An infant or baby is the very young offspring of humans. A newborn is an infant who is within hours, days, or up to a few weeks from birth. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate (from Latin, neonatus, newborn) refers to an infant in the first 28 days of life (from birth up to 4 weeks after birth, less than a month old). The term "newborn" includes premature infants, postmature infants and full term newborns. The term infant is derived from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak" or "speechless." It is typically applied to children between the ages of 1 month and 12 months; however, definitions vary between birth and 3 years of age. "Infant" is also a legal term referring to any child under the age of legal adulthood.

Physical characteristics

A newborn's shoulders and hips are narrow, the abdomen protrudes slightly, and the arms and legs are relatively short. In the developed world, the average birth weight of a full-term newborn is approximately 7 ½ lbs.(3.2 kg), but is typically in the range of 5.5–10 pounds (2.7–4.6 kg). The average total body length is 14–20 inches (35.6–50.8 cm), although premature newborns may be much smaller. The Apgar score is a measure of a newborn's transition from the uterus during the first minutes of life.

A newborn's head is very large in proportion to the rest of the body, and the cranium is enormous relative to his or her face. While the adult human skull is about 1/8 of the total body length, the newborn's is about 1/4. At birth, many regions of the newborn's skull have not yet been converted to bone, leaving "soft spots" known as fontanels. The two largest are the diamond-shaped anterior fontanel, located at the top front portion of the head, and the smaller triangular-shaped posterior fontanel, which lies at the back of the head. Later in the child's life, these bones will fuse together in a natural process. A protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in an infant's skull fusion.

During labour and birth, the infant's skull changes shape to fit through the birth canal, sometimes causing the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head. It will usually return to normal on its own within a few days or weeks. Special exercises sometimes advised by physicians may assist the process.

Some newborns have a fine, downy body hair called lanugo. It may be particularly noticeable on the back, shoulders, forehead, ears and face of premature infants. Lanugo disappears within a few weeks. Infants may be born with full heads of hair; others, particularly white infants, may have very fine hair or may even be bald. Amongst fair-skinned parents, this fine hair may be blond, even if the parents are not. The scalp may also be temporarily bruised or swollen, especially in hairless newborns, and the area around the eyes may be puffy.

Newborns' digestive tracts, which of course have never been used prior to birth, are filled with a greenish-black, sticky material called meconium. This has the function of standing in for fecal material and allows the intestines to develop to the point where they can process milk immediately on birth. This material is passed by the child in the first few days.

Immediately after birth, a newborn's skin is often grayish to dusky blue in color. As soon as the newborn begins to breathe, usually within a minute or two, the skin's color reaches its normal tone. Newborns are wet, covered in streaks of blood, and coated with a white substance known as vernix caseosa, which is hypothesised to act as an antibacterial barrier. The newborn may also have Mongolian spots, various other birthmarks, or peeling skin, particularly on the wrists, hands, ankles, and feet.

A newborn's genitals are enlarged and reddened, with male infants having an unusually large scrotum. The breasts may also be enlarged, even in male infants. This is caused by naturally occurring maternal hormones and is a temporary condition. Females (and even males) may actually discharge milk from their nipples (sometimes called witch's milk), and/or a bloody or milky-like substance from the vagina. In either case, this is considered normal and will disappear in time.

The umbilical cord of a newborn is bluish-white in color. After birth, the umbilical cord is normally cut, leaving a 1–2 inch stub. The umbilical stub will dry out, shrivel, darken, and spontaneously fall off within about 3 weeks. Occasionally, hospitals may apply triple dye to the umbilical stub to prevent infection, which may temporarily color the stub and surrounding skin purple.

Internal physiological changes at birth

Upon its entry to the air-breathing world, without the nutrition and oxygenation from the umbilical cord, the newborn must begin to adjust to life outside the uterus. Newborns can feel all different sensations, but respond most enthusiastically to soft stroking, cuddling and caressing. Gentle rocking back and forth often calms a crying infant, as do massages and warm baths. Newborns may comfort themselves by sucking their thumb, or a pacifier. The need to suckle is instinctive (see suction in biology) and allows newborns to feed.

