March 21st is the common date of the March equinox (although astronomically the equinox is more likely to fall on March 20 in all but the most easterly longitudes). In astrology, the day of the equinox is the first full day of the sign of Aries. It is also the traditional first day of the astrological year.

Events

717 – Battle of Vincy between Charles Martel and Ragenfrid.

1152 – Annulment of the marriage of King Louis VII of France and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.

1188 – Emperor Antoku accedes to the throne of Japan.

1413 – Henry V becomes King of England.

1556 – In Oxford, Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer is burned at the stake.

1788 – A fire in New Orleans leaves most of the town in ruins.

1800 – With the church leadership driven out of Rome during an armed conflict, Pius VII is crowned Pope in Venice with a temporary papal tiara made of papier-mâché.

1801 – The Battle of Alexandria is fought between British and French forces near the ruins of Nicopolis in Egypt.

1804 – Code Napoléon is adopted as French civil law.

1814 – Napoleonic Wars: Austrian forces repel French troops in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube.

1821 – Greek War of Independence: First revolutionary act in the monastery of Agia Lavra, Kalavryta.

1844 – The Bahá'í calendar begins. This is the first day of the first year of the Bahá'í calendar. It is annually celebrated by members of the Bahá'í Faith as the Bahá'í New Year or Náw-Rúz.

1857 – An earthquake in Tokyo, Japan kills over 100,000.

1871 – Otto von Bismarck is appointed Chancellor of the German Empire.

1871 – Journalist Henry Morton Stanley begins his trek to find the missionary and explorer David Livingstone.

1913 – Over 360 are killed and 20,000 homes destroyed in the Great Dayton Flood in Dayton, Ohio.

1918 – World War I: The first phase of the German Spring Offensive, Operation Michael, begins.

1919 – The Hungarian Soviet Republic is established becoming the first Communist government to be formed in Europe after the October Revolution in Russia.

1921 – The New Economic Policy is implemented by the Bolshevik Party in response to the economic failure as a result of War Communism.

1928 – Charles Lindbergh is presented with the Medal of Honor for the first solo trans-Atlantic flight.

1933 – Construction of Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed.

1935 – Shah Reza Pahlavi formally asks the international community to call Persia by its native name, Iran, which means 'Land of the Aryans.'

1937 – Ponce Massacre: 18 people and a 7-year-old girl in Ponce, Puerto Rico, are gunned down by a police squad acting under orders of US-appointed Governor, Blanton C. Winship.

1943 – Wehrmacht officer Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff plots to assassinate Adolf Hitler by using a suicide bomb, but the plan falls through. Von Gersdorff is able to defuse the bomb in time and avoid suspicion.

1945 – World War II: British troops liberate Mandalay, Burma.

1945 – World War II: Operation Carthage – British planes bomb Gestapo headquarters in Copenhagen, Denmark. They also hit a school and 125 civilians are killed.

1945 – World War II: Bulgaria and the Soviet Union successfully complete their defense of the north bank of the Drava River as the Battle of Drava concludes.

1946 – The Los Angeles Rams sign Kenny Washington, making him the first African American player in the American football since 1933.

1952 – Alan Freed presents the Moondog Coronation Ball, the first rock and roll concert, in Cleveland, Ohio.

1960 – Apartheid: Massacre in Sharpeville, South Africa: Police open fire on a group of unarmed black South African demonstrators, killing 69 and wounding 180.

1963 – Alcatraz, a federal penitentiary on an island in San Francisco Bay, closes.

1964 – In Copenhagen, Denmark, Gigliola Cinquetti wins the ninth Eurovision Song Contest for Italy singing "Non ho l'età" ("I'm not old enough").

1965 – Ranger program: NASA launches Ranger 9 which is the last in a series of unmanned lunar space probes.

1965 – Martin Luther King, Jr. leads 3,200 people on the start of the third and finally successful civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.

1968 – Battle of Karameh in Jordan between Israeli Defense Forces and Fatah.

1970 – The first Earth Day proclamation is issued by Mayor of San Francisco Joseph Alioto.

1980 – US President Jimmy Carter announces a United States boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow to protest the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan.

1980 – On the season finale of the soap opera Dallas, the infamous character J.R. Ewing is shot by an unseen assailant, leading to the catchphrase "Who shot J.R.?"

1989 – Sports Illustrated reports allegations tying baseball player Pete Rose to baseball gambling.

1990 – Namibia becomes independent after 75 years of South African rule.

1994 – The last episode of the Australian TV series Mother and Son was broadcast.

1997 – In a Tel Aviv, Israel coffee shop, a suicide bomber kills 3 and injures 49.

1999 – Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones become the first to circumnavigate the Earth in a hot air balloon.

2002 – In Pakistan, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh along with three other suspects are charged with murder for their part in the kidnapping and killing of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl.

2006 – Immigrant workers constructing the Burj Khalifa and a new terminal of Dubai International Airport riot causing $1M in damage.

Births

1521 – Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1553)

1527 – Hermann Finck, German composer (d. 1558)

1685 – Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer (d. 1750)

1713 – Francis Lewis, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1803)

1763 – Jean Paul, German writer (d. 1825)

1768 – Joseph Fourier, French mathematician (d. 1830)

1801 – Maria Theresa of Tuscany, Queen of Sardinia (d. 1855)

1806 – Benito Juárez, Mexican statesman (d. 1872)

1811 – Nathaniel Woodard, English educationalist (d. 1891)

1825 – Alexander F. Mozhayskiy, Russian aviation pioneer (d. 1890)

1835 – Thomas Hayward, English cricketer (d. 1876)

1839 – Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky, Russian composer (d. 1881)

1854 – Alick Bannerman, Australian cricketer (d. 1924)

1863 – George Owen Squier, American inventor (d. 1934)

1869 – Florenz Ziegfeld, American theater producer (d. 1932)

1876 – Walter Tewksbury, American athlete (d. 1968)

1880 – Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson, American actor (d. 1971)

1882 – Aleksander Kesküla, Estonian politician and nationalist (d. 1963)

1882 – Bascom Lamar Lunsford, American lawyer, folklorist, and folk musician (d. 1973)

1885 – Pierre Renoir, French actor and director (d. 1952)

1895 – Zlatko Baloković, Croatian violinist (d. 1955)

1901 – Karl Arnold, German politician (d. 1958)

1902 – Son House, American musician (d. 1988)

1904 – Forrest Mars Sr., American candymaker (d. 1999)

1904 – Nikolaos Skalkottas, Greek composer (d. 1949)

1904 – Jehane Benoît, Canadian culinary author (d. 1987)

1905 – Phyllis McGinley, American author and poet (d. 1978)

1906 – Jim Thompson, American designer and businessman (d. 1967)

1910 – M S Khan, Bangladeshi intellectual (d. 1978)

1910 – Julio Gallo, American vintner (d. 1993)

1913 – George Abecassis, English race car driver (d. 1991)

1914 – Paul Tortelier, French cellist (d. 1990)

1916 – Ustad Bismillah Khan, Indian shehnai maestro (d. 2006)

1917 – Frank Hardy, Australian author (d. 1994)

1917 – Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist and politician (d. 1984)

1918 – Patrick J. Lucey, American politician

1920 – Georg Ots, Estonian singer (d. 1975)

1920 – Manolis Chiotis, Greek bouzouki player and songwriter (d. 1970)

1921 – Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist (d. 1986)

1922 – Russ Meyer, American film director and producer (d. 2004)

1923 – Philip Abbott, American actor (d. 1998)

1923 – Nirmala Srivastava, Indian religious figure (d. 2011)

1924 – Dov Shilansky, Israeli politician (d. 2010)

1925 – Peter Brook, British stage director and producer

1925 – Hugo Koblet, Swiss cyclist (d. 1964)

1927 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German politician

1929 – Maurice Catarcio, American professional wrestler (d. 2005)

1930 – James Coco, American actor (d. 1987)

1932 – Walter Gilbert, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

1932 – Joseph Silverstein, American violinist and conductor

1933 – Michael Heseltine, English politician

1934 – Al Freeman, Jr., American actor

1935 – Brian Clough, English footballer and football manager (d. 2004)

1936 – Ed Broadbent, Canadian politician

1936 – Mike Westbrook, British jazz composer, bandleader and pianist

1937 – Tom Flores, American Football player

1940 – Solomon Burke, American singer (d. 2010)

1942 – Françoise Dorléac, French actress (d. 1967)

1942 – Kostas Politis, Greek basketball player and coach

1943 – István Gyulai, Hungarian sports executive (d. 2006)

1943 – Hartmut Haenchen, German conductor

1943 – Vivian Stanshall, English musician (Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band) (d. 1995)

1944 – Marie-Christine Barrault, French actress

1944 – Hideki Ishima, Japanese guitarist (Flower Travellin' Band)

1945 – Rose Stone, American musician (Sly & the Family Stone)

1946 – Ray Dorset, English musician (Mungo Jerry)

1946 – Timothy Dalton, British actor

1948 – Scott Fahlman, American computer scientist

1949 – Slavoj Žižek, Slovenian sociologist and cultural critic

1949 – Eddie Money, American musician

1950 – Roger Hodgson, English musician (Supertramp)

1951 – Russell Thompkins Jr, American singer (The Stylistics)

1953 – Paul Martin Lester, American educator, author, and photographer

1955 – Dimitrios Papadimoulis, Greek politician

1956 – Guy Chadwick, English guitarist, vocalist and songwriter (The House of Love)

1956 – Ingrid Kristiansen, Norwegian runner

1958 – Sabrina Le Beauf, American actress

1958 – Gary Oldman, English actor

1959 – Sarah Jane Morris, English singer

1959 – Nobuo Uematsu, Japanese composer

1959 – Yuval Rotem, Israeli Ambassador

1960 – Benito de Leon, Filipino military officer

1960 – Ayrton Senna, Brazilian race car driver (d. 1994)

1960 – Robert Sweet, American drummer

1961 – Lothar Matthäus, German footballer

1962 – Matthew Broderick, American actor

1962 – Kathy Greenwood, Canadian actress

1962 – Rosie O'Donnell, American comedian and actress

1962 – Mark Waid, American comic book writer

1963 – Shawn Lane, American musician (d. 2003)

