Flag of the United States

Name	United States of America
Article	the
Nickname	The Stars and Stripes; Red, White and Blue; Old Glory; The Star Spangled Banner
Use	111111
Proportion	10:19
Adoption	June 14, 1777 (original 13-star version)
Design	Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white; in the canton, 50 white stars on a blue field
Type	National

The national flag of the United States of America (or the American flag) consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the "union") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The fifty stars on the flag represent the 50 states and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen colonies that rebelled against the British monarchy and became the first states in the Union. Nicknames for the flag include the "Stars and Stripes", "Old Glory," and "The Star-Spangled Banner" (also the name of the national anthem).

Iconic meaning

The modern meaning of the flag, was forged in December 1861, when Major Robert Anderson, acting without orders, moved the American garrison from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, in defiance of the power of the new Confederate States of America. Goodheart argues this was the opening move of the Civil War, and the flag was used throughout the North to symbolize American nationalism and rejection of secessionism. :Before that day, the flag had served mostly as a military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory, flown from forts, embassies, and ships, and displayed on special occasions like the Fourth of July. But in the weeks after Major Anderson's surprising stand, it became something different. Suddenly the Stars and Stripes flew – as it does today, and especially as it did after September 11 – from houses, from storefronts, from churches; above the village greens and college quads. For the first time American flags were mass-produced rather than individually stitched and even so, manufacturers could not keep up with demand. As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring, that old flag meant something new. The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing: strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for, and many thousands die for.

salutes the United States flag on the surface of the moon during the Apollo 11 mission. Flags accompanied each of the Apollo missions.]]

The flag of the United States is one of the nation's most widely recognized symbols. Within the United States, flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences. The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows, and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States, not only as a nation, state, government, and set of policies, but also as a set of ideals.

The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism, and is proudly flown on many occasions, with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers. Desecration of the flag is considered a public outrage, but remains protected as freedom of speech. In worldwide comparison, Testi (2010) notes that the United States is not unique in adoring its banner, for in Scandinavian countries their flags are also "beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects"

Design

Specifications

The basic design of the current flag is specified by ; outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states. The specification gives the following values:

Hoist (width) of the flag: A = 1.0

Fly (length) of the flag: B = 1.9

Hoist (width) of the Union: C = 0.5385 (A × 7/13, spanning seven stripes)

Fly (length) of the Union: D = 0.76 (B × 2/5, two fifths of the flag length)

E = F = 0.0538 (C/10, One tenth of the width of the Union)

G = H = 0.0633 (D/12, One twelfth of the length of the Union)

Diameter of star: K = 0.0616

Width of stripe: L = 0.0769 (A/13, One thirteenth of the flag width)

These specifications are contained in an executive order which, strictly speaking, governs only flags made for or by the U.S. federal government. In practice, most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different length-to-width ratio; common sizes are or (flag ratio 1.5), or (1.6), or or (1.667). Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes. Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as "G-spec" (for "government specification") flags.

Colors

The exact red, white, and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America, 10th edition. Specifically, the colors are "White", "Old Glory Red", and "Old Glory Blue". The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946. These colors form the standard for cloth, and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing. The "relative" coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag’s "white".

! style="text-align:center;" ! style="text-align:center;" 1.000 .000 .132 1.000 .233 .851

+ Official Colors

rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; padding-left:.7em; padding-right:.7em;"

Name

Absolute

Relative

CIELAB D65

! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"

CIELAB D50

sRGB

! style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"

L* !! style="text-align:center;"

! style="text-align:center;"

L* !! style="text-align:center;"

R !! style="text-align:center;">G !! style="text-align:center;"

B !! style="text-align:center;"| 8-bit hex

C !! style="text-align:center;">M !! style="text-align:center;"

Y !! style="text-align:center;"| K

88.7

−0.2

5.4

style="text-align:left;"

2.5Y

8.8/0.7

style="background:#fff;"

100.0

0.0

1.000

|

1.000

#FFFFFF

.000

|

.000

.000

style="text-align:left;"

33.9

51.2

style="text-align:left;"

5.5R

3.3/11.1

style="background:#b22234;"

39.9

57.3

.698

|

.203

#B22234

.196

|

.757

.118

style="text-align:left;"

23.2

13.1

style="text-align:left;"

8.2PB

2.3/6.1

style="background:#3c3b6e;"

26.9

11.5

.234

|

.430

#3C3B6E

.886

|

.243

.122

, similar to style worn on the United States Army ACU U.S. Military uniform. Note: this patch is normally worn reversed on the right upper sleeve. See explanation in "Display on vehicles and uniforms" section below.]] As with the design, the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government, and other colors are often used for mass-market flags, printed reproductions, and other products intended to evoke flag colors. The practice of using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new. As Taylor, Knoche, and Granville wrote in 1950: "The color of the official wool bunting [of the blue field] is a very dark blue, but printed reproductions of the flag, as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag, present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool."

