Heart rate is the number of
heartbeats per unit of
time - typically expressed as beats per minute (
bpm) - which can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during
exercise or sleep. The measurement of heart rate is used by
medical professionals to assist in the
diagnosis and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such as
athletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training. The
R wave to R wave interval (
RR interval) is the inverse of the heart rate.
Heart rate is measured by finding the pulse of the body. This pulse rate can be measured at any point on the body where an artery's pulsation is transmitted to the surface - often as it is compressed against an underlying structure like bone - by pressuring it with the index and middle finger. The thumb should not be used for measuring another person's heart rate, as its strong pulse may interfere with discriminating the site of pulsation.
Possible points for measuring the heart rate are:
# The ventral aspect of the wrist on the side of the thumb (radial artery).
# The ulnar artery.
# The neck (carotid artery).
# The inside of the elbow, or under the biceps muscle (brachial artery).
# The groin (femoral artery).
# Behind the medial malleolus on the feet (posterior tibial artery).
# Middle of dorsum of the foot (dorsalis pedis).
# Behind the knee (popliteal artery).
# Over the abdomen (abdominal aorta).
# The chest (apex of heart), which can be felt with one's hand or fingers. However, it is possible to auscultate the heart using a stethoscope.
# The temple (Superficial Temporal Artery)
# The lateral edge of the Mandible Facial artery.
A more precise method of determining pulse involves the use of an electrocardiograph, or ECG (also abbreviated EKG). Continuous electrocardiograph monitoring of the heart is routinely done in many clinical settings, especially in critical care medicine. Commercial heart rate monitors are also available, consisting of a chest strap with electrodes. The signal is transmitted to a wrist receiver for display. Heart rate monitors allow accurate measurements to be taken continuously and can be used during exercise when manual measurement would be difficult or impossible (such as when the hands are being used).
Resting heart rate
Resting heart rate (HR
rest) is a person's heart rate when they are at rest: awake but lying down, and not having immediately exerted themselves. Typical healthy resting heart rate in adults is 60–80 bpm , with rates below 60 bpm referred to as
bradycardia and rates above 100 bpm referred to as
tachycardia. Note however that conditioned athletes often have resting heart rates below 60 bpm. Cyclist
Lance Armstrong had a resting HR around 32 bpm, and it is not unusual for people doing regular exercise to get below 50 bpm. Other cyclists like
Miguel Indurain and
Alberto Contador have reported resting heart rates in the mid-20s, with American marathoner
Ryan Hall at 29.
Musical tempo terms reflect levels relative to resting heart rate; Adagio (at ease, at rest) is typically 66–76 bpm, similar to human resting heart rate, while Lento and Largo ("Slow") are 40–60 bpm, which reflects that these tempi are slow relative to normal human heart rate. Similarly, faster tempi correspond to heart rates at higher levels of exertion, such as Andante (walking: 76–108 bpm) and the like.
Measuring HRmax
HR
max is the maximal safe heart rate for an individual. The most accurate way of measuring HR
max is via a
cardiac stress test. In such a test, the subject exercises while being monitored by an EKG. During the test, the intensity of exercise is periodically increased (if a
treadmill is being used, through increase in speed or slope of the treadmill), continuing until certain changes in heart function are detected in the EKG, at which point the subject is directed to stop. Typical durations of such a test range from 10 to 20 minutes.
Conducting a maximal exercise test can require expensive equipment. People just beginning an exercise regimen are normally advised to perform this test only in the presence of medical staff due to risks associated with high heart rates. For general purposes, people instead typically use a formula to estimate their individual Maximum Heart Rate.
Formula for HRmax
Various formulas are used to estimate individual Maximum Heart Rates, based on age, but maximum heart rates vary significantly between individuals.
Even within a single elite sports team, such as Olympic rowers in their 20s, maximum heart rates can vary from 160 to 220. It gained widespread use through being used by
Polar Electro in its heart rate monitors,
In 2007, researchers at the Oakland University analysed maximum heart rates of 132 individuals recorded yearly over 25 years, and produced a linear equation very similar to the Tanaka formula—HRmax = 206.9 − (0.67 × age)—and a nonlinear equations—HRmax = 191.5 − (0.007 × age2). The linear equation had a confidence interval of ±5–8 bpm and the nonlinear equation had a tighter range of ±2–5 bpm. Also a third nonlinear equation was produced — HRmax = 163 + (1.16 × age) − (0.018 × age2).
These figures are very much averages, and depend greatly on individual physiology and fitness. For example an endurance runner's rates will typically be lower due to the increased size of the heart required to support the exercise, while a sprinter's rates will be higher due to the improved response time and short duration, etc. may each have predicted heart rates of 180 (= 220−Age), but these two people could have actual Max HR 20 beats apart (e.g. 170–190).
Further, note that individuals of the same age, the same training, in the same sport, on the same team, can have actual Max HR 60 bpm apart (160 to 220):
A study from Lund, Sweden gives reference values (obtained during bicycle ergometry) for men
:HRmax = 203.7 / (1 + exp(0.033 x (age - 104.3)))
and for women
:HRmax = 190.2/(1 + exp (0.0453 * (Age - 107.5)))
Target heart rate
The Target Heart Rate (THR), or Training Heart Rate, is a desired range of heart rate reached during
aerobic exercise which enables one's
heart and
lungs to receive the most benefit from a workout. This theoretical range varies based on one's physical condition, gender, and previous training. Below are two ways to calculate one's Target Heart Rate. In each of these methods, there is an element called "intensity" which is expressed as a percentage. The THR can be calculated as a range of 65%–85% intensity. However, it is crucial to derive an accurate HR
max to ensure these calculations are meaningful (see above).