1963 – Shawon Dunston, American baseball player

1963 – Ronald Koeman, Dutch footballer and football manager

1964 – Ahmed Radhi, Iraqi international football star

1964 – Jesper Skibby, Danish professional cyclist

1965 – Xavier Bertrand, French politician

1967 – Jonas Berggren, Swedish musician (Ace of Base)

1967 – Adrian Chiles, British television and radio presenter

1967 – Maxim Reality, British MC (The Prodigy)

1968 – Cameron Clyne, Australian businessman

1968 – DJ Premier, American record producer

1968 – Jaye Davidson, American actor

1968 – Greg Ellis, English actor

1968 – Shin Seung Hun, South Korean ballad singer

1968 – Scott Williams, American basketball player

1968 – Samantha Dorman, American model

1969 – Ali Daei, Iranian footballer

1969 – Jonah Goldberg, American author and pundit

1970 – Shiho Niiyama, Japanese voice actress (d. 2000)

1970 – Cenk Uygur, American radio talk show host

1972 – Large Professor, American hip hop artist

1972 – Chris Candido, American professional wrestler (d. 2005)

1973 – Vanessa Branch, British-American actress and model

1973 – Ananda Lewis, American model and television personality

1973 – Stuart Nethercott, English footballer

1973 – Jerry Supiran, American actor

1974 – Laura Allen, American actress

1974 – Jose Clayton, Tunisian footballer

1974 – Rhys Darby, New Zealand comedian

1974 – Edsel Dope, American singer (Dope)

1975 – Fabricio Oberto, Argentine basketball player

1975 – Justin Pierce, British actor (d. 2000)

1975 – Vitaly Potapenko, Ukrainian basketball player

1975 – Mark Williams, Welsh snooker player

1975 – Yacoub Al-Mohana, Kuwaiti film director

1976 – Tekin Sazlog, Turkish footballer

1976 – Rachael MacFarlane, American voice actress

1977 – Charles Blackstone, American author

1978 – Nick Baines, English keyboardist (Kaiser Chiefs)

1978 – Charmaine Dragun, Australian news anchor (d. 2007)

1978 – Kevin Federline, American dancer; ex-husband of Britney Spears

1978 – Cristian Guzmán, Dominican baseball player

1978 – Rani Mukherjee, Indian actress

1980 – Marit Bjørgen, Norwegian cross-country skier

1980 – Ronaldinho Gaucho, Brazilian international footballer

1980 – Deryck Whibley, Canadian guitarist and singer (Sum41)

1980 – Lee Jin, South Korean actress

1981 – Germano, Brazilian footballer

1982 – Aaron Hill, American baseball player

1982 – Colin Turkington, British racing driver

1982 – Jocie Kok, Chinese-Singaporean singer

1983 – Jean Ondoa, Cameroonian footballer

1984 – Tiago, Brazilian footballer

1985 – Ryan Callahan, American hockey player

1985 – Adrian Peterson, American football player

1988 – Lee Cattermole, English footballer

1988 – Erik Johnson, American ice hockey player

1989 – Nicolas Lodeiro, Uruguayan footballer

1989 – Takeru Satoh, Japanese actor

1989 – Rochelle Wiseman, English singer (The Saturdays)

1990 – Mandy Capristo, German singer (Monrose)

1990 – Ryann Krais, American heptathlete

1991 – Luke Chapman, English footballer

2004 – Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg

Deaths

1063 – Blessed Richeza of Lotharingia, venerated in Roman Catholicism, wife of King Mieszko II of Poland

1076 – Robert I, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1011)

1181 – Taira Kiyomori, Japanese Feudal general (b. 1118)

1306 – Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1248)

1487 – Nicholas of Flue, Swiss hermit and saint (b. 1417)

1556 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (burned at the stake) (b. 1489)

1617 – Pocahontas, Native American, daughter of Powhatan (b. c.1595)

1656 – James Ussher, Irish Anglican archbishop (b. 1581)

1676 – Henri Sauval, French historian (b. 1623)

1729 – John Law, Scottish economist (b. 1671)

1734 – Robert Wodrow, Scottish historian (b. 1679)

1751 – Johann Heinrich Zedler, German publisher (b. 1706)

1762 – Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, French astronomer (b. 1713)

1772 – Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, French cartographer (b. 1703)

1795 – Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist (b. 1714)

1801 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (b. 1741)

1804 – Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé (executed) (b. 1772)

1843 – Robert Southey, English poet (b. 1774)

1843 – Guadalupe Victoria, first President of Mexico (b. 1786)

1850 – Miguel Pedrorena, American settler

1863 – Edwin Vose Sumner, American Civil War general (b. 1797)

1881 – Samuel Courtauld, American-born textile magnate (b. 1793)

1884 – Ezra Abbot, American bible scholar (b. 1819)

1910 – Nadar, French photographer (b. 1820)

1915 – Frederick Winslow Taylor, American inventor (b. 1856)

1920 – Evelina Haverfield British suffragette (b. 1867)

1934 – Franz Schreker, Austrian composer (b. 1878)

1936 – Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer (b. 1865)

1945 – Artur Nebe, German SS officer (b. 1894)

1951 – Willem Mengelberg, Dutch conductor (b. 1871)

1958 – Cyril M. Kornbluth, American writer (b. 1923)

1970 – Manolis Chiotis, Greek songwriter and musician (b. 1920)

1975 – Joe Medwick, baseball player (b. 1911)

1980 – Peter Stoner, American mathematician, astronomer and Christian apologist (b. 1888)

1980 – Angelo Bruno, American mobster (b. 1910)

1984 – Shauna Grant, American actress (suicide) (b. 1963)

1985 – Sir Michael Redgrave, English actor (b. 1908)

1987 – Dean Paul Martin, American musician (b. 1951)

1987 – Robert Preston, American actor (b. 1918)

1991 – Leo Fender, American guitar manufacturer (b. 1909)

1992 – John Ireland, Canadian film actor and director (b. 1914)

1992 – Natalie Sleeth, American composer (b. 1930)

1994 – Macdonald Carey, American actor (b. 1913)

1994 – Dack Rambo, American actor (b. 1941)

1994 – Lili Damita, French actress (b. 1904)

1997 – W. V. Awdry, English children's writer (b. 1911)

1998 – Galina Sergeyevna Ulánova, Russian prima ballerina assoluta (b. 1910)

1999 – Ernie Wise, British comedian (b. 1925)

2001 – Chung Ju-yung, Korean industrialist (b. 1915)

2001 – Anthony Steel, English actor (b. 1920)

2002 – Herman Talmadge, American politician (b. 1913)

2003 – Umar Wirahadikusumah, Fourth Vice President of Indonesia (b. 1924)

2004 – Ludmilla Tchérina, French ballet dancer and actress (b. 1924)

2005 – Barney Martin, American actor (b. 1923)

2005 – Bobby Short, American singer (b. 1924)

2007 – Drew Hayes, American writer and graphic artist (b. 1969)

2007 – Sven O. Høiby, the father of Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway (b. 1936)

2007 – Kevin Whitrick, first British man to commit suicide on a live chatroom (b. 1964)

2008 – Guillermo Jullian de la Fuente, Chilean architect (b. 1931)

2009 – Walt Poddubny, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1960)

2010 – Wolfgang Wagner, German opera director (b. 1919)

2011 – Loleatta Holloway, American singer (b. 1946)

2011 – Gerd Klier, German footballer (b. 1944)

2011 – Ladislav Novák, Czech footballer (b. 1931)

2011 – Pinetop Perkins, Member of the Blues Hall of Fame (b. 1913)

Holidays and observances

Birth of Benito Juárez, a Fiestas Patrias (Mexico)

Christian Feast Day:

*Nicholas of Flüe

Commemoration of Thomas Cranmer, Translator and Reviser of the Liturgy, Archbishop of Canterbury, Martyr, 1556 CE (Anglicanism)

Earliest day on which Holy Saturday can fall, while April 24 is the latest; celebrated on Saturday before Easter. (Christianity)

Harmony Day (Australia)

Human Rights Day (South Africa)

Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Namibia from South African mandate in 1990.

International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (International)

Mother's Day (most of the Arab World)

Nowrouz (lit. "New Day" in Persian) : the Persian New Year; the first day of the Persian calendar, i.e. 1st of Farvardin, is observed on the Vernal Equinox and usually coincides with March 21st, except for leap years when it coincides with March 20th.

The first day of Bahá, the first month in Bahá'í calendar (Bahá'í Faith)

Truant's Day (Poland)

Vernal Equinox (see March 20)

World Down Syndrome Day (International)

World Poetry Day (International)

Youth Day (Tunisia)

Earth Day (International)

External links

BBC: On This Day

On This Day in Canada

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Category:Days of the year Category:March

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Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Eric Whitacre
background	non_performing_personnel
born	January 02, 1970
occupation	Composer Conductor Lecturer
website	ericwhitacre.com
notable instruments	}}

Eric Whitacre (born January 2, 1970 in Reno, Nevada) is an American composer, conductor and lecturer. He is one of the most popular and performed composers of his generation. In 2008, the all-Whitacre choral CD Cloudburst (released by the British ensemble Polyphony on Hyperion Records) became an international best-seller, topping the classical charts and earning a Grammy nomination. Robert Hollingworth commented: "what hits you straight between the eyes is the honesty, optimism and sheer belief that passes any pretension. This is music that can actually make you smile." Whitacre's Virtual Choir projects on YouTube exposed his music to a new audience. Whitacre signed a long-term recording deal with Decca in 2010 and continues to develop his award winning musical Paradise Lost. A condensed concert version was given at Carnegie Hall in 2010. Plans for the stage show and soundtrack extend into 2011.