Sometimes, Pantone Matching System (PMS) approximations to the flag colors are used. One set was given on the website of the U.S. embassy in London as early as 1998; the website of the U.S. embassy in Stockholm claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone, and that the U.S. Government Printing Office preferred a different set. A third red was suggested by a California Military Department document in 2002. In 2001, the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be "(1) the same colors used in the United States flag; and (2) defined as numbers 193 (red) and 281 (dark blue) of the Pantone Matching System."

! style="text-align:center;" ! style="text-align:center;" 1.000 .000 .076 1.000 .149 .906 .048 1.000 .172 .863 .051 1.000

+ Pantone Approximations	style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"	Source	PMS		CIELAB D50			sRGB				GRACoL 2006
L* !! style="text-align:center;"	R !! style="text-align:center;">G !! style="text-align:center;"	B !! style="text-align:center;"| 8-bit hex			C !! style="text-align:center;">M !! style="text-align:center;"	Y !! style="text-align:center;"| K
			100.0	0.0	0.0	1.000	|	1.000	#FFFFFF	.000	|	.000	.000
style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"	,London			42.1	64.4	.756	|	.238	#C1133D	.165	|	.678	.063
style="text-align:left;"	281 C		15.4	7.0	.000	|	.388	#002663	1.000	|	.388	.231
style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"	U.S. Emb.,Stockholm			44.1	67.8	.800	|	.185	#CC0C2F	.122	|	.796	.035
style="text-align:left;"	288 C		18.0	7.6	.000	|	.466	#002C77	1.000	|	.357	.141
style="text-align:left;"				41.1	64.2	.745	|	.203	#BE0D34	.169	|	.749	.074

The 49- and 50-star unions

When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s, more than 1,500 designs were spontaneously submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Although some of them were 49-star versions, the vast majority were 50-star proposals. At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50-star flag. At the time, credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design.

Of these proposals, one created by 17-year-old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project has received the most publicity. His mother was a seamstress, but refused to do any of the work for him. He originally received a B- for the project. After discussing the grade with his teacher, it was agreed (somewhat jokingly) that if the flag was accepted by Congress, the grade would be reconsidered. Heft's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the union in 1959. Both the 49- and 50-star flags were each flown for the first time ever at Fort McHenry on the Fourth of July one year apart, 1959 and 1960 respectively.

Decoration

Traditionally, the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper. Ceremonial displays of the flag, such as those in parades or on indoor posts, often use fringe to enhance the beauty of the flag. The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835, and the Army used it officially in 1895. No specific law governs the legality of fringe, but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe (and the number of stars) "...is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy..." as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian. However, according to the Army Institute of Heraldry, which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered, there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe. Several federal courts have upheld this conclusion. Traditionally, the Army and Air Force use a fringed National Color for parade, color guard and indoor display, while the Sea Services (Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard) use a fringeless National Color for all uses.

Display and use

The flag is customarily flown all year-round at most public buildings, and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full-size flags. Some private use is year-round, but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day, Veterans Day, Presidents' Day, Flag Day, and on Independence Day. On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans. Also on Memorial Day it is common to fly the flag at half staff, until noon, in remembrance of those who lost their lives fighting in U.S. wars.

Flag etiquette

The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use, display, and disposal of the flag. For example, the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing, unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation. (This tradition may come from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII: the American flag bearer did not. Team captain Martin Sheridan is famously quoted as saying "this flag dips to no earthly king", though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear.)

The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and, if flown at night, must be illuminated. If the edges become tattered through wear, the flag should be repaired or replaced. When a flag is so tattered that it can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States, it should be destroyed in a dignified manner, preferably by burning. The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct flag retirement ceremonies, often on Flag Day, June 14. It is a common myth that if a flag touches the ground or becomes soiled, it must be burned as well. While a flag that is currently touching the ground and a soiled flag are unfit for display, neither situation is permanent and thus the flag does not need to be burned if the unfit situation is remedied.

