominent contemporary critic, with sharply opposing views on the economy. Yet after Keynes's death he wrote:

Lionel Robbins

Lionel Robbins a former Austrian School economist who had suffered many heated debates with Keynes in the 1930s, had this to say after observing Keynes in early negotiations with the Americans while drawing up plans for Bretton Woods:

LePenn

Douglas LePenn, an official from the Canadian High Commission , wrote:

Russell

Bertrand Russell

Critiques

As a man of the centre described as undoubtedly having the greatest impact of any 20th century economist, Keynes attracted considerable criticism from both sides of the political spectrum. In the 1920s, Keynes was seen as anti-establishment and was mainly attacked from the Right. In the "red 1930s" many young economists favoured Marxist views even in Cambridge, and while Keynes was engaging principally with the Right to try to persuade them of the merits of more progressive policy, the most vociferous criticism against him came from the Left, who saw him as a supporter of capitalism. From the 1950s and onwards most of the attacks against Keynes have again been from the Right.

Hayek

In 1931 Friedrich von Hayek extensively critiqued Keynes's 1930 Treatise on Money,

Schumpeter

Joseph Schumpeter was an economist of the same age as Keynes and one of his main rivals. He was among the first reviewers to argue that Keynes's General Theory was not a general theory, but was in fact a special case.

Reisman

George Reisman, a student of Ludwig von Mises, had contrasting views to Keynes. In his fundamental theory on economics Part 3 explains why Keynes was wrong by presenting multiple counter-arguments to all major statements from The General Theory. In chapter 14, as an illustration of practical implementation, in Chapter 14 the author exposes the Wall Street-Washington symbiosis with three case studies: US Housing Bubble, The Drug industry and The Automobile industry. Criticizing the fundamental problem with Keynes's theory in Part 5 the author concentrates on the central paradox - price control and interference with the profit system. In the concluding Part 6 the author admits that presently the Keynesian Doctrine guides every government in the world and from a historical prospective places the Keynes's theory next to Marxism and Maoism.

Allegations of racist sympathies

Keynes was on occasion heard making statements which could be perceived as racist by Americans: for example, he would use the word "niggers" to refer to Negroes in casual conversations. Professor Gordon Fletcher writes that "the suggestion of a link between Keynes and any support of totalitarianism cannot be sustained". Once the aggressive tendencies of the Nazis towards Jews and other minorities became apparent, Keynes made clear his loathing of Nazism. As a lifelong pacifist he had initially favoured peaceful containment, yet he began to advocate for a forceful resolution while many conservatives were still arguing for appeasement. After the war started he roundly criticised the Left for losing their nerve to confront Hitler. Keynes had many Jewish friends, including Isaiah Berlin and Piero Sraffa. Scholars have suggested the occasional negative and stereotypical portraits of Jewish people expressed in Keynes's private letters reflect clichés current at the time that he accepted uncritically, rather than reflecting any ill feeling towards Jews.

Allegations of pro-inflationary views

Keynes has been characterised as being indifferent or even positive about inflation. during World War II he argued strongly for policies that would minimise post war inflation.

Personal life

with Keynes.]] Keynes's early romantic and sexual relationships were almost exclusively with men. Keynes was open about his homosexual affairs, and between 1901 to 1915, kept separate diaries in which he tabulated his many homosexual encounters.

In 1921 he fell "very much in love" with Lydia Lopokova, a well-known Russian ballerina, and one of the stars of Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. They married in 1925, Their union was by all accounts happy,

, Keynes's wife from 1925, he called her "my bubbling brook of surprises".]]

Keynes was ultimately a successful investor, building up a substantial private fortune. He was nearly wiped out following the Stock Market Crash of 1929 which he failed to foresee, but he soon recouped his fortune. At his death in 1946, Keynes's worth stood just short of £500,000 – equivalent to about £11 million ($16.5 million) in 2009. The sum had been amassed despite lavish support for various causes and his personal ethics which made him reluctant to sell on a falling market as he believed if too many did that it could deepen a slump.