Example for someone with a HRmax of 180 (age 40, estimating HRmax as 220 − age):
65% intensity: (220 − (age = 40)) × 0.65 → 117 bpm
85% intensity: (220 − (age = 40)) × 0.85 → 153 bpm
Karvonen method
The Karvonen method factors in Resting Heart Rate (HR
rest) to calculate Target Rate (THR), using a range of 50%–85%:
:THR = ((HRmax − HRrest) × %Intensity) + HRrest
Example for someone with a HRmax of 180 and a HRrest of 70:
50% intensity: ((180 − 70) × 0.50) + 70 = 125 bpm
85% intensity: ((180 − 70) × 0.85) + 70 = 163 bpm
Zoladz method
An alternative to the Karvonen method is the
Zoladz method, which derives exercise zones by subtracting values from HR
max.
:THR = HRmax – Adjuster ± 5 bpm
::Zone 1 Adjuster = 50 bpm
::Zone 2 Adjuster = 40 bpm
::Zone 3 Adjuster = 30 bpm
::Zone 4 Adjuster = 20 bpm
::Zone 5 Adjuster = 10 bpm
Example for someone with a HRmax of 180:
Zone 1 (easy exercise) : 180 − 50 ± 5 → 125 – 135 bpm
Zone 4 (tough exercise): 180 − 20 ± 5 → 155 – 165 bpm
Heart rate reserve
Heart rate reserve (HRR) is a term used to describe the difference between a person's measured or predicted maximum heart rate and resting heart rate. Some methods of measurement of exercise intensity measure percentage of heart rate reserve. Additionally, as a person increases their cardiovascular fitness, their HR
rest will drop, thus the heart rate reserve will increase. Percentage of HRR is equivalent to percentage of
VO2 reserve.
:HRR = HRmax − HRrest
Recovery heart rate
This is the heart rate measured at a fixed (or reference) period after ceasing activity; typically measured over a 1 minute period.
A slow reduction in the heart rate after exercise may indicate heart problems.
If the heart rate has dropped by less than 12 bpm one minute after stopping exercise this may indicate an increased risk of heart attack.
Training regimes sometimes use recovery heart rate as a guide of progress and to spot problems such as overheating or dehydration. After even short periods of hard exercise it can take a long time (about 30 minutes) for the heart rate to drop to rested levels.
Standard textbooks of physiology and medicine mention that heart rate (HR) is readily calculated from the ECG as follows:
HR = 1,500/RR interval in millimeters, HR = 60/RR interval in seconds, or HR = 300/number of large squares between successive R waves. In each case, the authors are actually referring to instantaneous HR, which is the number of times the heart would beat if successive RR intervals were constant.
Heart rate abnormalities
Tachycardia
Tachycardia is a resting heart rate more than 100 beats per minute. This number can vary as smaller people and children have faster heart rates than average adults.
Bradycardia
Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute although it is seldom symptomatic until below 50 bpm when a human is at total rest. Trained athletes tend to have slow resting heart rates, and resting bradycardia in athletes should not be considered abnormal if the individual has no symptoms associated with it. Again, this number can vary as children and small adults tend to have faster heart rates than average adults.
Miguel Indurain, a Spanish cyclist and five time Tour de France winner, had a resting heart rate of 28 beats per minute, one of the lowest ever recorded in a healthy human.
Arrhythmia
Arrhythmias are abnormalities of the heart rate and rhythm (sometimes felt as palpitations). They can be divided into two broad categories: fast and slow heart rates. Some cause few or minimal symptoms. Others produce more serious symptoms of lightheadedness, dizziness and fainting.
Ventricular assist device
If a
ventricular assist device, or VAD, is installed as an aid to a failing heart, there will be no heart rate and no pulse will be detected, for it is a continuous flow pump.
Heart rate as a risk factor
A number of investigations indicate that faster resting heart rate has emerged as a new risk factor for mortality in homeothermic mammals, particularly cardiovascular mortality in human beings. Faster heart rate may accompany increased production of inflammation molecules and increased production of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular system, in addition to increased mechanical stress to the heart. There is a correlation between increased resting rate and cardiovascular risk. This is not seen to be 'using an allotment of heart beats' but rather an increased risk to the system from the increased rate.
An Australian-led international study of patients with cardiovascular disease has shown that heart beat rate is a key indicator for the risk of heart attack. The study, published in The Lancet (September 2008) studied 11,000 people, across 33 countries, who were being treated for heart problems. Those patients whose heart rate was above 70 beats per minute had significantly higher incidence of heart attacks, hospital admissions and the need for surgery. University of Sydney professor of cardiology Ben Freedman from Sydney's Concord hospital, said "If you have a high heart rate there was an increase in heart attack, there was about a 46 percent increase in hospitalizations for non-fatal or fatal heart attack."
Standard textbooks of physiology and medicine mention that heart rate (HR) is readily calculated from the ECG as follows:
HR = 1,500/RR interval in millimeters, HR = 60/RR interval in seconds, or HR = 300/number of large squares between successive R waves. In each case, the authors are actually referring to instantaneous HR, which is the number of times the heart would beat if successive RR intervals were constant. However, because the above formula is almost always mentioned, students determine HR this way without looking at the ECG any further.
See also
Athlete's heart
Blood flow
Cardiac pacemaker
Cardiology
Cardiovascular drift
Pulse
References
External links
Category:Cardiology
Category:Medical signs