Newborn infants have unremarkable vision, being able to focus on objects only about 18 inches (45 cm) directly in front of their face. While this may not be much, it is all that is needed for the infant to look at the mother’s eyes or areola when breastfeeding. Depth perception does not develop until the infant is mobile. Generally, a newborn cries when wanting to feed. When a newborn is not sleeping, or feeding, or crying, he or she may spend a lot of time staring at random objects. Usually anything that is shiny, has sharp contrasting colors, or has complex patterns will catch an infant's eye. However, the newborn has a preference for looking at other human faces above all else. (see also: infant metaphysics and infant vision)

While still inside the mother, the infant could hear many internal noises, such as the mother's heartbeat, as well as many external noises including human voices, music and most other sounds. Therefore, although a newborn's ears may have some catarrh and fluid, he or she can hear sound from before birth. Newborns usually respond to a female voice over a male voice. This may explain why people will unknowingly raise the pitch of their voice when talking to newborns (this voice change is called motherese). The sound of other human voices, especially the mother's, can have a calming or soothing effect on the newborn. Conversely, loud or sudden noises will startle and scare a newborn. Newborns have been shown to prefer sounds that were a regular feature of their prenatal environment, for example, the theme tune of a television programme that their mother watched regularly.

Newborns can respond to different tastes, including sweet, sour, bitter, and salty substances, with a preference toward sweets. It has been shown that neonates show a preference for the smell of foods that their mother ate regularly.

Care and feeding

Infants cry as a form of basic instinctive communication. A crying infant may be trying to express a variety of feelings including hunger, discomfort, overstimulation, boredom, wanting something, or loneliness.

Breastfeeding is the recommended method of feeding by all major infant health organizations. If breastfeeding is not possible or desired, bottle feeding is done with expressed breast-milk or with infant formula. Infants are born with a sucking reflex allowing them to extract the milk from the nipples of the breasts or the nipple of the baby bottle, as well as an instinctive behavior known as rooting with which they seek out the nipple. Sometimes a wet nurse is hired to feed the infant, although this is rare, especially in developed countries.

As infants grow, food supplements are added. Many parents choose commercial, ready-made baby foods to supplement breast milk or formula for the child, while others adapt their usual meals for the dietary needs of their child. Whole cow's milk can be used at one year, but lower-fat milk should not be provided until the child is 2 to 3 years old. Until they are toilet-trained, infants in industrialized countries wear diapers. Children need more sleep than adults—up to 18 hours for newborn babies, with a declining rate as the child ages. Until babies learn to walk, they are carried in the arms, held in slings or baby carriers, or transported in baby carriages or strollers. Most industrialized countries have laws requiring child safety seats for infants in motor vehicles.

Infant mortality

Infant mortality is the death of an infant in the first year of life. Major causes of infant mortality include dehydration, infection, congenital malformation and SIDS.

This epidemiological indicator is recognized as a very important measure of the level of health care in a country because it is directly linked with the health status of infants, children, and pregnant women as well as access to medical care, socioeconomic conditions, and public health practices.

Emotional development

Attachment theory is primarily an evolutionary and ethological theory whereby the infant or child seeks proximity to a specified attachment figure in situations of alarm or distress for the purpose of survival. The forming of attachments is considered to be the foundation of the infant/child's capacity to form and conduct relationships throughout life. Attachment is not the same as love and/or affection although they often go together. Attachment and attachment behaviors tend to develop between the age of 6 months and 3 years. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some time. Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment which in turn lead to 'internal working models' which will guide the individual's feelings, thoughts, and expectations in later relationships. There are a number of attachment 'styles' namely 'secure', 'anxious-ambivalent', 'anxious-avoidant', (all 'organized') and 'disorganized', some of which are more problematic than others. A lack of attachment or a seriously disrupted capacity for attachment could potentially amount to serious disorders.

Common care issues

Baby colic

Bassinet/crib

Bathing

Cradle cap

Day care

Diaper rash

Infant formula

Infant massage

Immunization

Pacifier

Paternal bond

Teething

Umbilical cord

See also

Attachment in children

Babysitting

Baby monitor

Child development and child development stages

Cord blood and cord blood banking

Elimination communication

Infant vision

Infanticide

Neonatal jaundice

Maternal bond

Maternal health

Organic baby products

Parental leave

Pediatrics

Neonatology

Pregnancy

Safe-haven law

Shock of birth

Prenatal nutrition and birth weight

References

Bibliography

{{ cite book

| last = Simkin | first = Penny | coauthors = et al. | title = Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Newborn: The Complete Guide | publisher = Meadowbook Press | address = MN | year = 1992 (late 1991) | isbn = 0-88166-177-5}}