Significantly, the Flag Code prohibits using the flag "for any advertising purpose" and also states that the flag "should not be embroidered, printed, or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions, handkerchiefs, napkins, boxes, or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use". Both of these codes are generally ignored, almost always without comment.

One of the most commonly ignored and misunderstood aspects of the Flag Code is section 8. "The flag should never be used as wearing apparel, bedding, or drapery." Section 3 of the Flag Code defines a flag for the purposes of the code. It clarifies the definition to include any picture or representation of the flag purporting to be of the flag of the United States of America. Therefore T-shirts, or other apparel made of or containing a representation of the flag are in violation of the code.

Although the Flag Code is U.S. federal law, it is only binding on government institutions displaying the flag: there is no penalty for a private citizen or group failing to comply with the Flag Code and it is not widely enforced—indeed, punitive enforcement would conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. Passage of the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment would overrule legal precedent that has been established.

Display on vehicles and uniforms

's space suit]] When the flag is affixed to the side of a vehicle, it should be oriented so that the union is towards the front. This is done to give the impression that the flag is blowing backwards from its hoist as the vehicle moves forward. Therefore, U.S. flag decals on the right sides of vehicles may appear to be "reversed", with the union to the observer's right instead of left as more commonly seen.

On U.S. military uniforms, flag patches are oriented the same way, that is, on the right shoulder with the union toward the front. This rule dates back to the Army's early history, when both mounted cavalry and infantry units would designate a standard bearer, who carried the Colors into battle. As he charged, his forward motion caused the flag to stream back. Since the Stars and Stripes are mounted with the canton closest to the pole, that section stayed to the right, while the stripes flew to the left.

Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction. The uniform of the Boy Scouts of America, for example, has the stripes facing front, the reverse of the military style.

Postage stamps

The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926, depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars. The 48-star flag first appeared on the General Pulaski issue of 1931 however the depiction there is noticeable at best. The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4, 1957, pictured (top).

Places of continuous display

By presidential proclamation, acts of Congress, and custom, U.S. flags are displayed continuously at certain locations.

Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag (15 stars, 15 stripes) are flown at two sites in Baltimore, Maryland: Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine and Flag House Square. Marine Corps War Memorial (Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima), Arlington, Virginia Lexington, Massachusetts Town Green The White House, Washington, D.C. Fifty U.S. flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument, Washington, D.C. , Arlington, Virginia]] At U.S. Customs and Border Protection Ports of Entry that are continuously open. A Civil War era flag (for the year 1863) flies above Pennsylvania Hall (Old Dorm) at Gettysburg College. This building, occupied by both sides at various points of the Battle of Gettysburg, served as a lookout and battlefield hospital. Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge NHP, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

By custom, at the Maryland home, birthplace, and grave of Francis Scott Key; at the Worcester, Massachusetts, war memorial; at the plaza in Taos, New Mexico (since 1861); at the United States Capitol (since 1918); and at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood, South Dakota.

Slover Mountain (Colton Liberty Flag), in Colton, California. July 4, 1917 to circa. 1952 & 1997 to present.

At the ceremonial South Pole as one of the 12 flags representing the signatory countries of the original Antarctic Treaty.

Particular days for display

at Christmas time.]]

The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days:

January: 1 (New Year's Day) 3rd. Monday of the month (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday) and 20 (Inauguration Day, once every four years)

February: 12 (Lincoln's birthday) and the third Monday (Presidents' Day, originally Washington's birthday which is the 22nd)

May: Third Saturday (Armed Forces Day) and last Monday (Memorial Day; half-staff until noon)

June: 14 (Flag Day)

July: 4 (Independence Day)

September: First Monday (Labor Day), 17th (Constitution Day)

October: Second Monday (Columbus Day) and 27 (Navy Day)

November: 11 (Veterans Day) and fourth Thursday (Thanksgiving Day)

and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States; the birthdays of states (date of admission); and on state holidays.

Display at half-staff

The flag is displayed at half-staff (half-mast in naval usage) as a sign of respect or mourning. Nationwide, this action is proclaimed by the president; state-wide or territory-wide, the proclamation is made by the governor. In addition, there is no prohibition against municipal governments, private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half-staff as a local sign of respect and mourning. However, many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices. President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1, 1954, standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half-staff from all federal buildings, grounds, and naval vessels; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued. However, they are only guidelines to all other entities: typically followed at state and local government facilities, and encouraged of private businesses and citizens.

