Fresh water

Fresh water is naturally occurring water on the Earth's surface in bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water although it does include mineral rich waters such as chalybeate springs..

Systems

Scientifically, freshwater habitats are divided into lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic systems, which are running water; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water.

Source

The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. . Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In extreme cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers in parts of Scandinavia, Scotland, Wales and the United States.

In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.

In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well documented transfer of iron rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in northern Africa.

Numerical definition

Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.

{| style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" |- ! style="background:#B8E0F6" colspan="4" | Water salinity based on dissolved salts in parts per thousand (ppt) |- ! style="background:#87CEFA" | Fresh water ! style="background:#87CEFA" | Brackish water ! style="background:#87CEFA" | Saline water ! style="background:#87CEFA" | Brine |- ! style="background:#00BFFF" | < 0.5 ! style="background:#00BFFF" | 0.5 – 30 ! style="background:#00BFFF" | 30 – 50 ! style="background:#00BFFF" | > 50 |}

Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm or 3000 ppm.

Water distribution

Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.

Out of all the water on Earth, only 2.75 percent is fresh water, including 2.05 percent frozen in glaciers, 0.68 percent as groundwater and 0.0101 percent of it as surface water in lakes and rivers. Freshwater lakes, most notably Lake Baikal in Russia and the Great Lakes in North America, contain seven-eighths of this fresh surface water. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water. In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers.

Aquatic organisms

Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney. Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin, while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.

Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the Marine Iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.

Fresh water as a resource

An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations.]] Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems . Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.

Pollution from human activity, including oil spills, also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest oil spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on January 15, 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.

Agriculture

Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination. Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.

See also

Desalination

Freshwater ecology

Lake Baikal

Great Lakes

African Great Lakes

Lake

Limnology

List of countries by freshwater withdrawal

List of countries by total renewable water resources

River

Seawater

Water (molecule)

Water cycle

Water resources

Water crisis

Notes

References

Brian D. Richter, R. M. (2003). Ecologically sustainable water management: managing river flows for ecological integrity. Ecological Applications , 13 (1), 206-224.

Robert B. Jackson, S. R. (2001). Water in a changing world. Ecological Applications , 11 (4), 1027-1045.an me<3

Further reading

Moustakas, A. & I. Karakassis. How diverse is aquatic biodiversity research?, Aquatic Ecology, 39, 367-375

External links

Freshwater life.org

Freshwater Biological Association">Freshwater Biological Association

Review of freshwater ecology in the UK

Fritsch Collection of Algal Illustrations

Environment Agency website">UK Environment Agency website

Pond Conservation

UK National pond monitoring network

U.S. Geological Survey

Category:Aquatic ecology Category:Liquid water Category:Hydrology