External links

Herbal Recipes for Moms and Babies, includes herbal recipes for diaper rash, teething, mom's vulva and breasts, how to make woolen soakers and more

Discovery Health's Infant & Toddler Center

American Academy of Pediatrics

The impact of buggy orientation on parent-infant interaction and infant stress

The World Health Report 2005 – Make Every Mother and Child

Infant eyesight - University of Illinois

Category:Infancy

Name	Justin Bieber
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Justin Drew Bieber
Born	March 01, 1994
Origin	Stratford, Ontario, Canada
Instrument	Vocals, guitar, piano, percussion,
Genre	Pop, R&B; ( , born March 1, 1994) is a Canadian pop-R&B; singer. Bieber was discovered in 2008 by Scooter Braun, who happened to come across Bieber's videos on YouTube and later became his manager. Braun arranged for him to meet with Usher in Atlanta, Georgia, and Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher, and then to a recording contract with Island Records offered by L.A. Reid. His first full studio release, My World 2.0, was released on March 23, 2010 and has since received similar success; it debuted at number one and within the top ten of several countries and was certified platinum in the United States. It was preceded by the worldwide top-ten single, "Baby," in January 2010.
Rowspan	"2"| 2009|| ''True Jackson, VP || rowspan="4"| Himself || rowspan="3"| Guest star
Rowspan	"6"| 2010|| ''Silent Library
Rowspan	"28" style="text-align:center;"|2010
Rowspan	"3"|Himself
Rowspan	"4"|American Music Awards
Rowspan	"2"|My World 2.0
Rowspan	"3"|Juno Awards
Rowspan	"8"|Himself
Rowspan	"3"|MTV Europe Music Awards
Rowspan	"4"|Much Music Video Awards
Rowspan	"2"|"Baby"
Rowspan	"2"|International Video of the Year by a Canadian
Rowspan	"2"|"One Time"
Rowspan	"4"|Himself
Rowspan	"5"|Teen Choice Awards
Rowspan	"4"|Himself
Rowspan	"2"|World Music Awards
Rowspan	"5" style="text-align:center;"|2011
Rowspan	"2"|Himself
Rowspan	"2"|Grammy Awards
Rowspan	"2"|People's Choice Awards
Name	Bieber, Justin
Short description	Canadian singer
Date of birth	March 1, 1994
Place of birth	Stratford, Ontario, Canada

Category:1994 births Category:Living people Category:2000s singers Category:2010s singers Category:Canadian child singers Category:Canadian dance musicians Category:Canadian expatriate musicians in the United States Category:Canadian Internet personalities Category:Canadian male singers Category:Canadian pop singers Category:Canadian rhythm and blues singers Category:Hip hop singers Category:Island Records artists Category:Musicians from Atlanta, Georgia Category:Musicians from Ontario Category:People from Stratford, Ontario Category:Canadian people of German descent

Background	solo_singer
Born	August 21, 1967 Beirut, Lebanon When he was eight years old his family immigrated to Los Angeles, California. which was also attended by Tankian's future System of a Down bandmates Daron Malakian and Shavo Odadjian. Doing well academically
Name	Tankian, Serj
Alternative names	Թանգեան, Սերժ
Short description	musician
Date of birth	August 21, 1967
Place of birth	Beirut, Lebanon

Category:1967 births Category:1990s singers Category:2000s singers Category:2010s singers Category:American activists Category:American anti-Iraq War activists Category:American heavy metal singers Category:American essayists Category:American experimental musicians Category:American male singers Category:American multi-instrumentalists Category:American poets Category:American rock pianists Category:American songwriters Category:American vegetarians Category:American musicians of Armenian descent Category:American people of Armenian descent Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Living people Category:Melodica players Category:System of a Down members

{{Infobox person | name = The Laughing Baby | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = William Nilsson | birth_date = | birth_place = Sweden | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = | other_names = | home_town = | occupation = | spouse = | relations = | years_active = 25 August 2006–present | notable_works = | known_for = Comedy, Cuteness Uploaded by a Swedish man under the pseudonym of spacelord72, and later re-uploaded and popularized by another user known as BlackOleg, the "Laughing Baby" is one of the few internet memes that have entered popular culture.

The video

The Laughing Baby video, which was shot by a Swedish father in his kitchen in 2007, has a running time of 1:40, and involves a fixed camera situated on William Nilsson, a blond-haired, blue eyed baby, who laughs after brief interjections from a voice in the background (supposedly the father).