To properly fly the flag at half-staff, one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff, then lower it to the half-staff position, halfway between the top and bottom of the staff. Similarly, when the flag is to be lowered from half-staff, it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff.

Federal guidelines state the flag should be flown at half-staff at the following dates/times: May 15 – Peace Officers Memorial Day, unless it is the third Saturday in May, Armed Forces Day, full-staff all day

Last Monday in May – Memorial Day (until noon)

July 27 – Korean War Veterans Day (expired 2003 − reinstated 2009) September 11 – Patriot Day First Sunday in October – Start of Fire Prevention Week. December 7 – National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day

For 30 days – Death of a president or former president

For 10 days – Death of a vice president, Supreme Court chief justice/retired chief justice, or speaker of the House of Representatives.

From death until the day of interment – Supreme Court associate justice, member of the Cabinet, former vice president, president pro-tempore of the Senate, or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives. Also for federal facilities within a state or territory, for the governor.

On the day after the death – Senators, members of Congress, territorial delegates or the resident commissioner of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Further, the flag is always flown at half-staff at three locations in the United States. These locations are The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier; Arlington Cemetery; and the Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor.

Folding for storage

Though not part of the official Flag Code, according to military custom, flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use. To properly fold the flag:

#Begin by holding it waist-high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground. #Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars, holding the bottom and top edges securely. #Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside. #Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag, starting the fold from the left side over to the right. #Turn the outer end point inward, parallel to the open edge, to form a second triangle. #The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner (usually thirteen triangular folds, as shown at right). On the final fold, any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle (or in the case of exactly even folds, the last triangle) is tucked into the previous fold. #When the flag is completely folded, only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible.

Religious themes

Some people believe that each fold of the flag also carries a symbolic meaning, but there is no authority for their belief. The ceremony was taught to soldiers but after protests at the overt religious themes, the Pentagon withdrew it.

The American Legion, a private organization of veterans, has made its own religious interpretation.

_Canton" title="Thirteen Colonies

Fold

! Meaning

Fold One

Life on Earth

Fold Two

has historically been referred to as the "First National Flag"; although it has never had any official status, it was used early in the American Revolutionary War by George Washington and formed the basis for the design of the first official U.S. flag. It closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the same era that was used from 1707, and an argument dating to Sir Charles Fawcett in 1937 holds that the Company flag indeed inspired the design., in addition to Buckminster Fuller's mention of it in his book, Critical Path (book)>Critical Path. However, the Company flag could have from 9 to 13 stripes, and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean. Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign, a common flag throughout Britain and its colonies.

Another theory holds that the red-and-white stripe—and later, stars-and-stripes—motif of the flag may have been based on the , a merchant whose surname is disputed to the naming of America. According to the American Flag Research Center in Massachusetts the heraldic origin of the American flag is not positively known; archives in the British Library confirm that the Stars and Stripes was the coat of arms of the Ap Merike family – and that they pre-date Washington's connection with the continent by 300 years.

The Flag Resolution of 1777

On June 14, 1777, the Marine Committee of the , rather than a national flag. It appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee. On May 10, 1779, Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters (Continental Congress)>Richard Peters expressed concern "it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States."

Betsy Ross flag. Although the Betsy Ross legend is controversial, the design is among the oldest of any U.S. flags. Popular designs at the time were varied and most were individually crafted rather than mass-produced. Other examples of 13-star arrangements can be found on the Francis Hopkinson#Flag controversy>Francis Hopkinson flag, the Cowpens flag, and the Brandywine flag. Given the scant archaeological and written evidence, it is unknown which design was the most popular at that time.

Guilford Courthouse flag>Guilford Court House Flag, traditionally believed to have been carried by the American troops at the Battle of Guilford Court House in 1781.

The origin of the stars and stripes design is inadequately documented. The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington. No evidence for this exists; indeed, nearly a century had passed before Ross' grandson, William Canby, first publicly suggested it.

Another woman, Rebecca Young, has also been credited as having made the first flag by later generations of her family. Rebecca Young's daughter was Mary Pickersgill, who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag.

Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence>Declaration of Independence, designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. This contradicts the Betsy Ross legend, which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776. Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a bill to Congress for his work. He asked for a "Quarter Cask of the Public Wine" as payment initially. The payment was not made, however, because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress, and he was not the only person to have contributed to the design. No one else contested his claim at the time.

Later flag acts

In 1795, the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the union). For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted, probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter. It was the 15-star, 15-stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner", now the national anthem.