Biography

Whitacre began his musical training while an undergraduate at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, where he studied composition with avant garde Ukrainian composer Virko Baley and choral conducting with David Weiller. He wrote his setting of Go, Lovely Rose for his college choir and presented the composition as a gift to David Weiller. Eric went on to earn his Master's degree in composition at the Juilliard School, where he studied with John Corigliano. His works Water Night, Cloudburst, Sleep, Lux Aurumque, A Boy and a Girl and "The Seal Lullaby" are amongst the most popular choral works in the standard repertory; his Ghost Train, Godzilla Eats Las Vegas and October and "Equus" have achieved similar success in the symphonic wind community. His cutting edge musical Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings, which combines influences including trance, electronica, and anime with choral, cinematic, and operatic traditions, won the ASCAP Harold Arlen Award, the Richard Rogers award, and 10 Ovation Award nominations. He has received composition awards from the Barlow International Composition Competition, the American Choral Directors Association and the American Composers Forum. In 2001, Whitacre became the youngest recipient ever awarded the Raymond C. Brock commission by the American Choral Directors Association.

Since 2000, he has conducted concerts of his choral and symphonic music in Japan, Australia, China, Singapore, South America and much of Europe, as well as in American Universities and colleges where he regularly conducts seminars and lectures with young musicians. 2010-11 commissions include works for Chanticleer, The King's Singers, Julian Lloyd Webber, and The London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus.

Whitacre's first recording, The Music of Eric Whitacre, was named by the American Record Guide as one of the top ten classical albums of 1997. In 2006, a full collection of his a cappella music, Cloudburst and Other Choral Works, was released on the British label Hyperion Records. The album became an international best seller, appearing in the top ten of both Billboard's and iTunes Top Classical Albums charts. Two years after its release, it continues to be a top-seller and won a 2007 Grammy nomination for Best Choral Performance. In 2010, Whitacre signed a long-term contract with Decca as a performer. "Light & Gold," Whitacre's first album with the label, was released in October 2010, and features Whitacre himself as conductor and musical director.

In October 2010 Whitacre was named Composer-in-Residence and Visiting Fellow at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge University. He lived on campus for the duration of the 2010 Michaelmas term. In March 2011 it was announced that he had joined the fashion models agency, Storm.

Whitacre is married to Grammy-award winning soprano Hila Plitmann.

Style

Whitacre writes music that incorporates contemporary sounds and influences while demanding precision, intonation and ensemble. He is probably best known for his choral works; however, both his choral and instrumental styles use his signature "Whitacre chords," or pan-diatonic clusters usually arranged in successive increasing or decreasing density. Whitacre achieves this growth and decay by splitting voices divisi—in one case up to 18 parts. These sonorities can often be read as seventh or ninth chords, with or without suspended seconds and fourths. Perhaps his most famous chord is a root-position major triad with an added major second and/or perfect fourth. Whitacre makes frequent use of quartal, quintal and secundal harmonies, and is also known for his use of unconventional chord progressions. His use of rhythm often involves mixed, complex, and/or compound meters. His pieces sometimes include frequent meter changes and unusual rhythmic patterns. Another trademark of Whitacre's pieces is the use of aleatoric and indeterminate sections, as well as unusual score instructions involving, in some cases, hand actions and/or props.

Projects

Virtual Choir

Whitacre's Virtual Choir projects were inspired by a video sent to him of a young girl singing one of his choral pieces he then began with a test run of Sleep, then Lux Aurumque in 2009 and was followed again by Sleep in 2010. The video for Lux Aurumque, featuring a virtual choir of 185 voices from 12 countries, was described as a "musical experience that works better than anyone might have expected", their video receiving over 1,000,000 hits in the first two months of its release.

The 2010 version of the Virtual Choir 2.0 "Sleep" began in October 2010 and the video submission process was completed on 10 January 2011. Whitacre spoke at TED.com and this video was released on April 1, 2011, accompanied with a short 2 minute example of the "Sleep" project. The YouTube release was on April 7, 2011.

Recording projects

Whitacre's first album with Decca, Light & Gold was released in October 2010. From October to December 2010, Whitacre was a visiting Fellow at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge during Michaelmas (Autumn) Term. He composed a piece for the college choir, and worked with students in masterclasses and workshops. The concert version of his musical Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings was performed to a sold out audience at Carnegie Hall in June 2010.

Performance projects

Whitacre has worked collaboratively with Distinguished Concerts International New York (DCINY) and is due to collaborate with them again in 2011 in New York, Vancouver and Los Angeles. With regard to his musical "Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings", he was described by the New York Times as a "younger, hipper Andrew Lloyd Webber, with fleeting hints of Bernstein and Sondheim".

On 24 October 2010, he conducted an all-American programme with the London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus at the Barbican London, in a performance that featured his commission for the London Symphony Chorus entitled Songs of Immortality. On 28 November 2010, he sat on the panel of judges for the final episode of Choir of the Year, broadcast on BBC Four and BBC Radio 3. In December 2010, Whitacre conducted the I Vocalisti choir in Hamburg, and was a guest conductor of the Christmas performance of the Berlin Rundfunkchor.

On 6 November 2010, Whitacre conducted Côrdydd, a Cardiff-based mixed choir, and friends in a concert of his work at the BBC Hoddinott Hall in the Wales Millennium Centre.

Whitacre is a founding member of BCM International, a quartet of composers consisting of himself, Steven Bryant, Jonathan Newman and James Bonney, which aspires to "enrich the wind ensemble repertoire with music unbound by traditional thought or idiomatic cliché."

Awards and honors

Whitacre has won awards from the Barlow international composition competition, American Choral Directors Association, American Composers' Forum and in 2001 became the youngest recipient ever of The Raymond C Brock Commission given by the American Choral Directors Association. His musical Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings earned him a ASCAP Richard Rodgers Award|Richard Rodgers Award and received 10 nominations at the 2007 Los Angeles Stage Alliance Ovation Awards. The album Cloudburst and Other Choral Works received a Grammy nomination in 2007 for Best Choral Performance.

Works

Wind symphony

Equus

Ghost Train Triptych

* Ghost Train

* At the Station

* Motive Revolution

Godzilla Eats Las Vegas!

Noisy Wheels of Joy

October

Sleep (choral transcription)

The Seal Lullaby (choral transcription for wind symphony and piano)

Lux Aurumque (choral transcription, transposed a semitone lower from C-Sharp Minor to C Minor)

Cloudburst (choral transcription)

Libertas Imperio (From Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings)

SATB choral

Animal Crackers, Volume 1 (Poems by Ogden Nash)

* The Panther

* The Cow

* The Firefly

Animal Crackers, Volume 2 (Poems by Ogden Nash)

* The Canary

* The Eel

* The Kangaroo

A Boy and A Girl (poem by Octavio Paz)

Cloudburst (poem by Octavio Paz)

Five Hebrew Love Songs (poem by Hila Plitmann)

* Temuna

* Kala Kalla (Light Bride)

* Larov (Mostly)

* Eyze Sheleg! (What snow!)

* Rakut (Tenderness)

Her Sacred Spirit Soars (poem by Charles Anthony Silvestri)

Leonardo Dreams of His Flying Machine (libretto by Charles Anthony Silvestri)

Little Birds (poem by Octavio Paz)

little tree (poem by E. E. Cummings)

Lux Aurumque (poem by Edward Esch; translated into Latin by Charles Anthony Silvestri) (also set for male chorus)

Nox Aurumque (poem by Charles Anthony Silvestri)

The Seal Lullaby (poem by Rudyard Kipling)

She Weeps Over Rahoon (poem by James Joyce)

Sleep (originally a setting of Robert Frost's poem, "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"; for copyright reasons the published version uses a specially-written text by Charles Anthony Silvestri)

Sleep, My Child (Choral transcription from Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings)

The Stolen Child (setting of a poem by William Butler Yeats, commissioned in 2008 by the National Youth Choir of Great Britain and The King's Singers for their respective 25th and 40th anniversaries)

This Marriage (poem by Jalal al-Din Rumi)

Three Flower Songs

* I Hide Myself (poem by Emily Dickinson)

* With a Lily in Your Hand (poem by Federico García Lorca)

* Go, Lovely Rose (poem by Edmund Waller)

Three Songs of Faith (poems by E. E. Cummings))

** i will wade out

* hope, faith, life, love

i thank You God for most this amazing day

Water Night (poem by Octavio Paz; translated by Muriel Rukeyser)

When David Heard (from II Samuel 18:33)

Winter (poem by Edward Esch)

What If (lyrics by David Norona and Eric Whitacre)

SSA choral

She Weeps Over Rahoon (text by James Joyce)

Five Hebrew Love Songs (poem by Hila Plitmann)

The Seal Lullaby (text by Rudyard Kipling)

TTBB choral

Lux Aurumque (poem by Edward Esch, translated into Latin by Charles Anthony Silvestri)

The Seal Lullaby (text by Rudyard Kipling)

Choral works not yet published

The City and the Sea (poems by e. e. Cummings)

* i walked the boulevard

* the moon is hiding in her hair

* maggie and millie and molly and may

* as is the sea marvelous (commissioned by the Greater Washington Independent Schools Choral Festival)

* little man in a hurry (Written for Mahtomedi High School, among others.)

Songs of Immortality

* Lie still, sleep becalmed (poem by Dylan Thomas)

After Great Pain (poem by Emily Dickenson)

Orchestral

October

Winter

A Boy and a Girl

Lux Aurumque

Water Night

The River Cam

Solo voice

The City and the Sea (poems by e. e. Cummings)

Five Hebrew Love Songs (poem by Hila Plitmann)

Orchestra

Winter (for strings, choir and sitar)

Music theatre

Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings, a musical featuring electronic, world, and orchestral instruments; classical singers; and many different styles of music.

Other arrangements

Rak HaHatchala (Only the Beginning) [aka Five Hebrew Love Songs]; for soprano voice, solo violin, piano

Publishers

Whitacre is published by Chester Music; G. Schirmer; Walton Music; Santa Barbara Music; Shadow Water Music; and Carpe Ranam Music.