Comments

The clip has become known for its disparate variety of commenters – from the amused to those concerned for the baby's health. The video appeared on the front pages of web portals such as msn.com, and has been the theme of several ringtones, which helped to further increase its familiarity and popularity. The baby was featured in the South Park episode "Canada on Strike", where he appeared alongside other YouTube celebrities.

Video shown to Queen Elizabeth II

The "Laughing Baby" video was shown to Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh during a 16 October 2008 visit to Google headquarters in Victoria, London. The Queen remarked that the child was a "...lovely little thing, isn't it?" and that it was "Amazing [that] a child would laugh like that."

References

Category:Internet memes Category:Viral marketing Category:Viral videos Category:Internet personalities Category:Infancy

Name	David Guetta
Background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
Birth name	David Pierre Guetta
Born	November 07, 1967 Paris, France
Genre	House, Progressive House, Electro House, Hip House, Dance, French House
Occupation	Producer, DJ
Years active	1984–present| Label = EMI Music France, Virgin
Url

David Pierre Guetta ();was born 7 November 1967 in Paris, France, is a French House music producer and DJ. Originally a DJ at nightclubs during the 1980s and 1990s, he co-founded Gum Productions and released his first album, Just a Little More Love, in 2001. Later, he released Guetta Blaster (2004) and Pop Life (2007). His 2009 album One Love included the hit singles "When Love Takes Over" (featuring Kelly Rowland), "Gettin' Over You" (featuring Chris Willis, Fergie & LMFAO) and "Sexy Bitch" (featuring Akon), the last becoming a top five hit in the US and all three reaching #1 in the UK.

Guetta has sold over three million albums and 15 million singles worldwide. He is currently one of the most sought-after music producers, having worked with a variety of pop and hip-hop artists including Jennifer Lopez, Rihanna, Lil' Wayne, Kylie Minogue, Taio Cruz and Madonna.

Biography

1984–2000: early life and career

At age 17, Guetta began DJ'ing at the Broad Club in Paris. He first played popular songs, and he discovered house music when he heard a Farley Jackmaster Funk track on French radio in 1987. The next year, he began hosting his own club nights. He is married to Cathy Guetta, with whom he has two children.

In the early 1990s, Guetta played in clubs including Le Centrale, the Rex, Le Boy, and Folies Pigalle. Released in 1994,

2001–2006: Just a Little More Love and Guetta Blaster

In 2001, David Guetta along with Joachim Garraud founded Gum Productions, and in the same year Guetta's first hit single, "Just a Little More Love", featuring American singer Chris Willis was released. Willis was vacationing in France when he met Guetta.

2009: One Love and International breakthrough

David Guetta's fourth studio album, One Love, was released on 21 August 2009, and physically released on 24 August 2009 in Europe and 25 August in the United States. Its first single "When Love Takes Over", which featured Kelly Rowland, peaked at #1 on the UK Singles Chart & topped many other countries worldwide becoming a huge summer & dancefloor hit. His second single from the album, "Sexy Bitch" (featuring Akon) became his second #1 in the UK & also topped many countries worldwide becoming his second summer hit. The song "Sexy Bitch" was inspired by Guetta's sexy mother, according to an interview with the DJ in French Vogue, where he also professes his love for Stuart Hay "One Love" featuring Estelle, "Memories" featuring Kid Cudi and "Gettin' Over" featuring Chris Willis, Fergie and LMFAO followed which soon became Guetta's third #1. The album has sold 1.4 million copies worldwide since its release according to Billboard. David Guetta also features in "Club Can't Handle Me" by Flo Rida.

On 16 June 2009, the Black Eyed Peas released the David Guetta-produced "I Gotta Feeling" as their second single from their fifth studio album, The E.N.D.. It became a worldwide hit topping the charts in seventeen countries. It became the most downloaded song in both the United Kingdom, selling more than one million copies, and in the United States, with six million downloads.

Since April 2009, Guetta had his own radio show on the internet radio station RauteMusik on Saturday evening. The show was afterwards moved into Radio 538, being aired every Friday evening after Tiësto's Club Life. Its name is Fuck Me I'm Famous. Guetta performs a one-hour set of house music, presenting mainly new talents inside.