Keynes built up a significant collection of fine art, including works by Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Amadeo Modigliani, Georges Braque, Picasso, and Georges-Pierre Seurat. He enjoyed collecting books: for example, he collected and protected many of Isaac Newton's papers. It is in part on the basis of these papers that Keynes wrote of Newton as "the last alchemist." He was interested in literature in general and drama in particular and supported the Cambridge Arts Theatre financially, which allowed the institution, at least for a while, to become a major British stage outside of London.

Like several other notable British authors of his time, Keynes was a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Virginia Woolf's biographer tells an anecdote on how Virginia Woolf, Keynes and T. S. Eliot would discuss religion at a dinner party, in the context of their struggle against Victorian era morality. Marxism "was founded upon nothing better than a misunderstanding of Ricardo", and given time, he, Keynes, "would deal thoroughly with the Marxists" and other economists, to solve the economic problems their theories threatened to cause.

In 1931 Keynes went on to write the following on Marxism:

Support for the arts

Keynes's personal interest in Classical Opera and Dance led him to support the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden and the Ballet Company at Sadler's Wells. During the War as a member of CEMA (Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts) Keynes helped secure government funds to maintain both companies while their venues were shut. Following the War Keynes was instrumental in establishing the Arts Council of Great Britain and was the founding Chairman in 1946. Unsurprisingly from the start the two organisations that received the largest grant from the new body were the Royal Opera House and Sadler's Wells.

Support for eugenics

Keynes was a proponent of eugenics, having served as Director of the British Eugenics Society from 1937 to 1944. As late as 1946, before his death, Keynes declared eugenics to be "the most important, significant and, I would add, genuine branch of sociology which exists." Both of Keynes's parents outlived him: father John Neville Keynes (1852–1949) by three years, and mother Florence Ada Keynes (1861–1958) by 12 years. Keynes's brother Sir Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a distinguished surgeon, scholar and bibliophile. His nephews include Richard Keynes (1919–2010) a physiologist; and Quentin Keynes (1921–2003) an adventurer and bibliophile. His widow, Lydia Lopokova, lived on until 1981.

Publications

1913 Indian Currency and Finance

1914 Ludwig von Mises' Theorie des Geldes (EJ)

1915 The Economics of War in Germany (EJ)

1919 The Economic Consequences of the Peace

1921 A Treatise on Probability

1922 The Inflation of Currency as a Method of Taxation (MGCRE)

1922 Revision of the Treaty

1923 A Tract on Monetary Reform

1925 Am I a Liberal? (N&A;)

1926 The End of Laissez-Faire

1926 Laissez-Faire and Communism

1930 Treatise on Money

1931 The End of the Gold Standard (Sunday Express)

1933 An Open Letter to President Roosevelt (New York Times)

1936 The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

1940 How to Pay for the War: A radical plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer

See also

2008–2009 Keynesian resurgence

Animal spirits (Keynes)

Contingencies fund

Financial transaction tax

Global financial system

History of economic thought

International political economy

Keynes family

Keynes World War II loan

Keynes effect

Post-Keynesian economics

Post-war consensus

Rational expectations

Stockholm School

Notes

Further reading

Clarke, Peter, Keynes: The Rise, Fall, and Return of the 20th Century's Most Influential Economist, Bloomsbury Press, 2009.

References

Clark, Barry. Political economy: a comparative approach. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998. ISBN 0-275-96370-5

Wolfe, Alan. The Future of Liberalism. New York: Random House, Inc., 2009. ISBN 0-307-38625-2

John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883-1920, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1992, ISBN 0-333-57379-X (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-023554-X)

John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour 1920-1937, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1994, ISBN 0-333-58499-6 (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-023806-9)

John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937-1946 (published in the United States as Fighting for Freedom), Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 2001, ISBN 0-333-77971-1 (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-200167-8)

The Life of John Maynard Keynes, R. F. Harrod, Macmillan, 1951, ISBN 1-125-39598-2

Essays on John Maynard Keynes, Milo Keynes (Editor), Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-521-20534-4