References

External links

Eric_Whitacre on WikiMusicGuide

Biography on Hyperion Records

NPR Review of Cloudburst and choral audio. September 28, 2006

Music Productions Ltd (Management company of Eric Whitacre)

Eric Whitacre write-up on ChesterNovello web site

TED about the virtual choir">Eric talking at TED about the virtual choir

Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir 2.0, 'Sleep'

Classical Archives Interview

Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century classical composers Category:21st-century classical composers Category:American composers Category:Concert Band composers Category:University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni Category:Juilliard School alumni

af:Eric Whitacre de:Eric Whitacre fr:Eric Whitacre it:Eric Whitacre he:אריק וייטאקר nl:Eric Whitacre ja:エリック・ウィテカー no:Eric Whitacre sv:Eric Whitacre

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Hans Rosling
birth date	July 27, 1948
death date
workplaces	Karolinska Institute
alma mater	Uppsala University, St. John's Medical College
known for	Gapminder Foundation and Trendalyzer
signature
spouse	}}

Hans Rosling (born 27 July 1948 in Uppsala, Sweden) is a Swedish medical doctor, academic, statistician and public speaker. He is Professor of International Health at Karolinska Institute and co-founder and chairman of the Gapminder Foundation, which developed the Trendalyzer software system.

Study and career

From 1967 to 1974 Rosling studied statistics and medicine at Uppsala University, and in 1972 he studied public health at St. John's Medical College, Bangalore. He became a licenced physician in 1976 and from 1979 to 1981 he served as District Medical Officer in Nacala in northern Mozambique.

On 21 August 1981, Rosling discovered an outbreak of konzo, a paralytic disease, and the investigations that followed earned him a Ph.D. degree at Uppsala University in 1986. He spent two decades studying outbreaks of this disease in remote rural areas across Africa and supervised more than ten Ph.D. students. Outbreaks occur among hunger-stricken rural populations in Africa where a diet dominated by insufficiently processed cassava results in simultaneous malnutrition and high dietary cyanide intake.

Rosling's research has also focused on other links between economic development, agriculture, poverty and health in Africa, Asia and Latin America. He has been health adviser to WHO, UNICEF and several aid agencies. In 1993 he was one of the initiators of Médecins Sans Frontières in Sweden. At Karolinska Institutet he was head of the Division of International Health (IHCAR) from 2001 to 2007. As chairman of Karolinska International Research and Training Committee (1998–2004) he started health research collaborations with universities in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. He started new courses on Global Health and co-authored a textbook on Global Health that promotes a fact-based world view.

Rosling presented the television documentary The Joy of Stats, which was broadcast in the United Kingdom by BBC Four in December 2010.

Gapminder

Rosling co-founded the Gapminder Foundation together with his son Ola Rosling and daughter-in-law Anna Rosling Rönnlund. Gapminder developed the Trendalyzer software that converts international statistics into moving, interactive graphics. His lectures using Gapminder graphics to visualise world development have won awards. The interactive animations are freely available from the Foundation's website. On 16 March 2007 Google acquired the Trendalyzer software with the intention to scale it up and make it freely available for public statistics. In 2008 Google made available a Motion Chart Google Gadget and in 2009 the Public Data Explorer.

Rosling is also a sword swallower, as demonstrated in the final moments of his second talk at the TED conference. In 2009 he was listed as one of 100 leading global thinkers by Foreign Policy Magazine and in 2011 as one of 100 most creative people in business by the Fast Company Magazine . In 2011 he was elected member of the Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences.

Awards

2007 – Statistician of the Year Award from the Swedish Association for Statistics

2007 – Jubilee Prize from the Swedish Medical Society

2007 – Knowledge Prize from the National Encyclopaedia of Sweden

2008 – Speaker of the Year from the Swedish Event Academy

2008 – The Big Debate Award from Dagens Medicine

2009 – Georg and Greta Borgstrom Award from the Swedish Royal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry

2010 – Illis Quorum, Highest Award conferred by the Government of Sweden

2010 – The Big Prize from the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

2010 – Gold Medal from Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences

2010 – World Technology Award in Design together with Ola Rosling & Anna Rosling Rönnlund

2010 – The Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement (US)

Selected Publications

References

External links

Hans Rosling shows the best stats you've ever seen at the 2006 TED Conference in Monterey, CA highlighting novel ways of presenting global statistics.

Hans Rosling's new insights on poverty, from TED2007, featuring a surprise ending. (video)

Video of Hans Rosling speech at the OECD World Forum in Istanbul

Hans Rosling's blog

Ola Rosling giving a Gapminder presentation at Google (video)

Motion Chart Google Gadget

Hans Rosling: Global health expert; data visionary profile on TED.com

Category:1948 births Category:People from Uppsala Category:Karolinska Institutet faculty Category:Swedish bloggers Category:Public health education Category:Living people Category:Sword swallowers

ar:هانس روسلينج de:Hans Rosling es:Hans Rosling he:האנס רוסלינג nl:Hans Rosling ja:ハンス・ロスリング no:Hans Rosling pl:Hans Rosling sv:Hans Rosling zh:汉斯·罗斯林

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
Character name	Captain America
Converted	y
Alter ego	Steven "Steve" Rogers
Publisher	Marvel Comics
Debut	Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941)
Creators	Joe SimonJack Kirby
Alliances	Illuminati"Secret Avengers" (Civil War)AvengersInvadersAll-Winners SquadSecret DefendersS.H.I.E.L.D.Project: RebirthU.S. ArmyRedeemersNew AvengersSecret Avengers
Aliases	Nomad, The Captain, Brett Hendrick, Roger Stevens, Weapon I
Partners	Bucky (James Barnes)FalconNomad (Monroe)Bucky (Rick Jones)Free SpiritJack FlagBucky (Rikki)Demolition ManSharon Carter
Supports
Powers	Physical attributes enhanced to peak of human potentialExpert martial artist and hand-to-hand combatantAll-terrain acrobaticsMaster tactician and field commanderVibranium-steel alloy shield
Cat	super
Subcat	Marvel Comics
Hero	y
Sortkey	Captain America }}

Captain America is a fictional character, a superhero that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941), from Marvel Comics' 1940s predecessor, Timely Comics, and was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby. Over the years, an estimated 210 million copies of "Captain America" comic books have been sold in a total of 75 countries. For nearly all of the character's publication history, Captain America was the alter ego of Steve Rogers, a frail young man who was enhanced to the peak of human perfection by an experimental serum in order to aid the United States war effort. Captain America wears a costume that bears an American flag motif, and is armed with an indestructible shield that can be thrown as a weapon.

An intentionally patriotic creation who was often depicted fighting the Axis powers of World War II, Captain America was Timely Comics' most popular character during the wartime period. After the war ended, the character's popularity waned and he disappeared by the 1950s aside from an ill-fated revival in 1953. Captain America was reintroduced during the Silver Age of comics when he was revived from suspended animation by the superhero team the Avengers in The Avengers #4 (March 1964). Since then, Captain America has often led the team, as well as starring in his own series.

Steve Rogers was purportedly assassinated in Captain America vol. 5, #25 (March 2007), although he was later revealed to be alive. The comic-book series Captain America continued to be published, with Rogers' former sidekick, James "Bucky" Barnes, having taken up the mantle, and keeping it at the insistence of Rogers, who upon his return began operating as an intelligence agent in the Secret Avengers title, and in the limited series Steve Rogers: Super Soldier.

Captain America was the first Marvel Comics character adapted into another medium with the release of the 1944 movie serial Captain America. Since then, the character has been featured in several other films and television series, including Captain America: The First Avenger, released on July 22, 2011. Captain America was ranked 6th on IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes in 2011.

Publication history

In 1940, writer Joe Simon conceived the idea for Captain America and made a sketch of the character in costume . "I wrote the name 'Super American' at the bottom of the page," Simon said in his autobiography. "No, it didn't work. There were too many 'Supers' around. 'Captain America' had a good sound to it. There weren't a lot of captains in comics. It was as easy as that. The boy companion was simply named Bucky, after my friend Bucky Pierson, a star on our high school basketball team."

Simon recalled in his autobiography that Timely Comics publisher Martin Goodman gave him the go-ahead from and directed that a Captain America solo comic book series be published as soon as possible. Needing to fill a full comic with primarily one character's stories, Simon did not believe that his regular creative partner, artist Jack Kirby, could handle the workload alone:

Al Liederman would ink that first issue, which was lettered by Simon and Kirby's regular letterer, Howard Ferguson.

Simon said Captain America was a consciously political creation; he and Kirby were morally repulsed by the actions of Nazi Germany in the years leading up to the United States' involvement in World War II and felt war was inevitable: "The opponents to the war were all quite well organized. We wanted to have our say too."

Captain America Comics #1 — cover-dated March 1941 and on sale in December 1940, a year before the attack on Pearl Harbor, but a full year into World War II — showed the protagonist punching Nazi leader Adolf Hitler in the jaw — sold nearly one million copies. While most readers responded favorably to the comic, some took objection. Simon noted, "When the first issue came out we got a lot of... threatening letters and hate mail. Some people really opposed what Cap stood for." Though preceded as a "patriotically themed superhero" by MLJ's The Shield, Captain America immediately became the most prominent and enduring of that wave of superheroes introduced in American comic books prior to and during World War II. With his sidekick Bucky, Captain America faced Nazis, Japanese, and other threats to wartime America and the Allies. Stanley Lieber, now better known by his pen name Stan Lee, contributed to the character in issue #3 in the filler text story "Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge," which introduced the character's use of his shield as a returning throwing weapon. Captain America soon became Timely's most popular character and even had a fan-club called the "Sentinels of Liberty."

Circulation figures remained close to a million copies per month after the debut issue, which outstripped even the circulation of news magazines like Time during the period. After the Simon and Kirby team moved to DC in late 1941, having produced Captain America Comics through issue #10 (January 1942), Al Avison and Syd Shores became regular pencillers of the celebrated title, with one generally inking over the other. The character was also featured in All Winners Comics #1-19 (Summer 1941 – Fall 1946), Marvel Mystery Comics #80-84 and #86-92, USA Comics #6-17 (Dec. 1942 – Fall 1945), and All Select Comics #1-10 (Fall 1943 – Summer 1946).

In the post-war era, with the popularity of superheroes fading, Captain America led Timely's first superhero team, the All-Winners Squad, in its two published adventures, in All Winners Comics #19 and #21 (Fall–Winter 1946; there was no issue #20). After Bucky was shot and wounded in a 1948 Captain America story, he was succeeded by Captain America's girlfriend, Betsy Ross, who became the superheroine Golden Girl. Captain America Comics ended with issue #75 (Feb. 1950), by which time the series had been titled Captain America's Weird Tales for two issues, with the finale being a horror/suspense anthology issue with no superheroes.