On April 4, 1818, a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted, but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the _

As of July 4, 2011, the 50-star flag has become the longest rendition in use.

The "Flower Flag" arrives in Asia

Canton">Thirteen Colonies

As of July 4, 2011, the 50-star flag has become the longest rendition in use.

The "Flower Flag" arrives in Asia

Canton (Guǎngzhōu) in China in 1785 by the merchant ship Empress of China, which carried a cargo of ginseng. There it gained the designation "Flower Flag" (). According to author and U.S. Naval officer George H. Preble:

], the flower-flag country, and an American, Fah-kay-gawk-yun [花旗國人], flower flag country man, — a more complimentary designation than that of red-headed barbarian, the name first bestowed on the Dutch. Other Asian nations have equivalent terms for America, for example ("Flower Flag"). Chinese nowadays refer to the United States as . Měi is short for Měilìjiān (a Chinese pronunciation of "America") and "guó" means "country," so this name is unrelated to the flag.

Columbia Rediviva>Columbia.

Historical progression of designs

In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag, the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns, often associated with the United States Navy. Canton designs, prior to the proclamation of the 48-star flag, had no official arrangement of the stars. Furthermore, the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934.

13 15 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

! No. ofStars	! No. ofStripes	Design(s)	States Representedby New Stars	! Dates in Use	! Duration
0	13	|	N/A	– June 14, 1777	style="text-align:left;"	(18 months)
13	|		Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,Georgia (U.S. state)>Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts,Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire,Virginia, New York, North Carolina,Rhode Island	– May 1, 1795	style="text-align:left;"	(215 months)
15	|		Vermont, Kentucky	– July 3, 1818	style="text-align:left;"	(278 months)
20	|		Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi,Ohio, Tennessee	– July 3, 1819	style="text-align:left;"	(12 months)
21	|		Illinois	– July 3, 1820	style="text-align:left;"	(12 months)
23	|		Alabama, Maine	– July 3, 1822	style="text-align:left;"	(24 months)
24	|		Missouri	– July 3, 18361831 term "Old Glory" coined	style="text-align:left;"	(168 months)
25	|		Arkansas	– July 3, 1837	style="text-align:left;"	(12 months)
26	|		Michigan	– July 3, 1845	style="text-align:left;"	(96 months)
27	|		Florida	– July 3, 1846	style="text-align:left;"	(12 months)
28	|		Texas	– July 3, 1847	style="text-align:left;"	(12 months)
29	|		Iowa	– July 3, 1848	style="text-align:left;"	(12 months)
30	|		Wisconsin	– July 3, 1851	style="text-align:left;"	(36 months)
31	|		California	– July 3, 1858	style="text-align:left;"	(84 months)
32	|		Minnesota	– July 3, 1859	style="text-align:left;"	(12 months)
33	|		Oregon	– July 3, 1861	style="text-align:left;"	(24 months)
34	|		Kansas	– July 3, 1863	style="text-align:left;"	(24 months)
35	|		West Virginia	– July 3, 1865	style="text-align:left;"	(24 months)
36	|		Nevada	– July 3, 1867	style="text-align:left;"	(24 months)
37	|		Nebraska	– July 3, 1877	style="text-align:left;"	(120 months)
38	|		Colorado	– July 3, 1890	style="text-align:left;"	(156 months)
43	|		Idaho, Montana, North Dakota,South Dakota, Washington (U.S. state)>Washington	– July 3, 1891	style="text-align:left;"	(12 months)
44	|		Wyoming	– July 3, 1896	style="text-align:left;"	(60 months)
45	|		Utah	– July 3, 1908	style="text-align:left;"	(144 months)
46	|		Oklahoma	– July 3, 1912	style="text-align:left;"	(48 months)
48	|		Arizona, New Mexico	– July 3, 1959	style="text-align:left;"	(564 months)
49	|		Alaska	– July 3, 1960	style="text-align:left;"	(12 months)
50	|		Hawaii	– present

Future of the flag

There are political movements supporting statehood in Puerto Rico (by the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico) and the District of Columbia, among other areas. A 51st state will require a new design to accommodate the additional star.

Similar national flags

The flag of Bikini Atoll is symbolic of the islanders' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a thermonuclear bomb on the island as part of the Castle Bravo test.

The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance, showing the ex-American-slave origin of the country. The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes, which stand for the 11 signers of the declaration there, as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the union.