Keynes , Donald Edward Moggridge , Macmillan, 1980 , ISBN 0-333-29524-2

Keynes, John Maynard, Don Patinkin, The , v. 2, 1987, pp. 19–41. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-37235-2 (US Edition: ISBN 0-935859-10-1)

The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, Daniel Yergin with Joseph Stanislaw, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, ISBN 0-684-82975-4

John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Donald Markwell, Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-829236-8 978-0-19-829236-4

The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By, Bernard C. Beaudreau, iUniverse, 2006, ISBN 0-595-41661-6

John Maynard Keynes (Great Thinkers in Economics), Paul Davidson, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007 , ISBN 1-4039-9623-7

External links

John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919)

John Maynard Keynes, The end of laissez-faire (1926)

John Maynard Keynes, An Open Letter to President Roosevelt (1933)

John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936)

Keynes's Career and Biographical Timeline

Bio, bibliography, and links

Short bio with birth location

Biography of Keynes by David Gowland

Beauty and the Brain article on Keynes and Lydia

Who's This Fella Keynes, Anyway Newsweek "Cheat Sheet" article by Matthew Philips

Eton College Keynes (Economics) Society

The Keynesian Revolution

Essays on John Maynard Keynes and Robert Lekachman by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 1998–2007 )

Smith, Marx, Kondratieff and Keynes: Their Intellectual Life Spans, the Convergence of their Theories based upon the Long Wave Hypothesis and the Internet'' by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 6 June 1998 )

Keynes and Australia by Donald Markwell , Reserve Bank of Australia (2000)

Keynes and International Economic and Political Relations by Donald Markwell, Trinity College, University of Melbourne (2009)

Richard Posner, How I Became a Keynesian, The New Republic, 23 September 2009

Roy Hattersley, Economic return, guardian, 5 September 2009

John Maynard Keynes: Don't Call it a Comeback by Salon Magazine

Category:1883 births Category:1946 deaths Category:19th-century English people Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Category:Bibliophiles Category:Bisexual writers Category:Bloomsbury Group Category:Bretton Woods conference delegates Category:British economists Category:Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club Category:English agnostics Category:Keynesians John Maynard Category:Keynesian economics Category:LGBT people from England Category:Liberal Party (UK) politicians Category:Old Etonians Category:Old Fidelians Category:People from Cambridge Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union Society

Name	Hayley Williams
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Hayley Nichole Williams
Born	December 27, 1988 Meridian, Mississippi, US
Genre	Alternative rock, emo, pop punk
Instrument	Vocals, guitar, keyboards, piano, drums
Occupation	Musician, singer-songwriter
Years active	2004–present
Label	Fueled by Ramen, Warner Bros.
Associated acts	Paramore

Hayley Nichole Williams and keyboardist

The music of Paramore was originally supposed to come out on Atlantic Records but the label's marketing department decided it would be better for the image of the band to not have them attached to a huge label. They instead released their music through a cooler niche label in Fueled by Ramen.

In 2007, Williams appeared in the music video for "Kiss Me" by New Found Glory.(sales threshold) ! rowspan="2"| Album |- style="font-size: smaller;" ! style="width: 30px;" | US ! style="width: 30px;" | AUS ! style="width: 30px;" | CAN ! style="width: 30px;" | EU ! style="width: 30px;" | GER ! style="width: 30px;" | IRE ! style="width: 30px;" | NL ! style="width: 30px;" | NZ ! style="width: 30px;" | SWI ! style="width: 30px;" | UK |- | 2010 | align="left"| "Airplanes" (with B.o.B) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1 | align="left"| US: 3× Platinum |- |2008 |"Fallen" (Death in the Park featuring Hayley Williams) |Death in the Park EP |- |rowspan="2"|2009 |"Tangled Up" (New Found Glory) |Not Without A Fight |- |"The Few That Remain" ( Set Your Goals featuring Hayley Williams) |This Will Be the Death of Us |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | "Airplanes" (B.o.B featuring Hayley Williams) | rowspan="2"| |- |"Airplanes (Part II)" (B.o.B featuring Hayley Williams & Eminem) |- |}