Atlas Comics attempted to revive its superhero titles when it reintroduced Captain America, along with the original Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner, in Young Men #24 (Dec. 1953). Billed as "Captain America, Commie Smasher!" Captain America appeared during the next year in Young Men #24-28 and Men's Adventures #27-28, as well as in issues #76-78 of an eponymous title. Atlas' attempted superhero revival was a commercial failure, and the character's title was canceled with Captain America #78 (Sept. 1954).

Silver Age revival

In the Human Torch story titled "Captain America" in Marvel Comics' Strange Tales #114 (Nov. 1963), writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Jack Kirby depicted the brash young Fantastic Four member Johnny Storm, the Human Torch, in an exhibition performance with Captain America, described as a legendary World War II and 1950s superhero who has returned after many years of apparent retirement. The 18-page story ends with this Captain America revealed as an impostor: it was actually the villain the Acrobat, a former circus performer the Torch had defeated in Strange Tales #106, who broke two thieves out of jail, hoping to draw the police away while trying to rob the local bank. Afterward, Storm digs out an old comic book in which Captain America is shown to be Steve Rogers. A caption in the final panel says this story was a test to see if readers would like Captain America to return.

Captain America was then formally reintroduced in The Avengers #4 (March 1964), which explained that in the final days of WWII, he had fallen from an experimental drone plane into the North Atlantic Ocean and spent decades frozen in a block of ice in a state of suspended animation. He quickly became leader of that superhero team. Following the success of other Marvel characters introduced during the 1960s, Captain America was recast as a hero "haunted by past memories, and trying to adapt to 1960s society."

After then guest-starring in the feature "Iron Man" in Tales of Suspense #58 (Oct. 1964), Captain America gained his own solo feature in that "split book," beginning the following issue. Kirby, Captain America's co-creator, was illustrating his hero's solo adventures again for the first time since 1941. Issue #63 (March 1965), which retold Captain America's origin, through issue #71 (Nov. 1965) was a period feature set during World War II and co-starred Captain America's Golden Age sidekick, Bucky.

In the 1970s, the post-war versions of Captain America were retconned into separate, successive characters who briefly took up the mantle of Captain America after Steve Rogers went into suspended animation near the end of World War II. The hero found a new generation of readers as leader of the all-star superhero team the Avengers, and in a new solo feature beginning in Tales of Suspense #59 (Nov. 1964), a "split book" shared with the feature "Iron Man". Kirby drew all but two of the stories in Tales of Suspense, which became Captain America with #100 (April 1968); Gil Kane and John Romita, Sr., each filled in once. Several stories were finished by penciller-inker George Tuska over Kirby layouts, with one finished by Romita Sr. and another by penciller Dick Ayers and inker John Tartaglione. Kirby's regular inkers on the series were Frank Giacoia (as "Frank Ray") and Joe Sinnott, though Don Heck and Golden Age Captain America artist Syd Shores inked one story each. The new title Captain America continued to feature artwork by Kirby, as well as a short run by Jim Steranko, and work by many of the industry's top artists and writers. It was called Captain America and the Falcon from #134-222 (although the Falcon's name was not on the cover for issues #193, 200, and 216).

This series — considered Captain America volume one by comics researchers and historians, following the 1940s Captain America Comics and its 1950s numbering continuation — ended with #454 (Aug. 1996).

After the Silver Age

This series was almost immediately followed by the 13-issue Captain America vol. 2 (Nov. 1996 – Nov. 1997), the 50-issue Captain America vol. 3 (Jan. 1998 – Feb. 2002), the 32-issue Captain America vol. 4 (June 2002 – Dec. 2004), and Captain America vol. 5 (Jan. 2005 – July 2009). Beginning with the 600th overall issue counting these series, Captain America resumed its original numbering with issue #600, as if the series numbering had continued uninterrupted after #454.

As part of the aftermath of Marvel Comics' company-crossover storyline "Civil War", Steve Rogers was ostensibly killed in Captain America vol. 5, #25 (March 2007). Series writer Ed Brubaker remarked, "What I found is that all the really hard-core left-wing fans want Cap to be standing out on and giving speeches on the street corner against the George W. Bush administration, and all the really right-wing fans all want him to be over in the streets of Baghdad, punching out Saddam Hussein." The character's co-creator, Joe Simon, remarked, "It's a hell of a time for him to go. We really need him now." Artist Alex Ross designed a slightly revised Captain America costume that former sidekick Bucky Barnes began to wear as the new Captain America in vol. 5, #34 (March 2008)

The storyline of Rogers' return began in issue #600. Rogers, who was not dead but caroming through time, returned to the present day in the six-issue miniseries Captain America: Reborn (Sept. 2009 – March 2010).

After Rogers' return, Barnes, at Rogers' insistence, continued as Captain America, beginning in the one-shot comic Captain America: Who Will Wield the Shield? (Feb. 2010). While Bucky Barnes continued adventuring in the pages of Captain America, Steve Rogers received his own miniseries (Steve Rogers: Super-Soldier) as well as taking on the leadership position in a new Secret Avengers ongoing series.

Spinoff series included Captain America Sentinel of Liberty (Sept. 1998 – Aug. 1999) and Captain America and the Falcon (May 2004 – June 2005). The 1940s Captain America appeared alongside the 1940s Human Torch and Sub-Mariner in the 12-issue miniseries Avengers/Invaders. The 2007 mini-series Captain America: The Chosen, written by David Morrell and penciled by Mitchell Breitweiser, depicts a dying Steve Rogers' final minutes, at S.H.I.E.L.D. headquarters, as his spirit guides James Newman, a young American marine fighting in Afghanistan. The Chosen is not part of the main Marvel Universe continuity.

Fictional character biography

1940s

Steve Rogers was born July 4, 1917, in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City, to Irish immigrants Sarah and Joseph Rogers. Joseph Rogers died when Steve was only a child and his mother, Sarah, died of pneumonia while Steve was a teen. By early 1940, before America's entry into World War II, Rogers is a tall but scrawny fine arts student specializing in illustration. Disturbed by the rise of the Third Reich, Rogers attempts to enlist, only to be rejected due to being in poor shape. U.S. Army General Chester Phillips, looking for test subjects, offers Rogers the chance to serve his country by taking part in a top-secret defense project — Operation: Rebirth, which seeks to develop a means of creating physically superior soldiers. Rogers volunteers for the research and, after a rigorous selection process, is chosen as the first human test subject for the Super-Soldier serum developed by the scientist "Dr. Josef Reinstein", later retroactively changed to a code name for the scientist Abraham Erskine.

That night, Operation: Rebirth is implemented and Rogers receives injections and oral doses of the Super-Soldier Serum. He is then exposed to a controlled burst of "Vita-Rays" that activate and stabilize the chemicals in his system. Although the process is arduous physically, it successfully alters his physiology almost instantly from its relatively frail form to the maximum of human efficiency, greatly enhancing his musculature, reflexes, agility, stamina and intelligence. Erskine declares Rogers to be the first of a new breed of man, a "nearly perfect human being."

The process he underwent has varied from account to account. In the original 1941 story, he was injected with the formula. When the origin was retold in Tales of Suspense #63, the Comics Code Authority and its prohibitions on demonstrations of drug use were in force, and the injection was replaced with drinking a formula. In Captain America #109, the Vita-Rays were first introduced, although a dialogue comment preserved continuity by mentioning that he had also drunk the formula beforehand. The retelling of the story in Captain America #255, however, stated that all three were used in combination. In addition, the limited series, The Adventures of Captain America reveals that Rogers also underwent rigorous physical training in combat prior to his enhancement.

After the physical transformation, Nazi spy Heinz Kruger reveals himself and shoots Erskine. Because the scientist had committed crucial portions of the Super-Soldier formula to memory, duplicating it perfectly would be unlikely. The spy dies, killed either while running away to escape Rogers or because Rogers threw him into live machinery. In the 1941 origin story and the Tales of Suspense #63 version, he dies when running into the machinery but is not killed by Rogers; in the Captain America #109 and #255 revision, however, Rogers causes the spy's death by punching him into the machinery.

The United States government, making the most of its one super-soldier and to hide all information about Operation: Rebirth and its failure, re-imagines him as a superhero who serves as both a counter-intelligence agent and a propaganda symbol to counter Nazi Germany's head of terrorist operations, the Red Skull. To that end, Rogers is given a uniform modeled after the American flag (based on Rogers' own sketches) a bulletproof shield, a personal side arm, and the codename Captain America. He is also given a cover identity as a clumsy infantry private at Camp Lehigh in Virginia. Barely out of his teens himself, Rogers makes friends with the camp's teenage mascot, James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes.

Barnes accidentally learns of Rogers' dual identity and offers to keep the secret if he can become Captain America's sidekick. Rogers agrees and trains Barnes. Rogers meets President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who presents him with a new shield, forged from an alloy of steel and vibranium, fused by an unknown catalyst. The alloy is indestructible, yet the shield is light enough to use as a discus-like weapon that can be angled to return to him. It proves so effective that Captain America forgoes the sidearm. Throughout World War II, Captain America and Bucky fight the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team the Invaders (as seen in the 1970s comic of the same name). Captain America also battles a number of criminal menaces on American soil, including a wide variety of costumed villains: the Wax Man, the Hangman, the Fang, and the White Death, the superhero team the Avengers discovers Steve Rogers' body in the North Atlantic, the Captain's uniform under his soldier's fatigues and still carrying his shield. After he revives, they piece together that Rogers had been preserved in a block of ice since 1945, surviving in such a state only because of his enhancements from Operation: Rebirth. The block had begun to melt after the Sub-Mariner, enraged that an Arctic Inuit tribe is worshiping the frozen figure, throws it into the ocean. Rogers accepts membership in the Avengers, and although long out of his time, his considerable combat experience makes him a valuable asset to the team. He quickly assumes leadership, and has typically returned to that position throughout the team's history.