The flag of Malaysia also has a striking resemblance, with red and white stripes (14 total), and a blue canton, but displaying instead of stars a star and crescent emblem. This is due, however, to the great influence of the British East India Company, rather than the later United States flag. Also quite similar is the flag of the Federation of Malaya, a predecessor to current day Malaysia.

Article sections

Colors, standards and guidons: United States

Flag desecration: United States

Associated persons

Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), creator of the Pledge of Allegiance

William Driver (1803–1886), who owned and named "Old Glory"

Charles Fawcett, British historian who suggested the design is based on the flag of the British East India Company

Thomas E. Franklin (1966–present), photographer of Ground Zero Spirit, better known as Raising the Flag at Ground Zero

Christopher Gadsden (1724–1805), after whom the Gadsden flag is named

Robert G. Heft (1941–2009), a designer of the current flag's canton

Francis Hopkinson (1737–1791), designer (according to some historians)

Jasper Johns (1930–), painter of Flag (1954–55), inspired by a dream of the flag

John Paul Jones (1747–1792), who claimed to have first raised the Grand Union Flag aboard the Alfred in 1775

Francis Scott Key (1779–1843), writer of "The Star-Spangled Banner"

Mary Young Pickersgill (1776–1857), maker of the banner hoisted over Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore

Katha Pollitt (1949–present), author of a controversial essay on post-9/11 America and her refusal to fly a U.S. flag

George H. Preble (1816–1885), author of History of the American Flag (1872) and photographer of the Fort McHenry flag

Joe Rosenthal (1911–2006), photographer of Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima

Betsy Ross (1752–1836), creator of the first stars and stripes flag (according to legend)

George Washington (1732–1799), who (according to legend) first sketched the stars and stripes design and on whose family arms the design may be based

References

Bibliography

Allentown Art Museum. The American Flag in the Art of Our Country. Allentown Art Museum, 1976.

Herbert Ridgeway Collins. Threads of History: Americana Recorded on Cloth 1775 to the Present. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979.

Grace Rogers Cooper. Thirteen-star Flags: Keys to Identification. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1973.

David D. Crouthers. Flags of American History. Hammond, 1978.

Louise Lawrence Devine. The Story of Our Flag. Rand McNally, 1960.

William Rea Furlong, Byron McCandless, and Harold D. Langley. So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.

Scot M. Guenter, The American Flag, 1777–1924: Cultural Shifts from Creation to Codification. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 1990. online

Kevin Keim & Peter Keim. A Grand Old Flag: A History of the United States through its Flags. DK Publishing. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7566-2847-5.

Marc Leepson, Flag: An American Biography. Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2005.

David Roger Manwaring. Render Unto Caesar: The Flag-Salute Controversy. University of Chicago Press, 1962.

Boleslaw Mastai and Marie-Louise D'Otrange Mastai. The Stars and the Stripes: The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present. Knopf, 1973.

Milo Milton Quaife. The Flag of the United States. 1942.

Milo Milton Quaife, Melvin J. Weig, and Roy Applebaum. The History of the United States Flag, from the Revolution to the Present, Including a Guide to Its Use and Display. Harper, 1961.

Albert M. Rosenblatt. "Flag Desecration Statutes: History and Analysis," Washington University Law Quarterly 1972: 193–237.

Leonard A. Stevens. Salute! The Case of The Bible vs. The Flag. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1973.

Arnaldo Testi. Capture the Flag: The Stars and Stripes in American History (New York University Press; 2010) 192 pages. A European perspective on the symbolism and political, social, and cultural significance of the flag.

External links

Official American Flag Etiquette

A mathematician figures out the best way to jam an extra star onto the American flag. – By Chris Wilson – Slate Magazine

Star power: 200 years of change (USA TODAY)

The Stars and Stripes in Action — slideshow by Life magazine

The Thirteen Stars and Stripes-A Survey of 18th Century Images of the US Flag

U.S. Flag Etiquette (ushistory.org)

U.S. Flag etiquette (americanflags.org)

Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the flag

Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Facts About the United States Flag (citation needs to be updated)

The Flag Code—U.S. Code Home: Title 4, Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States—Chapter 1, The Flag

* Provides details about the design of the flag, treatment of the flag, the pledge of allegiance, etc.

Executive Order No. 10798, with specifications and regulations for the current flag

Is the American Flag Alive?

Flag of the United States of America

Civil Air Patrol – Flag Folding (YouTube) (Video on the proper folding of the United States flag)

Photo gallery: Inside an American flag manufacturing plan

Category:National symbols of the United States United States