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Category:Paramore members Category:2010s singers Category:2000s singers Category:Hip hop singers Category:Pop punk singers Category:Female rock singers Category:American female pop singers Category:American pop rock singers Category:American punk rock singers Category:American rock singer-songwriters Category:American rock pianists Category:Musicians from Mississippi Category:People from Meridian, Mississippi Category:1988 births Category:Living people

Name	Guru Josh
Birthname	Paul Walden
Born	June 09, 1964
Background	non_performing_personnel
Genre	Acid House, Techno, Electro house
Years active	1981–present
Label	Deconstruction, Ministry of Sound,
Associated acts	Seal and Adamski
Url	Official Website

Paul Walden (born 6 June 1964), commonly known as Guru Josh, is an English musician currently part of the electronic band The Guru Josh Project. Guru Josh was an original music icon of the British post-acid house music scene in 1990, most recognised for his debut single "Infinity," initially released in 1989 on Walden's record label, Infinity Records. The song was later re-released in 1990 by BMG Records, and remixed for re-release in 2008 by the German artist DJ Klaas.

On top of continued success in his music career, Guru Josh has also recently created 3D glass art under the name of "Louie Fabrix", sold in small exhibitions in New York, Madrid, Paris and Berlin, receiving critical acclaim and huge appreciation from his fanbase.

Discography

Singles

References

External links

Guru Josh Official website

Guru Josh at Discogs

The Guru Josh Project at Discogs

TranceSound interview, May 2010

Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:British electronic musicians

Name	Freddie Mercury
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Farrokh Bulsara
Birth date	September 05, 1946
Birth place	Stone Town, Zanzibar
Origin	London, England, UK In 2006, Time Asia named him as one of the most influential Asian heroes of the past 60 years, and he continues to be voted one of the greatest singers in the history of popular music. In 2005, a poll organised by Blender and MTV2 saw Mercury voted the greatest male singer of all time. Allmusic has characterised Mercury as "one of the most dynamic and charismatic frontmen in rock history." The family surname is derived from the town of Bulsar (also known as Valsad) in southern Gujarat. As Parsis, Freddie and his family practised the Zoroastrian religion. The family moved into a small house in Feltham, Middlesex, England. Mercury enrolled at Isleworth Polytechnic (now West Thames College) in West London where he studied art. He ultimately earned a Diploma in Art and Graphic Design at Ealing Art College, later using these skills to design the Queen crest. Mercury remained a British citizen for the rest of his life.
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. . . . . }}. . . . . . . . *part 2* *part 3*. . . . . . . .

External links

(official EMI Music)

Freddie Mercury discography at Discogs

Freddie Mercury at Last.FM

Freddie Mercury at Find A Death

Category:1946 births Category:1991 deaths Category:1970s singers Category:1980s singers Category:1990s singers Category:AIDS-related deaths in England Category:Bisexual musicians Category:BRIT Award winners Category:British people of Parsi descent Category:English male singers Category:English people of Indian descent Category:English pianists Category:English rock guitarists Category:English rock keyboardists Category:English rock musicians Category:English rock singers Category:English singer-songwriters Category:English songwriters Category:English tenors Category:English Zoroastrians Category:Freddie Mercury Category:Ivor Novello Award winners Category:LGBT musicians from the United Kingdom Category:LGBT people from Africa Category:LGBT people from South Asia Category:Parsi people Category:Queen (band) members Category:Zanzibari Indians

Name	Ferry Corsten
Landscape	yes
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	Ferry Corsten
Alias	Ferr, System F, Moonman (more)
Born	December 04, 1973
Origin	Rotterdam, Netherlands
Genre	Trance
Occupation	DJ, Producer, Remixer
Years active	1989–present
Label	Flashover Recordings
Associated acts	Gouryella, Vimana (more)
Url	www.ferrycorsten.com

Ferry Corsten, also known under the alias System F, (born 4 December 1973 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch producer of trance music, in addition to being a DJ and remixer. He also hosts his own weekly radio show, Corsten's Countdown. He routinely plays at events all over the world with crowds in excess of tens of thousands. In 2009 Ferry Corsten ranked #7 on DJ Magazine annual Top 100 DJ Poll. In 2010 he dropped down to #9. 2009 IDMA Best Producer