Captain America is plagued by guilt for having been unable to prevent Bucky's death—a feeling that does not ease for some time. Although he takes the young Rick Jones (who closely resembles Bucky) under his tutelage, he refuses for some time to allow Jones to take up the Bucky identity, not wishing to be responsible for another youth's death. Insisting that his hero finally move on from that loss, Jones eventually convinces Rogers to let him don the Bucky costume, but this partnership lasts only a short time; a disguised Red Skull, impersonating Rogers with the help of the Cosmic Cube, drives Jones away.

Rogers also reunites with his old war comrade Nick Fury, who is similarly well-preserved due to the "Infinity Formula." As a result, Rogers regularly undertakes missions for the security agency S.H.I.E.L.D. for which Fury is public director. Through Fury, Rogers befriends Sharon Carter, a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent, with whom he eventually begins a romantic relationship.

Rogers later meets and trains Sam Wilson, who becomes the superhero the Falcon, the first African-American superhero in mainstream comic books. The characters established an enduring friendship and adventuring partnership, sharing the series title for some time as Captain America and the Falcon. The two later encounter the revived but still insane 1950s Captain America. Although Rogers and the Falcon defeat the faux Rogers and Jack Monroe, Rogers becomes deeply disturbed that he could have suffered his counterpart's fate.

The series also dealt with the Marvel Universe's version of the Watergate scandal, making Rogers so uncertain about his role that he abandons his Captain America identity in favor of one called Nomad, emphasizing the word's meaning as "man without a country". During this time, several men unsuccessfully assume the Captain America identity. Rogers eventually re-assumes it after coming to consider that the identity could be a symbol of American ideals and not its government; it's a personal conviction epitomized when he later confronted a corrupt Army officer attempting to manipulate him by appealing to his loyalty, "I'm loyal to nothing, General... except the [American] Dream." Jack Monroe, cured of his mental instability, later takes up the Nomad alias. During this period, Rogers also temporarily gains super strength. Immediately after witnessing Number One's suicide, he is summoned to the future to participate in the Destiny War between Kang the Conqueror and Immortus (it is revealed over the course of the story that Rogers was selected from this time frame as, had he been taken from any other time period, his strong personality- shaken at this point by the events he had just witnessed- would have dominated the team and deprived them of the flexibility required to succeed in their mission, although his presence alone still brought cohesion to the group). He also learns of the apparent death of Sharon Carter.

1980s to 1990s

The early 1980s included runs from such creators as Roger Stern, John Byrne, and J. M. DeMatteis. Stern had Steve Rogers considers a run for President of the United States in Captain America #250 (June 1980), and and introduced a new love interest, law student Bernie Rosenthal, in Captain America #248 (Aug. 1980). Stern also revisited and expanded Captain America's origin story.

DeMatteis revealed the true face and full origin of the Red Skull in Captain America #298-300, and had Captain America take on Jack Monroe, Nomad, as a partner for a time. It is also around this time that the heroes gathered by the Beyonder elect Rogers as leader during their stay on Battleworld in the 1984 miniseries Secret Wars

Also during the 1980s, Mark Gruenwald wrote 137 issues of the book for 10 consecutive years from 1985 to 1995, the most issues by any single author in the character's history. Gruenwald created several new foes, including Crossbones and the Serpent Society. Other Gruenwald characters included new love interest Diamondback., Super Patriot (who would go on to become a replacement Captain America in a two-year story arc and became USAgent at that arc's conclusion), and some short-lived new partners that included Demolition Man.

Gruenwald explores numerous political and social themes as well, such as extreme idealism when Captain America fights the anti-nationalist terrorist Flag-Smasher; and vigilantism when he hunts the murderous Scourge of the Underworld. Homophobia was also dealt with as Steve Rogers runs into a childhood friend named Arnold Roth who is gay.

Rogers receives a large back-pay reimbursement dating back to his disappearance at the end of World War II, and a government commission orders him to work directly for the U.S. government. Already troubled by the corruption he had encountered with the Nuke incident in New York City, Rogers chooses instead to resign his identity, and then takes the alias of "the Captain". A replacement Captain America, John Walker, struggles to emulate Rogers' ideals until pressure from hidden enemies helps to drive Walker insane. Rogers returns to the Captain America identity while a recovered Walker becomes the U.S. Agent.

Sometime afterward, Rogers avoids the explosion of a methamphetamine lab, but the drug triggers a chemical reaction in the Super-Soldier serum in his system. To combat the reaction, Rogers has the serum removed from his body, and trains constantly to maintain his physical condition.

A retcon later establishes that the serum was not a drug per se, which would have metabolized out of his system, but in fact a virus-like organism that effected a biochemical and genetic change. This additionally explained how arch-nemesis Red Skull, who at the time inhabited a body cloned from Rogers' cells, also has the formula in his body.

Because of his altered biochemistry, Rogers' body begins to deteriorate, and for a time he must wear a powered exoskeleton and is eventually placed again in suspended animation. During this time, he is given a transfusion of blood from the Red Skull, which cures his condition and stabilizes the Super-Soldier virus in his system. Captain America returns both to crime fighting and the Avengers.

Following Gruenwald's departure on the book, Mark Waid took over and resurrected Sharon Carter as Cap's love interest. The book was then relaunched under Rob Liefeld as Cap became part of the Heroes Reborn universe for 13 issues before another relaunch restored Waid to the title in an arc that saw Cap lose his shield for a time using an energy based shield as a temporary replacement. Following Waid's run, Dan Jurgens took over and introduced new foe Protocide, a failed recipient of the Super Soldier serum prior to the experiment that successfully created Rogers.

2000s

Rogers reveals his identity to the world, and establishes a residence in the Red Hook neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York.

Following the events of Avengers Disassembled, again under the employ of S.H.I.E.L.D., Rogers discovers that Bucky is alive, having been saved and deployed by Soviet espionage interests as the Winter Soldier. Rogers also resumes his on-again, off-again relationship with S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Sharon Carter, who, after his death, believes she is pregnant with Steve Rogers' child.

In the 2006-2007 "Civil War" crossover, Captain America opposes mandatory federal registration of all super-powered beings, which he sees as an erosion of civil liberties for the superhero community, and leads the Anti-Registration faction and resistance movement. He becomes a fugitive and opposes the heroes of the Pro-Registration group, including his former friend Iron Man. He adopts the alias "Brett Hendrick", a mall security guard, to avoid government detection. As the War continues, Cap enlists the assistance of several figures with whom he would not choose to ally himself under normal circumstances, such as the Punisher and the Kingpin.

Captain America battles Iron Man during the climactic battle and has victory within his grasp when a group of civilians attempt to restrain him. Rogers realizes that he is endangering the very people he has sworn to protect. He then surrenders to the authorities and orders the Anti-Registration forces to stand down. As Rogers is led away in handcuffs, the Punisher retrieves Captain America's discarded mask.

The Death of Captain America story arc follows his surrender. Steve Rogers is indicted on multiple criminal charges; as he is brought to a federal courthouse, a sniper shoots him in the back. In the chaos that ensues, he is wounded three more times in the stomach and chest by Sharon Carter. Rogers is taken to a hospital, where by all evidence he dies. The assassination, orchestrated by the Red Skull, involves Crossbones as the sniper and Dr. Faustus posing as a S.H.I.E.L.D. psychiatrist, who gives Carter a hypnotic suggestion to shoot Rogers at a crucial moment.

The superhero community is shaken by the assassination. The Punisher temporarily adopts a costume similar to that of Captain America, while Winter Soldier and Wolverine seek to avenge Rogers' death. The Winter Soldier steals Captain America's shield, and the Punisher provides him with the mask from Steve Rogers' uniform. Captain America is publicly laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery, under a monument built in his honor. The body in Arlington is a fake: Tony Stark, accompanied by Hank Pym and Janet Van Dyne, returns Rogers' body to the Arctic where Rogers had been found years before. Namor attends the small private ceremony and vows no one will disturb the site.

Stark receives a letter containing Rogers' final requests: Stark should "save" Bucky, and that, despite his demise, the world still needs Captain America. Bucky accepts Stark's offer to take on the mantle of Captain America in exchange for a promise of autonomy from Stark. Bucky kept Rogers' trademark shield, but donned a new costume and began carrying a pistol and a knife.

Captain America: Reborn #1 revealed that Rogers did not die; instead, the villainous Red Skull had Sharon Carter use a gun that transported him to a fixed position in space and time. Since then, Captain America had been phasing in and out of space and time, appearing at events in his lifetime and fighting battles. The Red Skull brings Rogers back to the present, where he takes control of Rogers' mind and body. Rogers eventually regains control, and with help from his allies, defeats the Red Skull.

In the one-shot comic Captain America: Who Will Wield the Shield?, taking place after the conclusion to Reborn, Rogers formally hands Bucky his Captain America shield and asks his former sidekick to continue as Captain America. Later, the American President grants Rogers a full pardon for his actions in Civil War.

2010s

Following the company-wide "Dark Reign" and "Siege" story arcs, the Steve Rogers character became part of the "Heroic Age" arc. The U.S. president appoints Rogers, in his civilian identity, as head of the nation's security, replacing Norman Osborn. The Superhuman Registration Act is repealed and Rogers reestablishes the superhero team the Avengers. In the miniseries Steve Rogers: Super Soldier, he encounters Jacob Erskine, the grandson of Professor Abraham Erskine and the son of Tyler Paxton, one of Rogers' fellow volunteers in the Super-Soldier program, the serum in his body being briefly deactivated before Rogers manages to force his enemies to restore it thanks to his combat training allowing him to hold his own despite his weakened physique. Rogers also becomes the leader of the Secret Avengers, a black-ops team that operates under a veil of secrecy.

Marvel stated in May 2011 that Rogers, following the death of Bucky Barnes in the Fear Itself miniseries, would resume his Captain America identity in a sixth volume of Captain America, by writer Ed Brubaker and artist Steve McNiven.

Powers and abilities

Captain America has no superhuman powers, although as a result of the Super-Soldier Serum and "Vita-Ray" treatment, he is transformed from a frail young man into a "perfect" specimen of human development and conditioning. Captain America's strength, endurance, agility, speed, reflexes, durability, and healing are at the zenith of natural human potential. Rogers' body regularly replenishes the super-soldier serum; it does not wear off.