In 2009, he was placed third in the "Top 100 DJs" poll by DJ Magazine, and was elected "Best House DJ" by DJ Awards in 2008.

On 2 December 2009, Guetta received five nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards. He was nominated twice for his work with the Black Eyed Peas; in the category Record of the Year for "I Gotta Feeling" and Album of the Year for their album The E.N.D.. His song "When Love Takes Over" featuring American R&B; singer Kelly Rowland received two nominations; Best Dance Recording and Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical, and won the latter. Guetta's fourth studio album One Love was nominated as "Best Electronic/Dance Album".

2010–present: collaborations, One More Love and 5th Studio Album

In 2010, David Guetta co-wrote and produced Kelly Rowland's "Commander" from her self-titled third studio album. It peaked at number one on Billboard's Hot Dance Club Songs chart in the United States, and reached top ten positions in Belgium and the United Kingdom. Guetta has also co-produced "Forever and a Day", which is Kelly's second UK single from her third album. Guetta also produced the singles "Acapella" and "Scream" for American singer-songwriter Kelis's fifth studio album, Flesh Tone, released on 14 May 2010. "Acapella" was released as the lead single on 23 February 2010 and topped the dance charts in the United Kingdom and United States. On 28 June 2010 American rapper Flo Rida released the single "Club Can't Handle Me" featuring David Guetta. The song is included on the soundtrack album to the American 3D dance film Step Up 3D.

After conflicts over whether or not a One Love re-issue should go ahead, it was finally confirmed that Guetta's One Love studio album would be re-released as One More Love. Autumn 2010, David Guetta had announced his new single, titled "Who's that Chick?" featuring Rihanna, will be released from his upcoming studio album, One More Love. The album will be released 29 November, 2010. It will feature Kelly Rowland, Akon, Kid Cudi, will.i.am and Rihanna. David Guetta will be one of the headlining acts at ZoukOut 2010. It will be held in Singapore, on Saturday, 11th December at Siloso Beach, Sentosa Island.

When asked about his fifth album, Guetta announced it would be released in the summer of 2011. The French DJ recently admitted that his new sound is inspired by rock bands such as Kings of Leon and Coldplay: "I might make dance music but that doesn't mean I'm not influenced by bands like Kings of Leon and Coldplay," he told the Daily Star, "Right now I'm planning coming back with a new sound for my next album due out in summer 2011.". Guetta produced Jennifer Lopez' cover of "On The Radio" for her album "Love?" coming out in 2011.

Personal life

David Guetta was born and raised in Montguyon, France. His mother is of Belgian descent while his father was a restaurateur and of Moroccan Jewish descent. He is married to Cathy Guetta and has two children, Tim Elvis Eric (born 2004) and Angie (born 2007).

Discography

* Just a Little More Love (2002)

Guetta Blaster (2004)

Pop Life (2007)

One Love (2009)

One More Love (2010)

TBA (2011)

Awards and nominations

{| class=wikitable |- !Year !Award !Category !Nominated work !Result |- ||2006 |rowspan="3"|DJ Awards |Best House DJ | | |- |rowspan="4"|2007 |Best International DJ | | |- |Best Ibiza Night | | |- |World Music Awards |World's Best Selling DJ | | |- |TMF Awards |Best Dance Act | | |- |rowspan="2"|2008 |DJ Awards |Best House DJ | | |- |MTV Europe Music Awards |Best French Act | | |- |rowspan="2"|2009 |DJ Awards |Best House DJ | | |- |DJ Magazine |Top 100 DJs | |Third Place |- |rowspan="9"|2010 |rowspan="4"|Grammy Awards |Best DJ | | |- |Best Producer | | |- |Best Selling French artist | | |- ||NRJ Music Awards | International Album of the Year |One Love | |- |DJ Magazine |Top 100 DJs | |Second Place |}

References

External links

David Guetta Information at Ultra Records

Review of 'Memories' on the Daily Music Guide

|title=David Guetta biography|publisher=Allmusic|author=David Jeffries|accessdate=22 September 2008}}

David Guetta in PACHA NEWS

David Guetta at Billboard.com

Review of 'Gettin Over you' on the Daily Music Guide

Category:1967 births Category:Living people Category:French people of Moroccan descent Category:Club DJs Category:French dance musicians Category:French DJs Category:People from Paris Category:World Music Awards winners Category:Grammy Award winners Category:French Jews Category:Sephardi Jews Category:Mizrahi Jews