2010 IDMA Best European DJ

2010 IDMA Best Radio Show with Corsten's Countdown

2010 Ibiza DJ Awards Best DJ Trance

Selected Remixes

Apoptygma Berzerk – Kathy's Song

Armand Van Helden – Witch Doktor (Free Inside Remix)

Art of Trance – Madagascar

Ayumi Hamasaki – A Song for XX

Ayumi Hamasaki – Kanariya

Ayumi Hamasaki – WHATEVER

Bobina – Invisible Touch (Ferry Corsten's Touch)

BT – Suddenly (Ferry Corsten's Fix)

Corderoy – Sweetest Dreams (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Cosmic Gate – The Truth (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Duran Duran – Reach Up For The Sunrise (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Elles de Graaf – Show You My World

Embrace – Embrace

Every Little Thing – For The Moment

Faithless feat. Boy George – Why Go (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Faithless feat. Dido – Feelin Good (Ferry Corsten Fix)

Gatecrasher Sheffield – mix compilation (Mixed by Ferry Corsten)

Girl Next Door – Jōnetsu no Daishō

Kai Tracid – Conscious (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Kamaya Painters – Endless Wave (Albion Remix)

The Killers – Human

Klubbheads – Klubbhopping (A Jolly Good)

Laidback Luke feat. Johanthan Mendelson – Till Tonight (Ferry Corsten)

Marco Borsato – De Bestemming (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Markus Schulz – Do You Dream (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Matt Darey presents Mash Up – Liberation (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Mind One – Hurt Of Intention (Ferry Corsten Fix)

Moby – In My Heart

Moby – Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad

Nelly Furtado – Do It (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Novastar – Because The Remix

Oceanlab – Clear Blue Water

Public Enemy – Bring the Noise

Rafaël Frost – Red

Ramin Djawadi – Prison Break Theme (Ferry Corsten Breakout Remix)

Rank 1 – Awakening (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Shiny Toy Guns – Le Disko (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Solarstone-Late Summer Fields(Ferry Corsten Remix)

Tiësto – Kaleidoscope (Ferry Corsten Remix)

Tony Walker – Field of Joy

U2 – New Year's Day

William Orbit – Barber's Adagio for Strings

William Orbit – Ravel's Pavane Pour Une Infante Défunte (Ferry Corsten Remix)

William Orbit feat. Ferry Corsten – Clavier (Ferry Fix)

Yoji Biomehanika – Theme From Bangin' Globe (System F Remix)

See also

Flashover Recordings

Gouryella

Veracocha

References

External links

Official Site

Artist Site at Ultra Records

Clubplanet Interviews Ferry Corsten

TranceSound interview, October 2010

TranceSound interview, April 2010

TranceSound interview, July 2007

Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Club DJs Category:Dutch dance musicians Category:Dutch DJs Category:Dutch electronic musicians Category:Dutch record producers Category:Dutch trance musicians Category:Electronic music radio shows Category:Eurodance musicians Category:People from Rotterdam Category:Remixers Category:Ultra Records artists

Name	Beyoncé Knowles
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Beyoncé Giselle Knowles
Born	September 04, 1981Beyoncé's autograph

Beyoncé Giselle Knowles (born September 4, 1981), commonly known simply by the mononym Beyoncé ( ), is an American Pop/R&B; singer, songwriter, actress and fashion designer. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she enrolled in various performing arts schools and was first exposed to singing and dancing competitions as a child. Knowles rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of the R&B; girl group Destiny's Child, one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time.

During the hiatus of Destiny's Child, Knowles released her debut solo album Dangerously in Love (2003), which spawned the number one hits "Crazy in Love" and "Baby Boy" and became one of the most successful albums of that year, earning her a then record-tying five Grammy Awards. Following the group's disbandment in 2005, Knowles released B'Day in 2006. It debuted at number one on the Billboard charts and included the hits "Déjà Vu", "Irreplaceable" and "Beautiful Liar". Her third solo album I Am... Sasha Fierce, released in November 2008, included the anthemic "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)". The album and five of its singles, as well as the song "At Last", earned her six Grammy Awards, breaking the record for most Grammy Awards won by a female artist in one night. She is the elder sister of Solange, a singer-songwriter and actress.