The formula enhances all of his metabolic functions and prevents the build-up of fatigue poisons in his muscles, giving him endurance far in excess of an ordinary human being. This accounts for many of his extraordinary feats, including bench pressing 1200 pounds (545 kg) and running a mile (1.6 km) in approximately 73 seconds. Furthermore, his enhancements are the reason why he was able to survive being frozen in suspended animation for decades. Rogers cannot become intoxicated by alcohol, drugs, or impurities in the air and is immune to terrestrial diseases. He is also highly resistant to hypnosis or gases that could limit his focus. The secrets of creating a super-soldier were lost with the death of its creator, Dr. Abraham Erskine. However, in the ensuing decades there have been numerous secret attempts to recreate Erskine's treatment, only to have predominantly all end in failure. Even worse, the attempts have instead often created psychopathic supervillains of which Captain America's 1950s imitator and Nuke are the most notorious examples.

Rogers' battle experience and training make him an expert tactician and an excellent field commander, with his teammates frequently deferring to his orders in battle. Rogers' reflexes and senses are also extraordinarily keen. He has blended judo, western boxing, kickboxing, and gymnastics into his own unique fighting style and is a master of multiple martial arts. Years of practice with his indestructible shield make him able to aim and throw it with almost unerring accuracy. His skill with his shield is such that he can attack multiple targets in succession with a single throw or even cause a boomerang-like return from a throw to attack an enemy from behind. In canon, he is regarded by other skilled fighters as one of the best hand-to-hand combatants in the Marvel Universe. Although the super-soldier serum is an important part of his strength, Rogers has shown himself still sufficiently capable against stronger opponents, even when the serum has been deactivated reverting him to his pre-Captain America physique.

Rogers has vast U.S. military knowledge and is often shown to be familiar with ongoing, classified Defense Department operations. He is an expert in combat strategy, survival, acrobatics, military strategy, piloting, and demolitions. Despite his high profile as one of the world's most popular and recognizable superheroes, Rogers also has a broad understanding of the espionage community, largely through his ongoing relationship with S.H.I.E.L.D. He occasionally makes forays into relatively mundane career fields, including commercial arts, comic book artistry, education (high school history), and law enforcement.

Weapons and equipment

Captain America uses several shields throughout his history, the most prevalent of which is a nigh-indestructible disc-shaped shield made from an experimental alloy of steel and the fictional vibranium. The shield was cast by American metallurgist Dr. Myron MacLain, who was contracted by the U.S. government, from orders of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, to create an impenetrable substance to use for tanks during World War II. This alloy was created by accident and never duplicated, although efforts to reverse-engineer it resulted in the discovery of adamantium.

Captain America often uses his shield as an offensive throwing weapon. The first instance of Captain America's trademark ricocheting shield-toss occurs in Stan Lee's first comics writing, the two-page text story "Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge" in Captain America Comics #3 (May 1941).

The legacy of the shield among other comics characters includes the time-traveling mutant superhero Cable telling Captain America that his shield still exists in one of the possible futures; Cable carries it into battle and brandishes it as a symbol.

When without his trademark shield, Captain America sometimes uses other shields made from less durable metals such as steel, or even a photonic energy shield designed to mimic a vibranium matrix. Rogers, having relinquished his regular shield to Barnes, carried a variant of the energy shield which can be used with either arm, and used to either block attacks or as an improvised offensive weapon able to cut through metal with relative ease. Much like his vibranium shield, the energy shield can also be thrown, including ricocheting off multiple surfaces and returning to his hand.

Captain America's uniform is made of a fire-retardant material, and he wears a lightweight, bulletproof "duralumin" scale armor beneath his uniform for added protection. Originally, Rogers' mask was a separate piece of material, but an early engagement had it dislodged, thus almost exposing his identity. To prevent a recurrence of the situation, Rogers modified the mask with connecting material to his uniform, an added benefit of which was extending his armor to cover his previously exposed neck. As a member of the Avengers, Rogers has an Avengers priority card, which serves as a communications device.

Captain America has also used a custom specialized motorcycle, modified by the S.H.I.E.L.D. weapons laboratory, as well as a custom-built battle van, constructed by the Wakanda Design Group with the ability to change its color for disguise purposes (red, white and blue), and fitted to store and conceal the custom motorcycle in its rear section with a frame that allows Rogers to launch from the vehicle riding it.

Enemies

Captain America has faced numerous foes in over 60 years of published adventures. Many of his recurring foes embody ideals contrary to the American values Captain America is shown to strive for and believe. Some examples of these opposing values are Nazism (Red Skull, Baron Zemo), Neo-Nazism (Crossbones, Doctor Faustus), technocratic fascism (AIM, Arnim Zola), Communism (Aleksander Lukin), anarchism (Flag Smasher and Viper), and international and domestic terrorism (HYDRA).

Other versions

In other media

Collected editions

The contents of Captain America Comics #1-10 were previously published as Captain America: The Classic Years two hardcover slipcase set in 1990. These were later re-issued as trade paperbacks in the late 1990s once again under the title Captain America: The Classic Years featuring new cover art by Kevin Maguire re-creating classic covers. Previous editions of War and Remembrance, The Bloodstone Hunt, Operation Rebirth, Man Without a Country, and To Serve and Protect were released prior to 2010 editions leading up to the Captain America: The First Avenger feature film.

! Title !! Material collected !! ISBN
Marvel Masterworks Golden Age Captain America Comics, Vol. 1	Captain America Comics #1-4
Marvel Masterworks Golden Age Captain America Comics, Vol. 2	Captain America Comics #5-8
Marvel Masterworks Golden Age Captain America Comics, Vol. 3	Captain America Comics #9-12
Marvel Masterworks Atlas Era Heroes, Vol. 1	Includes Captain America stories from Astonishing #3-6, Young Men #24-28
Marvel Masterworks Atlas Era Heroes, Vol. 2	Includes Captain America stories from Men's Adventures #27-28, Captain America Comics #76-78
Essential Captain America, Vol. 1	Tales of Suspense #59-99; Captain America #100-102
Essential Captain America, Vol. 2	Captain America #103-126
Essential Captain America, Vol. 3	Captain America #127-156
Essential Captain America, Vol. 4	Captain America #157-186
Essential Captain America, Vol. 5	Captain America #187-205, Annual #3, Marvel Treasury Special: Captain America's Bicentennial Battles
Essential Captain America, Vol. 6	Captain America #206-230, Annual #4; Incredible Hulk #232
Captain America and the Falcon: Secret Empire	Captain America #169-176
Captain America and the Falcon: Nomad	Captain America #177-186
Captain America and the Falcon: Madbomb	Captain America #193-200
Captain America: Bicentennial Battles	Captain America #201-205; Bicentennial Battles #1
Captain America and the Falcon: The Swine	Captain America #206-214, Annual #3-4
Captain America: War and Remembrance	Captain America #247-255
Captain America: Deathlok Lives	Captain America #286-288
Captain America: Scourge of the Underworld	Captain America #318-320, back-up stories from #358-362; USAgent #1-4;
Captain America: The Captain	Captain America #332-350; Iron Man #228
Captain America: The Bloodstone Hunt	Captain America #357-364
Captain America: Streets of Poison	Captain America #372-378
Avengers: Galactic Storm, Book 1	Captain America #398-399, Avengers West Coast #80-81, Quasar #32-33, Wonder Man #7-8, Avengers #345-346, Iron Man #278 and Thor #445
Avengers: Galactic Storm, Book 2	Iron Man #279, Thor #446, Captain America #400-401, Avengers West Coast #82, Quasar #34-35, Wonder Man #9, Avengers #347, What If? #55-56
Captain America: Man and Wolf	Captain America #402-408
Captain America: Fighting Chance: Denial	Captain America #425-430
Captain America: Fighting Chance: Acceptance	Captain America #431-437
Captain America: Operation Rebirth	Captain America #444-448
Captain America: Man Without a Country	Captain America #450-453
Heroes Reborn: Captain America	Captain America vol. 2, #1-12
Captain America: To Serve and Protect	Captain America vol. 3, #1-7
Captain America: American Nightmare	Captain America vol. 3, #8-13, Annual 1998
Captain America: Red Glare	Captain America vol. 3, #14-19, Captain America Spotlight
Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty	Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty #1-12
Captain America: The New Deal	Captain America vol. 4, #1-6
Captain America: The Extremists	Captain America vol. 4, #7-11
Captain America: Ice	Captain America vol. 4, #12-16
Captain America: Cap Lives	Captain America vol. 4, #17-20; Tales of Suspense #66
Captain America: Homeland	Captain America vol. 4, #21-28
Captain America and the Falcon: Two Americas	Captain America and the Falcon #1-4
Avengers Disassembled: Captain America	Captain America vol. 4, #29-32; Captain America and the Falcon #5-7
Captain America and the Falcon: Brothers and Keepers	Captain America and the Falcon #8-14
Captain America: Winter Soldier, Book One	Captain America vol. 5, #1-7
Captain America: Winter Soldier, Book Two	Captain America vol. 5, #8-9, #11-14
Captain America: Red Menace, Book One	Captain America vol. 5, #15-17; Captain America 65th Anniversary Special
Captain America: Red Menace, Book Two	Captain America vol. 5, #18-21
Captain America: Civil War	Captain America vol. 5, #22-24; Winter Soldier: Winter Kills
The Death of Captain America, Vol. 1: The Death of the Dream	Captain America vol. 5, #25-30
The Death of Captain America, Vol. 2: The Burden of Dreams	Captain America vol. 5, #31-36
The Death of Captain America, Vol. 3: The Man Who Bought America	Captain America vol. 5, #37-42
Captain America: The Man with No Face	Captain America vol. 5, #43-48
Captain America: Road to Reborn (HC)	Captain America #600-601; vol. 5, #49-50
Captain America: Reborn (HC)	Captain America: Reborn #1-6
Captain America: Two Americas	Captain America #602-605; Who Will Wield the Shield?
Captain America: No Escape	Captain America #606-610
Steve Rogers: Super Soldier	Steve Rogers: Super-Soldier #1-4
''Captain America: The Trial of Captain America	Captain America #611-615 and #615.1, and material from CAPTAIN AMERICA 70TH ANNIVERSARY MAGAZINE
''Captain America: Prisoner of War	Captain America #616-619
Miscellaneous
Captain America: The Legacy of Captain America	Captain America Comics (1941) #1; What If? (1977) #4; Captain America #155, #333; Captain America vol. 5, #34; material from Captain America (1968) #178-183	SC:
Captain America Vs. The Red Skull	Captain America Comics (1941) #1; Tales Of Suspense #79-81; and Captain America #143, #226-227, #261-263 and #370; and material from Captain America Annual #13 and Captain America: Red, White & Blue #1''	SC:

References

Further reading

External links

Captain America Library

Captain America: The First Avenger (July 2011)

"Captain America: An all-American hero goes back to his roots" - Aug 2011 review by Sasha Simic

Category:Comics characters introduced in 1941 Category:Characters created by Jack Kirby Category:Characters created by Joe Simon Category:Comics adapted into films Category:Fictional aikidoka Category:Fictional artists Category:Fictional boxers Category:Fictional characters from New York City Category:Fictional cryonically preserved characters Category:Fictional American people of Irish descent Category:Fictional judoka Category:Fictional jujutsuka Category:Fictional secret agents and spies Category:Fictional special forces personnel Category:Fictional super soldiers Category:Fictional World War II veterans Category:Film characters Category:Golden Age superheroes Category:Marvel Cinematic Universe characters Category:Marvel Comics martial artists Category:Marvel Comics mutates Category:Marvel Comics titles Category:National personifications in comic books Category:Timely Comics characters Category:United States-themed superheroes

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Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Wiz Khalifa
alt	Wiz Khalifa holding a microphone
background	solo_singer
birth name	Cameron Jibril Thomaz
alias
born	September 08, 1987Minot, North Dakota, United States
origin	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
genre	Hip hop
occupation	Rapper, Singer
years active	2005–present
label	Rostrum, Warner Bros., Atlantic
associated acts	Tinie Tempah, Snoop Dogg,Rick Ross, Curren$y, Big Sean, Fashawn, Mac Miller
website	wizkhalifa.com
notable instruments	}}

Cameron Jibril Thomaz (born September 8, 1987), better known by the stage name Wiz Khalifa, is an American rapper. He released his debut album, Show and Prove, in 2006, and signed to Warner Bros. Records in 2007. His eurodance-influenced single, "Say Yeah", received urban radio airplay, charting on the Rhythmic Top 40 and Hot Rap Tracks charts in 2008. Khalifa parted with Warner Bros. and released his second album, Deal or No Deal, in November 2009. He released the mixtape Kush and Orange Juice as a free download in April 2010; he then signed with Atlantic Records. He is also well-known for his debut single for Atlantic, "Black and Yellow", which peaked at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. His debut album for the label, Rolling Papers, was released on March 29, 2011.

Early life

Khalifa was born on September 8, 1987 in Minot, North Dakota, to a mother and a father serving in the military. His parents divorced when Khalifa was about three years old. His parents' military service caused him to move on a regular basis. Khalifa lived in Germany, England, and Japan before settling in Pittsburgh where he attended Taylor Allderdice High School.

His stage name is derived from khalifa, an Arabic word meaning "successor", and wisdom, which was shortened to Wiz when Khalifa was fifteen. Khalifa stated to spinner.com that the name also came from being called "young Wiz 'cause I was good at everything I did, and my granddad is Muslim, so he gave me that name; he felt like that's what I was doing with my music." He got his stage name tattooed on his 17th birthday. He includes Camp Lo, The Notorious B.I.G. and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony among his influences.

Career

2005-08: Early mixtapes and Show and Prove

Khalifa released his first mixtape, Prince of the City: Welcome to Pistolvania, in 2005. The mixtape led to his first full length album entitled Show and Prove in 2006. Khalifa was declared an "artist to watch" that year in Rolling Stone magazine.

In 2007, Khalifa signed to Warner Bros. Records and released two mixtapes through Rostrum Records: Grow Season, hosted by DJ Green Lantern and released on July 4, 2007, and Prince of the City 2, released on November 20, 2007. His debut Warner Bros. single "Say Yeah" reached number 25 on the Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 music chart and number 20 on Billboard's Hot Rap Tracks. The song samples "Better Off Alone" by Alice Deejay. Khalifa's vocals from "Say Yeah" appear near the end of Pittsburgh mash up producer Girl Talk's 2008 album, Feed the Animals, over music from Underworld's "Born Slippy", Usher's "Love in This Club", and the Cure's "In Between Days". Khalifa appeared with The Game, David Banner and Play-n-Skillz at U92's Summer Jam at the USANA Amphitheatre in West Valley City, Utah on August 2, 2008. Khalifa released the mixtapes Star Power in September 2008, and Flight School in April 2009 on Rostrum Records.

Khalifa parted ways with Warner Bros. Records in July 2009 after numerous delays in releasing his planned debut album for the label, First Flight. Khalifa stated to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette that, "I learned a lot during my time there and matured as an artist during the process. I'm happy to be moving on with all of my material and having the chance to be in control of my next moves". Khalifa appeared with Girl Talk, Modey Lemon, Donora, Grand Buffet, and Don Caballero at the Amphitheatre at Station Square in Pittsburgh on July 31, 2009, where he announced that his relationship with Warner Bros. was over.

2009-10: Deal or No Deal

Continuing his association with Rostrum Records, Khalifa released the single "Teach U to Fly", and the mixtape How Fly, a collaboration with New Orleans rapper Curren$y, on August 9, 2009. Khalifa introduced a more melodic style on the mixtape, alternating between singing and rapping. He opened for Wu-Tang Clan member U-God at the 2009 CMJ Music Marathon in New York City. Khalifa released the mixtape Burn After Rolling on November 2, 2009, where he raps over familiar beats from other artists, including the songs "If I Were A Boy" and "Diva" by Beyoncé, "Walking on a Dream" by Empire of the Sun, "Luchini AKA This Is It" by Camp Lo, and "Best I Ever Had" by Drake. Khalifa released his second album, Deal or No Deal, on November 24, 2009.

Khalifa performed at Emo's in Austin, Texas in March 2010 as part of the 2010 South by Southwest Music Festival. He appeared on the cover of XXL magazine that same month, for the magazine's annual list of Top 10 Freshman, which included Donnis, J. Cole, Pill, Freddie Gibbs, and Fashawn. Wiz Khalifa was named 2010 "Rookie Of The Year" by "The Source", with alongside Rick Ross, "The Man Of The Year". He toured with rapper Yelawolf on a 20-date tour, the Deal Or No Deal Tour. Khalifa released the free mixtape Kush and Orange Juice for download on April 14, 2010. Due to Khalifa's devoted grassroots fan base, the mixtape became the No. 1 trending topic on Twitter with the hash tag #kushandorangejuice, and "Kush and Orange Juice download” ranked No. 1 on Google’s hot search trends.

2010: Signing with Atlantic Records

Citing music industry insiders, New York magazine wrote that Khalifa signed with Atlantic Records in April 2010, although the rapper did not confirm it. He stated to AllHipHop in June 2010 that he was working on a new album, but was weighing his options and had not yet decided on a label to distribute it. Khalifa confirmed to MTV on July 30 that he was signing an Atlantic Records deal.

Khalifa was featured in a remix and video for the 2010 Rick Ross single "Super High", alongside Curren$y. He guested on the mixtape Grey Goose, Head Phones, and Thirsty Women by St. Louis rapper M.C, and was featured on the track "The Breeze (Cool)" on rapper Wale's August 2010 mixtape More About Nothing. Khalifa was named MTV's Hottest Breakthrough MC of 2010, winning with nearly 70,000 votes, and beating out finalists Nicki Minaj, J. Cole, Travis Porter, and Diggy Simmons.

Khalifa appeared at the Soundset 2010 festival in May 2010 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, alongside Method Man & Redman, Del the Funky Homosapien and Hieroglyphics, Atmosphere, Murs, Cage, and others. He also performed at the 2010 Rock the Bells festival, along with hip hop veterans Wu-Tang Clan, Snoop Dogg, Lauryn Hill, A Tribe Called Quest, Rakim, KRS-One, Jedi Mind Tricks and Slick Rick. Khalifa declined an invitation to tour with rapper Drake and launched his own "Waken Baken" tour, a 50-city national tour with rapper Yelawolf. The tour, scheduled to last from September to November 2010, has, as of October, sold out every venue. On November 2010, during his "Waken Baken" tour at East Carolina University, Wiz Khalifa was arrested for possession and trafficking of marijuana. He was then released the next morning after a $300K bail, and resumed his tour. Khalifa performed in a cypher during the 2010 BET Hip-Hop Awards. He recited his verse from the song, "The Check Point", from his mixtape with Curren$y, How Fly.

2010-11: Mainstream success and Rolling Papers

Khalifa released "Black and Yellow", his first single for Rostrum/Atlantic, produced by Stargate, which has received radio airplay. The single was peaked at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100; the title of the song refers to the colours of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Khalifa will release his debut album with Atlantic Records in 2011. He appeared with Curren$y on the track "Scaling the Building" on producer Ski Beatz' 2010 album, 24 Hour Karate School. Khalifa's fanbase is known as the Taylor Gang, named after his love of Chuck Taylor All-Stars shoes.

On March 29, 2011, Khalifa released his first studio album, Rolling Papers. The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 197,000 copies in the United States.

On June 26, 2011, Khalifa was nominated and won Best New Artist at the BET Awards of 2011.

Khalifa collaborated with the prolific British rapper Tinie Tempah whom Tinie announced in an interview with Rolling Stone that his next single is to be called "Till I'm Gone" and would feature Wiz Khalifa and is to be produced by Stargate. The single and the video song were released at the end of June 2011.

Personal life

Thomaz is dating Amber Rose, the former girlfriend of Thomaz's fellow hip-hop star Kanye West. He is also personal friends with rapper Yelawolf, and fellow Pittsburgh rapper, Mac Miller.

Discography

;Studio albums

Show and Prove (2006)

Deal or No Deal (2009)

Rolling Papers (2011)

References

External links

Wiz Khalifa at MTV

Category:1987 births Category:Military brats Category:African American rappers Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Category:People from Minot, North Dakota Category:Rappers from Pennsylvania

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