Knowles was schooled at St. Mary's Elementary School in Texas, where she enrolled in dance classes, including ballet and jazz. Her talent in singing was discovered when her dance instructor began humming a song and she finished it, hitting the high-pitched notes. She also attended the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts in Houston She only lasted in the choir for two years. West coast R&B; producer Arne Frager flew into Houston to see them. He eventually brought them to his studio, The Plant Recording Studios, in Northern California, with Knowles' vocals being featured. As part of efforts to sign Girl's Tyme to a major label record deal, Frager's strategy was to début them in Star Search, the biggest talent show on national TV that time. Girl's Tyme participated in the competition but lost it because the song they performed was not good, Knowles herself admitted. To manage the group, Knowles' father (who was at that time a medical-equipment salesman) resigned in 1995 from his job. Not long after the inclusion of Rowland, Mathew cut the original lineup to four, with LeToya Luckett joining in 1993. Rehearsing in Tina's Headliners Salon and their backyards, the group continued performing as an opening act for other established R&B; girl groups of the time; Tina contributed to the cause by designing their costumes, which she continued to do throughout the Destiny's Child era. With the continued support of Mathew, they auditioned before record labels and were finally signed to Elektra Records. They moved to Atlanta to work on their first recording, only to be cut by the record company in 1995. They would return home to start over again. This would put a strain on the Knowles, and Beyoncé's parents separated briefly when she was 14. In 1996, the family reunited, and to coincide with that, the girls got a contract with Columbia Records. Together, they performed in local events and, after four years on the road, the group was signed to Columbia Records in late 1997. That same year, Destiny's Child recorded its major label début song, "Killing Time", for the soundtrack to the 1997 film, Men in Black. The following year, the group released its self-titled debut album, scoring their first major hit "No, No, No". That album established the group as a viable act in the music industry, amassing moderate sales and winning the group three Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards for "Best R&B;/Soul Single" for "No, No, No", "Best R&B;/Soul Album of the Year" and "Best R&B;/Soul or Rap New Artist". The group released their multi-platinum second album The Writing's on the Wall in 1999. The record features some of the group's most widely known songs such as "Bills, Bills, Bills", the group's first number-one single, "Jumpin' Jumpin'", and "Say My Name", which became their most-successful song at the time, and would remain one of their signature songs. "Say My Name" won the Best R&B; Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and the Best R&B; Song at the 2001 Grammy Awards. The Writing's on the Wall sold more than eight million copies.

Luckett and Roberson filed a lawsuit against the group for breach of contract. Michelle Williams and Farrah Franklin appeared on the video of "Say My Name", implying that Luckett and Roberson had already been replaced. Eventually, Luckett and Roberson left the group. Franklin would eventually fade from the group after five months, as evidenced by her absences during promotional appearances and concerts. She attributed her departure to negative vibes in the group resulting from the strife.

After settling on their final lineup, the trio recorded "Independent Women Part I", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2000 film, Charlie's Angels. It became their best-charting single, topping the Billboard Hot 100 for eleven consecutive weeks. Later that year, Luckett and Roberson withdrew their case against their now-former band mates, while maintaining the suit against Mathew, which ended in both sides agreeing to stop public disparaging. Luckett and Roberson refiled their lawsuit after Destiny's Child's third album, Survivor was released in May 2001, claiming that the songs were aimed at them. The album débuted at number one on U.S. Billboard 200 with 663,000 units sold.

2000-2004: Solo career development and Dangerously in Love

While Knowles was with Destiny's Child, she also made solo appearances. Knowles recorded a duet with Marc Nelson on the song "After All Is Said and Done" for the soundtrack to the 1999 film, The Best Man. In early 2001, while Destiny's Child was completing Survivor, Knowles landed a major role in the MTV made-for-television film, , starring alongside American actor Mekhi Phifer. Set in Philadelphia, the film is a modern interpretation of the 19th century opera Carmen by French composer Georges Bizet. Featuring many musical collaborators, the album contained a combination of uptempo and slow jam songs. Dangerously in Love debuted on the Billboard 200 at number one, and certified platinum four times by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200, and reached the top-ten in eight charts worldwide. Knowles recorded the song, "Check on It" featuring Slim Thug, for the film's soundtrack. The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, giving Knowles her third number one on the chart as a solo artist.

Much of the theme and musical style of Knowles' second album were inspired by her role in Dreamgirls.

2008–2010: I Am... Sasha Fierce and Grammy Award record

" on her I Am... Tour]] Knowles released her third studio album, I Am… Sasha Fierce on November 18, 2008. During this time, Knowles was interviewed by USA Today and announced plans to take a break from music in 2010. She stated, "It's definitely time to take a break, to recharge my batteries. ... I'd like to take about six months and not go into the studio. I need to just live life, to be inspired by things again." On May 4, 2010, producer Jim Jonsin told Rap-Up TV that he sent Knowles a track he worked on for the album. While on the set of filming a television commercial for Vizio, Knowles was interviewed by Entertainment Tonight and confirmed reports that she had begun working on the album. "I'm actually in the studio now writing songs and producing ... I have a lot of live instruments that I'm putting into the tracks to try to change the sound and make my own genre of music. So, I'll be shooting videos and everybody will be watching them on their Vizio televisions soon." In January 2011, it was revealed Knowles had been in the studio with producer S1, who broke the news via his twitter account. She received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded by the group, as well as her solo efforts. Known for writing personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions, Knowles has stated that having Jay-Z in her life has changed a few of her thoughts about how men and women relate to one another, which helped her transition from writing songs such as "Independent Women" and "Survivor" to man-tending anthems such as, "Cater 2 U" in which she sings about bringing him slippers and drawing his bath. Knowles received three songwriting credits in a single year for co-writing "Irreplaceable", "Grillz" ("Soldier" was sampled on the song) and "Check on It", the only woman to achieve since Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. In terms of credits, she is tied with Diane Warren at third with nine number-one singles. The band has supported Knowles in live performances, on her 2007 The Beyoncé Experience world concert tour, and her 2009 I Am... Tour. Renee Michelle Harris of the South Florida Times writes, Knowles "owns the stage with her trademark swagger and intensity... showcasing her powerful vocals without missing a note, often while engaged in vigorous, perfectly executed dance moves...no one, not Britney, not Ciara and not Rihanna can offer what she does—a complete package of voice, moves and presence." Knowles described Sasha as being "too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy", stating "I'm not like her in real life at all ... I'm not flirtatious and super-confident and fearless like her. What I feel onstage I don't feel anywhere else. It's an out-of-body experience. I created my stage persona to protect myself so that when I go home I don't have to think about what it is I do. Sasha isn't me. The people around me know who I really am." Although Sasha was born during the making of her 2003 hit single, "Crazy in Love", Knowles introduced her alter ego with the release of her third album, I Am... Sasha Fierce in 2008. In February 2010, Knowles announced in an interview with Allure magazine that "Sasha Fierce is done. I killed her". She then went on saying that she is comfortable enough with herself to be all of those things without an alias, stating "I don't need Sasha Fierce anymore, because I've grown and now I'm able to merge the two." Some media even claimed that Jay-Z fashioned her to be a replica of Knowles. Mary J. Blige In an interview with MTV News, Kelly Rowland revealed she was inspired by Knowles' voice while recording her second album, Ms. Kelly. This prompted a legion of imitations and parodies from men and women all around the world posting videos of themselves onto YouTube attempting to perform the choreography. and Joe Jonas, US President Barack Obama and actor Tom Hanks. American Idol winner Jordin Sparks described her debut single, "Tattoo" as being very "Beyonce-ish." However, in 2010 Knowles surpassed all others by receiving a record breaking six awards out of ten nominations. In 2007, she became the first female artist to be awarded the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards. In February 2010, the RIAA listed her as the top certified artist of the decade, with a total of 64 certifications, including albums, digital songs, master ringtones and music videos. BET recognized Knowles as the second most influential artist of the decade In August 2010, VH1 listed Knowles at number 52 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. In November 2010, Billboard ranked her at 15th place on its list of the top 25 R&B;/Hip-Hop artist of the past 25 years (1985-2010). In 2006, The animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) had criticized Knowles for wearing fur coats and using fur in her clothing line. In July 2009, Knowles and her mother, Tina launched a new junior apparel label, Sasha Fierce for Deréon, for back-to-school selling. The collection, which is inspired by Knowles' stage presence, consists of sportswear, outerwear, handbags, footwear, eyewear, lingerie and jewelry. In May 2010, Knowles teamed up with clothing store C&A; to release her Deréon clothing line labeled, Deréon by Beyoncé for C&A.; The collection was only made available in Brazilian C&A; stores. Knowles and Destiny's Child band mate, Kelly Rowland, along with the former's family, founded the Survivor Foundation, a charitable entity set up to provide transitional housing for 2005 Hurricane Katrina victims and storm evacuees in the Houston, Texas area. The Survivor Foundation extended the philanthropic mission of the Knowles-Rowland Center for Youth, a multi-purpose community outreach facility in downtown Houston. Knowles donated $100,000 to the Gulf Coast Ike Relief Fund, which benefits victims of Hurricane Ike in the Houston area. She is organizing a fund raising benefit for Hurricane Ike relief through the Survivor Foundation. Knowles conducted food drives during stops on The Beyoncé Experience tour in Houston on July 14, Atlanta on July 20, Washington, D.C. on August 9, Toronto on August 15, Chicago on August 18, and Los Angeles on September 2, 2006. She remembers her mother, Tina Knowles, for finally saying to help her out of her depression, "Why do you think a person wouldn't love you? Don't you know how smart and sweet and beautiful you are?"

Relationship with Jay-Z

performing "Crazy in Love" on November 15, 2009.]] Since 2002, Knowles has been in a relationship with rapper Jay-Z, with whom she has collaborated several times. Rumors began to circulate about their relationship after Knowles was featured on his song, "'03 Bonnie & Clyde". In spite of persistent rumors about their relationship, they remained discreet about it. When asked again about the subject in September 2007, Jay-Z replied, "One day soon—let's leave it at that."

Discography

2003: Dangerously in Love

2006: B'Day

2008: I Am... Sasha Fierce

See also

Destiny's Child discography

Beyoncé Knowles videography

List of Beyoncé Knowles songs

List of Beyoncé Knowles concert tours

List of best-selling music artists

List of awards and nominations received by Beyoncé Knowles

List of artists who reached number one in the United States

Filmography

References

External links

Official American website

Category:1981 births Category:1990s singers Category:2000s singers Category:2010s singers Category:Actors from Texas Category:African American actors Category:African American female singer-songwriters Category:African American musicians Category:African American songwriters Category:African American models Category:American child singers Category:American dancers Category:American fashion designers Category:American female models Category:American film actors Category:American Christians Category:American Methodists Category:American music video directors Category:American pop singers Category:American record producers Category:American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters Category:American soul singers Category:American people of Native American descent Category:Beyoncé Knowles Category:BRIT Award winners Category:Columbia Records artists Category:Destiny's Child members Category:English-language singers Category:American people of French descent Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Ivor Novello Award winners Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Houston, Texas Category:Sony/ATV Music Publishing artists Category:Spanish-language singers Category:United Methodists Category:Native American singers Category:World Music Awards winners Category:African-American fashion designers Category:Louisiana Creole people

Ane Trolle (born 1979) is a Danish singer and songwriter. She contributes notably on Trentemøllers album The Last Resort in “Moan”. She has since brought her voice to the new downtempo Ubiquity signing Peder; on “White Lillies”.

Category:1979 births Category:Living people Category:Danish female singers Category:Danish singers